WIRELESS ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION

A Project Report Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For The Degree of

BACHLER OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING by Amlesh Kumar Gautam Gyanendra Kumar Melborn R Marak Sanjeev Kumar Patel
Under The Guidance of

Dr. S. P. Singh
(Assistant Professor)d

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Kamla Nehru Institute Of Technology, Sultanpur Affiliated to GAUTAM BUDDH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW (U.P.), INDIA (Formerly Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow) May, 2012

Department of Electrical Engineering Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology, Sultanpur (U.P.)-228 118 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Amlesh Kumar Gautam,Mr. Gyanendra Kumar, Mr. Melborn R Marak, Mr. Sanjeev Kumar Patel have carried out the project work presented entitled WIRELESS ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION for the award of bachler of Technology in Electrical Engineering from Gautam Buddh Technical University, Lucknow under our guidance during the academic session 2011-12.

Project Guide (S. P. Singh) Assistant Professor

APPROVAL FOR SUBMISSION

(Dr. S.K. Sinha) Professor & Head Date: May , 2012 Place: Sultanpur Department of Electrical Engineering Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology, Sultanpur ( U.P.)-228 118

ABSTRACT
Wireless power transmission is the means to power devices without a built in power source such as a generator or battery. There are multiple needs and uses for such technology. One initial use of such technology is found in powering small devices where much of the size of the device is in the battery itself. By eliminating the battery in a small device it would be possible to compact the device even further. Furthermore, on a larger scale as consumable energy sources on the planet are dwindling in number it remains an important task to look to the future. If it was possible to transmit power wirelessly it would be economical to retrieve power from outer space and simply transmit it back to the planets surface as an endless power source. In our initial research we discovered many have looked into the feasibility of wireless power transmission and there are many solutions that all offer promise. Our team chose to research the feasibility of wireless power transmission through inductive coupling. This consists of using a transmission and receiving coils as the coupling antennas. Although the coils do not have to be solenoid they must be in the form of closed loops to both transmit and receive power. To transmit power an alternating current must be passed through a closed loop coil. The alternating current will create a time varying magnetic field. The flux generated by the time varying magnetic field will then induce a voltage on a receiving coil closed loop system. This seemingly simple system outlines the major principle that our research investigated. The primary benefits to using inductive coupling are the simplicity of the transmission and receiving antennas, additionally for small power transmission this is a much safer means of conveyance. To demonstrate the success of our the teams research we created a receiving circuit to maximize the amount of received power and light an LED at a distance up to 4 inches. We were able to create both transmission and receiving circuits capable of transmitting the necessary power to light an LED in a pulsed mode. While the efficiency of the system is extremely low, approximately 0.10% with some improvements we feel certain the efficiency could be greatly improved. Furthermore, as the transmission distance is decreased the efficiency of any system using inductive coupling improves exponentially.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
On the submission of my project report entitled Wireless Electricity Transmission, I would like to extend my gratitude and sincere thanks to my project guide Dr. S. P. Singh (Assistant Professor), Department of Electrical Engineering for their constant motivation and support during the course of my work. I truly appreciate and value their esteemed guidance and encouragement from the beginning to the end. Their knowledge and company at the time of crisis would be remembered lifelong. I am very thankful to Dr. S. K. Sinha (Professor and Head), Department of Electrical Engineering for providing much needed facility and support.

Amlesh Kumar Gautam Gyanendra Kumar Date: May, 2012 Place: Sultanpur Melborn R Marak Sanjeev Kumar Patel

CONTENTS
Introduction Research Possible solutions Operating frequency Design choice Theoretical back ground Our system Circuit diagram Component used Power supply Clock pulse generator Driver circuit AC generator Step up transformer Transmitter and receiver coils Advantages of inductive coupling Disadvantages of inductive coupling Cost Analysis Future Scope References

INTRODUCTION
This document will detail the need and usefulness of wireless power transmission and furthermore the feasibility of using inductive coupling as the means for wireless power transmission. The subject matter of the report will be directed towards the knowledge level of an electrical engineer. Thus some points about general circuits may not be explicitly stated as they have been taken as common knowledge for the intended audience. However, it is intended that anyone with an interest in electrical circuits and more importantantly transformer theory or electromagnetic fields would be able to understand and follow the subject matter outlined in the following document. The report will outline our teams design process and the logical steps we took in our experimentation and design of the final unit. The first section of the document will explicitly illustrate the problem and what the group intended to accomplish. With the complexity of the problem in mind and what we must accomplish our team then began research on the available means to transmit power without a physical connection. Once the initial background research was accomplished it was necessary to layout the advantages and disadvantages of all the available means for wireless power transmission.

RESEARCH
NIKOLAI TESLA
Nikolai Tesla was the first to develop the designs for wireless power transmission. Tesla was famed for his work in the research and work with alternating current. His wireless research began with his original transformer design and though a series of experiments that separated the primary and the secondary coils of a transformer. Tesla performed many wireless power transmission experiments near Colorado Springs. In Teslas experimentation, Tesla was able to light a filament with only a single connection to earth. Teslas findings lead him to design the Wardenclyffe plant as a giant mushroom shaped wireless power transmitter. Tesla was never able to complete construction of this project.

SPACE SATELLITE SYSTEM

The concept of wireless power transmission has been an area of research that the U.S. Department of Energy (D.O.E.) and the National Aeronautical Space Administration (NASA) have been working to develop. NASA has been looking into research to develop a collection of satellites with the capability to collect solar energy and transmit the power to earth. The current design for project by NASA and DOE is to use microwaves to transfer power to rectifying antennas on earths . Similar to this system, NASA and DOE have put research into using laser technology to beam power to earth. Japans National Space Development Agency (NASDA) has also been performing this variety of research to use satellite and laser technology to beam power to earth. Japan is expected to have the laser technology developed by 2025. The use of laser technology would theoretically eliminate many of the problems that could occur with the use of microwaves. This laser satellite system is unlikely to be devolved by the United States due to current treaties with Russia preventing either nation from having satellites with high power laser technology. This treaty was created to prevent either nation from completing President Regans Star Wars project.

MICROSYSTEMS AND MICROSENSOR POWER SUPPLY

Currently, the use of inductive coupling is in development and research phases. There several different projects that use inductive coupling to create alternatives for batteries. One developed at the Tokyo Institute of Technology is to develop a power supply for a medical sensor while it is

left inside the human body. In this system power was transmitted by both electromagnetic waves when at close distance to the transmitter an also by magnetic flux when at farther distances. The receiver portion utilizes a cascade voltage booster to charge capacitors within the device to provide the necessary power to the system. Another similar project, done at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, uses inductive coupling in a similar method recharge an internal small battery in a small bio-implanted micro system.

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
We know of three possibilities to design a device. There are the use of antennas, inductive coupling, and laser power transfer. In addition, we had to be aware of how antennas and inductive coupling would be affected by the frequency we select.

ANTENNA
Antennas are the traditional means of signal transmission and would likely work. In initial research, it appears that system utilizing antennas can receive power gains based upon the shape and design of the antenna. This would allow more power actually being sent and received while also have a small input power. The difficulty comes in the trade off of antenna size versus frequency. In attempting to stay in a lower frequency, one would be require using antennas of very large size.

INDUCTIVE COUPLING
Inductive coupling does not have the need for large structures transfer power signals. Rather, inductive coupling makes use of inductive coils to transfer the power signals. Due to the use of coils rather than the antenna, the size of the actual transmitter and receiver can be made to fit the situation better. The tradeoff is for the benefit of custom size, there will be a poor gain on the solenoid transmitter and receiver.

LASER POWER TRANSMISSION

The concept of laser power transmission is addressed in the research of NASA and NASDA solar programs. Lasers would allow for a very concentrated stream of power to be transferred from one point to another. Based upon available research material, it appears that this solution would be more practical for space to upper atmosphere or terrestrial power transmission. This option would not be valid to accomplish our tasks because light wavelengths are higher than the specified allowable operational frequencies.

OPERATING FREQUENCY
VERY HIGH AND GREATER FREQUENCY RANGES
High frequency transmissions are common in several devices including cell phones and other wireless communications. Higher frequencies can be made to transmit in very specific directions. In addition, these antennas can be rather small. This set of frequency ranges includes microwave frequency bands. Very High Frequencies to Extremely High frequencies are described as being in the range of 30 MHz to 300 GHz and Microwave frequencies are described as being the range of 3 GHz to 300 GHz. The safety issues of using the high end of the spectrum are not completely known. There is currently research looking into the safety of microwave and higher frequencies. However, many of the devices in this frequency range are not permissible due to the frequency limitations placed on our research.

VERY LOW TO EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY RANGES

Antennas of these frequencies would need to be of sizes that are very impractical to build and would be better suited for power transmission over wire. Several of these frequencies are specifically used for submarine communication transmission . Extremely low frequencies and possibly other frequencies in the band up to 3 KHz have the uncertain risk of being potentially hazardous the humans and the environment. There is still on going research on the dangers on very low to extremely low range frequencies.

LOW, MEDIUM, AND HIGH FREQUENCY RANGES

Radio Frequencies in these bands seem to have few hazardous concerns given by the FCC. In addition, these frequencies are commonly used as the primary frequency bands of radio transmission. The high frequency band is typically used in short range communications due to the ease of the reflection of these waves off the ionosphere. This range is described as being from 3 MHz to 30 MHz. In addition, this frequency range includes two experimental frequency bands. The major disadvantage of working in this frequency range is the inability to properly test in the design phase due to effects parasitic capacitance in breadboards. Medium Frequency includes the AM broadcast band. Medium frequencies are described as being from 300 KHz to 3 MHz. This band includes one band used for testing purposes. The Low frequency band is primarily used for aircraft, navigation, information and weather systems. In addition, this frequency includes a band commonly used for testing purposes. The low frequency band is described as being from 30 KHz to 300 KHz.

DESIGN CHOICE
After reviewing the possible solutions, inductive coupling was chosen as the best alternative. Our team believes that inductive coupling based system will meet most of the design criteria in the designated time given to us. We also felt that our background and knowledge of electromagnetic fields and transformer theory would help us resolve any problems encountered during the design process. Inductive coupling also offers several advantages over other options that are as follows:

Simple Design: The design is very simple in theory as well as the physical implementation.
The circuits built are not complex and the component count is very low too.

Lower Frequency Operation: The operating frequency range is in the kilohertz range. This
attribute makes it easy to experiment and test in breadboard. Furthermore there is low risk of radiation in the LF band.

Low Cost: The entire system is designed with discrete components that are readily available.
No special parts or custom order parts were necessary for the design. Thus we were able to keep the cost of the entire system very low.

Practical For Short Distance: The designed system is very practical for short distance as
long as the coupling coefficient is optimumized. The design also offers the flexibility of making the receiver much smaller for practical applications.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Our power transmission system utilizes the concepts of transformer theory. In a basic single phase transformer as shown in figure 1, when the primary coil is connected to an AC source, a time varying flux is produced in the core. This flux is confined within the magnetic core. If another coil is added on the same core, the flux links the second coil inducing voltage at its terminals given by the equation. where N is the number of turns of the secondary coil and is the flux generated. Furthermore if a load is connected across the terminals of the coil, current flows across the load. V = -N (/t)

Figure : an ideal transformer Our system follows the same concepts of Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, but with two major differences. Our system is an air core transformer i.e. there is no solid magnetic core that confines the flux produced at the primary. This means that there is high flux leakage and only a portion of the flux generated induces an emf across the secondary coil. Moreover in our system the primary and secondary coils are two feet apart, which results in low flux linkage, low

coupling, and even lower power transfer. Therefore the biggest challenge in this project is to maximize the flux linkage between the primary and secondary coils to be able to transfer enough power to light an LED at the given distance.

M=k(L1*L2)^0.5 M

.
L1

.
L2

Figure: Mutual Inductance

SYSTEM DESIGN
With all the necessary background research completed it became clear what basic design components the entire system would require. First we needed a method to power the transmission side of the system. The power supply would then power an astable multivibrator which would provide the pulse train (clock signal) to a dual J-K flip flop with both J & K inputs High then with each incoming pulse Flip Flop toggles to switch on/off inverter circuit made with power MOSFETs to generate alternating signal. Transformer is connected to generate high voltage at its secondary terminals. Now an inductor is connected to its secondary terminals and another inductor generates power without directly connected to first inductor and a LED will light which is connected to its terminals.

Power Supply

Voltage Reg-ulator

Pulse Train Generator

Driver Circuit

AC Generator

LED

Receiver Coil

Transmitter Coil

Transformer

Figure : Entire System Block Diagram

POWER SUPPLY
The main design aspects our team wanted to incorporate in the power supply was that it could use the 220 V AC voltage found in any basic wall outlet, and use that voltage to power any necessary circuits to the system. Initially, 220 volts is too large for our small circuits so we incorporated a small transformer to step down the voltage. Furthermore for any basic electrical components it would be necessary to have a DC power supply available, thus the stepped down AC voltage converted to DC by a full-wave rectifier. Large capacitors were then connected to the output of the full-wave rectifier to ensure that a steady DC voltage could be maintained. The power supply schematic can be seen in figure. The center tap on the secondary side of the transformer serves as the ground for the entire circuit. Thus, all additional circuits connected to the power supply will use the center tap of the transformer for the ground plane. The secondary on the transformer is rated at 25volts but with loading from additional circuits the steady state voltage reduces to 14 volts. The design for the power supply is extremely compact and very simple to implement. Furthermore, the voltage is more than sufficient for the necessary circuits that will be connected to it. As stated earlier the only real drawback to the power supply design would be the current output. If it was possible to transmit more than one watt of power to the transmission coil a more robust power supply capable of supplying more current would be better suited. Although no tough design challenges were present in creating the power supply, it was necessary that the system operate well because of a good design. The key points in creating a DC power supply are the voltage, current, and removing ripple in the DC components. All three of these key points were known and addressed in the design process.

fig: full wave rectifier circuit

Fig: input to full wave rectifier

Fig: output of rectifier circuit

Fig: input and output of rectifier

VOLTAGE REGULATOR
Circuit operation needs 12V regulated dc power supply. A 12V battery is connected to supply power to the circuit. IC7805 is a 3terminal positive voltage regulator. Actually the LM78XX series of three terminal positive regulators are available in the TO-220 package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents. The HOPERF LM78XX is integrated linear positive regulator with three terminals. The LM78XX offer several fixed output voltages making them useful in wide range of applications. When used as a zener diode/resistor combination replacement, the LM78XX usually results in an effective output impedance improvement of two orders of magnitude, lower quiescent current. The LM78XX is available in the TO-220 packages.

Figure: diagram of IC7805

In

7805

Out

GND
0.1mF

100mF

Figure: Use of 7805 Features of 78XX series: Output Current up to 1A Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24 Thermal Overload Protection Short Circuit Protection Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

Though high voltage can be obtained with suitable voltage boost circuitry using ICs like LM 723, some advantages of the circuits presented below are: simplicity, low cost, and practically reasonable regulation characteristics. For currents of the order of 1A or less, only one zener and some resistors and capacitors are needed. For higher currents, one pass transistor such as ECP055 is needed. It is highly recommended to use the two capacitors as shown. Electrically regulator will be at a distance from the rectifier supply. Thus, a tantalum grade capacitor of 5mf and rated voltage is good. Electrolytic capacitor is not suitable for it is poor in response to load transients, which have high frequency components. At the output side a 0.22mf disc ceramic capacitor is useful to eliminate spurious oscillations, which the regulator might break into because of its internal high gain circuitry.

LOW VOLTAGE INDICATOR

Dual operational amplifier IC LM358 or 741 is used as low power indicator. It compare the level of input voltage and required input voltage. When It found that there is a difference between input voltage and required voltage then it turn on a buzzer and it sounds which is indication of low input power and circuit cannot work properly now.741 give an output voltage that is proportional to the difference between the ICs two input pin voltages, and are thus known as voltage-differencing amplifiers or VDAs. There are, however, two other basic types of opamps that are in common use; one of these is the type that gives an output voltage that is proportional to the difference between the currents applied to its two input terminals, and is thus known as a current-differencing amplifier or CDA. This type of op-amp was described in depth in the Understanding and Using Norton Op-Amp ICs twopart mini-series published in this magazine. The third type of op-amp is known as an operational transconductance amplifier or OTA, and acts as a variable-gain voltage-to-current amplifier.
+ Vcc

Non Inverting Terminal

+
Output

741
Inverting Terminal

- Vcc

Fig: Operational amplifier

PULSE TRAIN GENERATOR

The 555 timer is a very popular and versatile IC. IC LM555 is used as PULSE TRAIN GENERATOR. Actually we are using it here as an ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR. Astable multivibrator is also known as free running oscillator. It runs between two stages low & High.

Figure: Timer 555 Circuit of astable multivibrator using 555 is shown in figure. Output frequency of pulse train is given by f= 1.45 / ((R1+2*R2)*C

figure: astable multivibrator circuit. With a 5-volt supply, the resistors can range from 1K (minimum value of R1 or R2) through 3.3M (maximum value of R1 and R2 in series). Best results are obtained with capacitors of

1000pF or larger, but smaller values can be used with lower values of R1 and R2. The maximum operating frequency is around 1Mhz, but best operation is obtained below 300kHz. The minimum operating frequency is limited only by the size and leakage of the capacitor you use. For instance, a 10F capacitor and a 3.3 M resistor will give a time interval of 23.1 seconds if the leakage of the capacitor is low enough. By making R2 large with respect to R1, we can get an essentially symmetrical square-wave output. For instance, if R1 is 1K and R2 is 1M, the difference in charging and discharging resistance is only 0.1%, and good symmetry results. Any symmetry you want from 50% through 99.9% can be obtained by a selection of the ratio of R1 and R2. Only a small frequency variation occurs due to power supply variation but variation due to temperature changes is large, so any precise instrumentation projects require more stable crystal clock. Calculation of output frequency : R1= 220 R2= 22K C= 3nF f=1.45/(R1+2*R2)*C =10930 Hz

fig: Oscillator Circuit

Fig: Output of Oscillator Circuit

DRIVER CIRCUIT
Driver circuit have a dual J-K Flip Flop (IC 7473) both J&K inputs a HIGH. Only one flip-flop of the dual JK flip-flop is used here. Clock Pulse is provided by output of 555. Due to both inputs of FF are at HIGH the FF toggles with every negative going pulse. 74LS73AP has two FF one is Positive Going Triggered while second Negative Going Triggered FF. The output frequency of dual J-K is half of output frequency of 555.

Figure: IC7473 pin diagram Both outputs of FF are 180 degree out of phase. They switch ON/OFF transistors BD139 through diodes IN4148.

fig: Driver Circuit

fig: Trigger/driver circuit

fig: Output from driver circuit

Calculation of output frequency from this circuit: =output frequency from 555/2 =10930/2 =5465Hz =5.5KHz (approx)

AC GENERATOR OR INVERTING CIRCUIT

The N-Channel enhancement mode silicon gate power field effect transistor is an advanced power MOSFET designed, tested, and guaranteed to withstand a specified level of energy in the breakdown avalanche mode of operation. All of these power MOSFETs are designed for applications such as switching regulators, switching converters, motor drivers, relay drivers, and drivers for high power bipolar switching transistors requiring high speed and low gate drive power. These types can be operated directly from integrated circuits. Here these MOSFETs are used in inverter circuit which inverts 12V dc to ac of frequency around 5.5kHz. MOSFETs are triggered by Transistor BD139s output two upper MOSFETs are triggered simultaneously similarly two lower MOSFETs are in same operation to generates ac output. This output is applied to step up transformer.

FEATURES
8A, 500V rDS(ON)= 0.850 Single Pulse Avalanche Energy Rated SOA is Power Dissipation Limited Nanosecond Switching Speeds Linear Transfer Characteristics High Input Impedance

fig: AC generator circuit

Fig, Output of AC generator

STEP UP TRANSFORMER
Next stage is step up transformer in put is around 10V, 0 to peak this voltage is when stepped up it reaches around 140V on its secondary. Transformer is working at 5.5kHz therefore there is a noise due to magnetostriction force on its core.

Figure : An step up transformer with V2>V1

TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER COILS

Transmitter and receiver coils are made of many number of turns. These are air cored solenoids. Wire material may be copper or alluminium.

Figure : Flux density in a solenoid The magnetic flux density in a solenoid can be approximated by the following equation: B = nI
0

where B is the magnetic flux density, is the permeability of free space, n is number of turns of
0

wire per unit length and I is the current flowing through the wire [16]. To maximize the flux linked to the receiver coil, it is imperative to increase the magnetic flux density as much as possible. The equation shows that one of the ways to increase B is to increase the current (I) going into the wire. Since all wires have some resistance, this process requires increase in the voltage put across the wires which can result in more heating in the coil. B can also be increased

by increasing n. This can be accomplished by decreasing the wire size or winding wires closely. Winding wires closely can increase the overall resistance of the coil and thus increase the heating in the coil. Another way of increasing n is by winding several layers of wire which can cause insulations problems as well as decrease the diameter to length ratio. It is apparent that there are several parameters that we have to manipulate to select the appropriate tradeoff that might fit our systems needs.

Transmitter Coil

Receiver Coil

Separation Distance

Figure : Best configuration for orientation of the Coils

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

R5

IC2 7805
R6

R10

R11

R2 LED R4

C2

T1 LED C3 C4 RA 7 4 8 7 4 6 R8 R1 + 12V _ IC1 741 ZD R3 R7 BZR ZD LED CA CB RB 6 2 1 5 11 Q2 9 C1 DA Q1

T2 O/P

IC3 555

IC4 7473

TXR 8 R9 DB T3 T4

GND

Fig : circuit diagram without transmitter and reciever

CIRCUIT COMPONENT
Semiconductors Devices:
IC1 IC2 IC3 IC4 Q1, Q2 T1-T4 DA, DB D1, D3& D5 D2, D4 -----------------LM358/741 dual operational amplifier 7805 5V positive voltage regulator LM555 timer 7473 dual J-K flip-flop with clear BD139 npn transistor IRF840 n channel power MOSFET IN4148 diode 5mm LED 5.1V Zener diode

Resistors (All -Watt, 5% Carbon, Unless Mentioned Otherwise): R1-R11 Except R2 RA RB R8 R2 Capacitors:
C1,C3 & CB C2 C4 CA TX Coils ---------0.1F ceramic disk 1000f, 35V electrolytic 100F, 25V electrolytic 3.0nF, ceramic disk 12V-0-12V /220V Transformer 1.5KVA

-----------

1-k 220. 220- 22k 470-kpreset

40mH transmitter and 20mH reciever

ADVANTAGES
Wireless Power Transmission Using Inductive coupling also offers several advantages over other options that are as follows: 1.Simple Design The design is very simple in theory as well as the physical implementation. The circuits built are not complex and the component count is very low too. 2. Lower Frequency Operation The operating frequency range is in the kilohertz range. Furthermore there is low risk of radiation in the LF band. 3. Low Cost - The entire system is designed with discrete components that are readily available. No special parts or custom order parts were necessary for the design. Thus we were able to keep the cost of the entire system very low. 4. Practical for Short Distance The designed system is very practical for short distance as long as the coupling coefficient is optimized. The design also offers the flexibility of making the receiver much smaller for practical applications.

DISADVANTAGES
Wireless Power Transmission using Inductive coupling also has some disadvantage's that need to be addressed. 1. High Power Loss Due its air core design the flux leakage is very high. This results in a high power loss and low efficiency. But when combined with the resonant principle, Power loss can be reduced with an increase in efficiency. 2. Non-directionality The current design creates uniform flux density and isn't very directional. Apart from the power loss, it also could be dangerous where higher power transfers are necessary.

COST ANALYSIS

Part name
Dual J-K FF Timer Voltage Regulator Dual OP-Amp npn transistor Power MOSFETs Diodes LEDs Zener diode 1/4W Resistor Resistor Resistor Preset Ceramic disk capacitor Ceramic disk capacitor Ceramic disk capacitor Electrolytic capacitor Electrolytic capacitor Transformer Alluminium wire Copper wire

Part reference Quantity number

74LS73AP LM555 LM7805 741 BD139 IRF840 IN4148 RED 5.1V 1k 220 22k 470k 0.1F, 33nF 3.3nF 1000,25V 100,25V 12-0-12/230V, 1.5kVA 0.5mm dia 0.05dia 2 2 2 2 4 8 4 5 5 30 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 200gm 200gm

Unit cost (Rs.)

80 10 30 25 20 40 15 2 15 2 5 3 15 5 10 15 25 20 100 100/100gm 250/100gm

Total cost (Rs.)

160 20 60 50 80 320 60 10 75 60 20 12 30 20 20 30 50 40 200 200 500

Total

2017

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14. Digikey, TIP42 BJT, http://rocky.digikey.com/WebLib/ST%20Micro/Web%20Data/TIP41A,B,C_42A,C.pdf. 15. Barry. Solenoid Physics (Barrys CoilGun Design Site) [online] 2004, 16. http://www.oz.net/~coilgun/theory/solenoidphysics.htm (Accessed: September 27, 2004). 17. Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics 2001 Media Edition, Prentice Hall, 2001. The Spark Transmitter. 2. Maximising Power, part 1. November 2004, http://home.freeuk.net/dunckx/wireless/maxpower1/maxpower1.html 18. R. Victor Jones, Diode Applications, [Online Document], 2001 Oct 25, [cited 2004 Dec 11], http://people.deas.harvard.edu/~jones/es154/lectures/lecture_2/diode_circuits/diode_appl. html 19. Central Semiconductor Corp, PNP Silicon Transistor,November 2004, http:// www.semiconductors.philips.com/acrobat_download/datasheets/2N2222_CNV2.pdf.