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Introduction

• Vibration leads to excessive wear of machinery, formation of cracks, loosening of

fasteners, structural and mechanical failures.
• The exposure of humans to vibration leads to pain, discomfort and reduced
efficiency.
• Vibration can be eliminated on the basis of theoretical analysis but sometimes
the cost involved in eliminating the vibration may be too high.

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• Designer must compromise between acceptable amount of vibration and
manufacturing cost.
• Develop a control system for vibration reduction in mechanical system using
computation method . (LO4)

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Control of Vibration

Several methods can be used to control vibrations.

1. Reduction of vibration at the source by proper design or balancing the rotating
machines.
2. Controlling the natural frequencies of the system by avoiding resonance under
external excitations.
3. Preventing excessive response of the system by introducing a damping.

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4. Reducing the transmission of the excitation forces from one part of the machine
to another by the use of vibration isolator.
5. Reducing the response of the system by the use of vibration absorber.

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Control of natural frequencies

• Resonance → Large displacements → large strains and stresses → failure of

system (crack, etc)
• Often the excitation frequency cannot be controlled because it is imposed by the
functional requirements of the system.
• Hence must control natural frequency by varying mass m or stiffness k to avoid
resonance.

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• Practically mass cannot be changed easily
• Hence we change stiffness k by altering the material or number and location of
support points.

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Vibration Nomograph

• Vibration nomograph displays the variations of displacement, velocity and

acceleration amplitudes versus the frequency of vibration
• • Vibration is expressed in Displacement, Velocity or Acceleration

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• Knowing that the frequency of vibration and acceleration level, the velocity and
displacement levels be found by Nomogram
• The Nomogram ONLY VALID for vibration with a single frequency component

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 Usual Ranges
of Vibrations
Atomic vibrations
Frequency = 1012Hz

Displacement amplitude =10-8to 10-16 mm

Microseism or minor tremor of earth’s

crust
Frequency = 0.1 to 1 Hz

Displacement=10-5to 10-3mm

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Human perception threshold
Frequency = 1 to 8 Hz

Machinery and building

Frequency=10 to 100 Hz

Displacement=0.01 to 1 mm

Swaying of tall building

Frequency=0.1 to 5 Hz

Displacement = 10 to 1000 mm

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Vibration Criteria

• Vibration severity of machinery is defined in terms of the root mean square (rms)
value of vibration velocity. (ISO 2372)
• Vibration severity of whole building vibration (ISO DP 4866)
• Vibration limits for human (ISO 2631)

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Example: Helicopter Seat Vibration Reduction

The seat of a helicopter, with the pilot, weighs 1000N and is found to have a static
deflection of 10 mm under self-weight. The vibration of the rotor is transmitted to
the base of the seat as harmonic motion with frequency 4 Hz and amplitude 0.2
mm.
(a) What is the level of vibration felt by the pilot?
(b) How can the seat be redesigned to reduce the effect of vibration?

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 Solutions

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Vibration Isolation

• Vibration isolation is a procedure by which the undesirable effects of vibration

are reduced.
• It involves the insertion of an isolator between the vibrating mass and the source
of vibration.
• There are 2 types of isolator; passive isolator and active isolator (external power
required).

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• A passive isolator consists of a resilient member (stiffness) and an energy
dissipator (damping), e.g. metal springs, cork, felt, pneumatic springs and rubber
springs.
• An active isolator is comprised of a servomechanism with sensor, signal
processor and an actuator.

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Vibration Isolation

• Two types of situations; fixed base and moving base

• Fixed base: Reduction of the force transmitted to foundation.
• Moving base: Reduction of the force transmitted to the mass.

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Vibration Isolation

• The first type of isolation is used when a mass (or a machine) is subjected to a force or
excitation.
• The second type of isolation is used when a mass to be protected against the motion or
excitation of its base or foundation.

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Vibration Isolation System with Rigid Foundation

• Resilient member placed between vibrating machine and rigid foundation

• Member is modelled as a spring k and a dashpot c as shown:

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 1)Fixed base

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 2) Moving base

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Example: Spring Support for Exhaust Fan

• An exhaust fan, rotating at 1000rpm, is to be supported by 4 springs, each

having a stiffness of K. If only 10% of the unbalanced force of the fan is to be
transmitted to the base, what should the value of K? Assume the mass of the
exhaust fan to be 40kg.

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Example: Isolation of Vibration system

• A vibrating system is to be isolated from its supporting base. Find the required
damping ratio that must be achieve by the isolator to limit the transmissibility at
resonance to Tr=4. Assume the system to have a single degree of freedom.

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Vibration Absorber

• When the excitation frequency coincides with the ωn, the system may experience
excessive vibration (Resonance)
• Dynamic vibration absorber is another spring mass system designed to shift ωn
of the resulting system away from the excitation frequency.

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• A diesel engine, weighing 3000 N, is supported on a pedestal mount. It has been
observed that the engine induces vibration into the surrounding area through its
pedestal at an operating speed of 6000 rpm.
• Determine the parameters of the vibration absorber that will reduce the vibration
when mounted on the pedestal. The magnitude of the exciting force is 250 N,
and the amplitude of motion of the auxiliary mass is to be limited to 2 mm.

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Example

• A motor-generator set shown below is designed to operate in the speed range of

2000 to 4000 rpm. However, the set is found to vibrate violently at a speed of
3000 rpm due to a slight unbalance in the rotor.
• It is proposed to attached a cantilever mounted lumped mass absorber system to
eliminate the problem. When a cantilever carrying a trial mass of 2 kg tuned to
3000 rpm is attached to the set, the resulting natural frequencies of the system
are found to be 2500 rpm and 3500 rpm. Design the absorber to be attached (by

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specifying its mass and stiffness) so that the natural frequencies of the total
system fall outside the operating speed range of the motor-generator set.

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