Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering 2-7D (Sem-1 &2

2-8 D (Sem-1 & 2) Steady-State Analysis of 1-¢ AC Circuits

PART2 5. The instantaneous power delivered to the circuit
p= vi=may sin ot lmag sin ot =Vmaxmay Sin² ot
Analysis of SinglePhase AC Circuits Consisting R-L-C
Combinations (Series and Parallel), max "maz (1 - cos 2ot)
2
V Lmax
max
maxmax COs 20ot ...2.6.3)
Questions-Answers 2 2
From eg. (2.6.3), it is clear that power consumed in a purely resistive
Long Answer Type and MediumAnswer TypeQuestions circuit is not constant, it is fluctuating.
V
6 Average power, P= Avg of max "max. Avg of nax mar cos 2ot
2 2
Que 2.6. Derive the expression for the average power in a single Vmax
P=
max max
=VI watts
phase purely resistive circuit. Also draw the pha_or diagram and 2 J2N2
waveform diagram for this circuit. where V and I are the rms values of applied voltage and current
respectively.
AKTU 2018-19 (Sem-2), Marks 10
B. Waveform diagram for purely resistive circuit :
OR
Show that the instantaneous power consumed in a pure resistive may Sinot
-P= Vmax Lmax Sin´ ot
circuit is not constant but it is fluctuating. = Lmar Sin ot
pvi
Answer P. = Vmax max
max
A. Expression for average power ina 1- purely resistive circuit :
1 Consider an ACcircuit containing resistance ofR ohms connected across max
a sinusoidal voltage represented by P
2
max ,sinot ...(.2.6.1)
2 iR =v Time
2
R R
Fig. 2.6.2.Waveform.
max
A
R
prove that the current
R Que 27. In a purely inductive circuit,
cycle and also show that
lags behind applied voltage by quarter of a
average power demand is zero.
I-V/R Answer
H connected across a
V= Vma, sin ot Phasor diagram 1 Consider an AC circuit containing inductance ofL
Fig. 2..1. Purely resistive circuut. sinusoidal voltage ...(2.7.1)
3 max sin ot
Instantaneous current may be expressed as 2. Self induced emfin the coil,aios
i=im sin ot ...(2.6.2) di
4 From eq. (2.6.1) and eq. (2.6.2), it can be said that the applied voltage anu dt
current are in phase with each other.
Fundamentals of Electrical
Engineering
29D (Sem-1& 2-10D (Sem-1 & 2) Steady-State Analysis of 1-¢ AC Circuits

dt)
Que 2.8. Derive the phasor relationship between voltage and
di = YpAE Sin ot dt
L
current phasors for purely inductive, purely capacitive and purely
resistive circuits.

Answer
A Purely resistivecircuits: Refer Q. 2.6, Page2-7D, Unit-2.
B. Purely inductive circuits : Refer Q. 2.7, Page 2-8D, Unit-2.
E
C. Purely capacitive circuits :
i
1. Let an alternating voltage represented by v = V,max sin ot be applied
2 2 across a capacitor of capacitance C farads.
V=V,max sin ot Instantaneous applied voltage,
V= V, Sin ot ...(2.8.1)

2. The expression for instantaneous charge is given as

q= CVo, Sin ot
Phasor diagram dq d [CV ,sin ot)
max
(a) (b) dt dt
Fig.2.7.1. Purely inductive inuit
max
COS ot =
1/oC
sin ot +
3. Integrating both sides, we get
3 Current is maximum whent=0
(-cos cof ) +C
o Vmax
Lmax
where, Cis a constant which is found to be zero from 1/ oC
initial conditis
4. Instantaneous current, i=Imax sinot - ..(2.8.2)
2/
V

4. From eq. (2.7.1) and

il sin (af-) .272 C
1/o C

(2.7.2) it is
applied voltage by r2, Le., quarterobserved that current lags behind t H
of a cyele.
5
Instantaneous power,p=V xi=Vsin ot V=V max sin o t
V
Phasor diagram
p=-Vn,sin tcos et Fig. 2.8.1. Purely capacitive circuit.

6 Sin 2t -273 3. From eq. (2.8.1) and (2.8.2), it is observed that current leads the applied
The power voltage by 2.
zero since measuredof bya wattmeter is the value ofp whichi
complete average sinusoidal average Instantaneous power, p=uxi=Vmay sin ot Imax sin ot +S
zero. Hence in a quantity double frequency Over&
4
is zero. cyde is of
absorbed
purely inductive circuit power p=Vmamar Sin ot cos ot
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering 2-11D (Sem-1 &2
Vp min 2ottov 2-12 D (Sem-1 & 2) Steady-State Analysis of 1-¢ ACCireuits
2
V and ¢= tan-1 AL
m
5. Average power,,P=-Ya 2 'mEE xAverage of sin 2ot over complete cycle 0 where, max R
6. Instantaneous power, p=v i=Vma, Sinot x Ima, sin (ot- )
Que 2.9.Deduce an expression for the average power ina singa 1
phase series RL circuit. Vmaxmax Cos - max magCos (2 ot- ¢)
Vag
Answer
7. max cos = VI cos
1 Consider an ACcircuit consisting of resistance ofR ohms and inductance PavgJ2 N2
of Lhenrys connected in series, as shown in Fig. 2.9.1(a). where V and I are the rms values of voltage and current respectively
2. Voltage drop across resistance, V, =IR in phase with the current. and ¢is the phase angle between applied voltage Vand circuit current I.
Voltage drop across inductance, V,=IX= loL leading Iby r2 radians, Que 2.10. How do you analyse series RC circuit ? Draw its phasor
3. The applied voltage is equal to the phasor sum of V and V,, given by diagram.
V= Jv,+(V, -R+U X, Answer
1. Consider an AC circuit consisting of resistance of Rohms and capacitance
of C farads connected in series, as shown in Fig. 2.10.1(a).
where, V= IR

Quantity R'+X is known as impedance, denoted y Z and is

expressed in ohms.
-V,
V= 1Z
V=1Z
(a) Circuit diagram (b) Phasor diagram
L

Lw0000 V. 2.
Fig, 2.10.1.
Voltage drop across resistaDce,
Vp= LR in phase with current.
r/2 radians
VR= IR Voltage drop across capacitance, Vo=IXçlagging behind Iby
(a) Circuit diagram (b) Phasor diagram Or 90°.
Fig. 2.9.1. The applied voltage is equal to phasor sum of V of Vc
4
From phasor diagram shown in ig. 2.9.1(b) the V= Jv+(V, =J(IR)² +(LX,P
applied voltage Vby angle , which current lags behind the X =1Z
= IJR+ where 2 = R+X?
is given by
an angle
4 The applied voltagelags behind the current by
tan = 1
V, IRR where, tan =
R oRC
= tan- L
R 1
5. Ifthe apphed =tan1
voltage oRC
V=Vsin ot, then expression for the circuit R
i=Isn (ot-) current wil be Power factor, cos =
 Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering 2-13D (Sem-1 & Steady-State Analysis of 1-¢ AC Circuits
2-14 D (Sem-1 & 2)
represented by
If instantaneous voltage is
5
=IJ(RP +(X,- X
max sin ot
then instantaneous current will be
expressed as 1 V=Jv, +(V, -V) -JURÝ +(IK, - IX,³
impedance of thecircuit and is
i= Ino, sin (ot + )
The term JR +(X, -X) is known as
6 Power consumed by the circuit is given by represented by Z. Its unit is
ohm.
P=VIcos by
2 Phase angle between voltageand current is given
Que 2.11. Derive expression for impedance, current, and powe -1 X,-Xc.
factor for an RLC series circuit when applied with AC voltage.
=tan-l
V,-Ve=tan
V IR
= tan R
the current ifX, >X andif
¢ willbe positive, i.e., applied voltage will lead
will be behind the current
Also draw vector diagram. AKTU 2017-18 (Sem-2), Marks 07 ¢will be negative, i.e.,
applied voltage

Answer R R
1. Consider an AC circuit containing resistance of Rohms, inductance of 3.
Power factor, cOs =
Z R+(X, -Xe
LH and capacitance of CF connected in series, as shown in Fig. 2.11.1,
2 Let the current flowing through the circuit be of Iañmperes and supply VI cos .
4 Power consumed, P=
frequency be ¢ Hz. Magnitude of effective current,
3 Voltage drop across resistance, V=IR in phase with I.
Voltage drop across inductance, V,=IoL leading I by /2 radians or 90°. I= 2

sR+(aL oC
Voltage drop across capacitance, Ve oC or LXç lagging behind I by inductive circuit
T¯2 radians or 90. Case II: When oL> the RLCcircuit behaves like
4 The circuit can either be effectively inductivë or capacitive depending
voltage phasor.
upon which voltage drop (V, or Ve) is predominant. and current phasor lags the
Case I : When V, is greater than Ve. capacitive circuit and
Case IIl:When ob< the circuit behaves as
L oC
phasors
W current phasor leads the voltage
in
resistance of 10 ohm is connected
VR' -Vc Que 2.12. A non-inductive AC supply. The
coil across 200 V, 50 Hz
series with an inductive combination is 10amp. The
resistance
Fig. 2.1l.1. Circuit Diagram. current drawn by the series
Determine:
of coil is 2 ohms,
Inductance of the coil
i.
4V,=IX; ii, Power factor
coil. AKTU 2017-18 (Sem-1), Marks 07
iii. Voltage across the
VL-Vo V=IZ
Answer
2 circuit,
1. Total resistance ofthe Non-inductive resistance + Resistance of coil
I R=
= 10 + 2= 12 Q
/2 VR=IR resistance ofwhole circuit.
2 Voltage drop across the 120V
Vo=IXc Vp = IR= 10 x 12 =
Fig. 2.11.2, Phasor Diagram
 Fundamnentals ofElectrical Engneering
2-15 D
(Sem-1 &
Inductive coil 2-16 D (Sem-1 & 2)
I= 10 A 10 2 29I Steady-State Analysis of 1-¢ AC Circuits
1 X, =oL= 100r x 0.1=31.416 2
2. 1 1
-Vp= 120 100 x 50 10-6 =63.662 2
VV OC
Z= JR+(X- X¢
200 V, 50 Hze
Fig. 2.12.1. J10 + (31.416 - 63.662) =33.76 2
3. Let the voltage drop across the
inductance of the coil be V, volts. 4. Instantaneous current, i(t) = v(t)
Supply voltage,
141.4
cos (100t + )= 4,188 cos (100t + ¢)
33.76
VL v-V=200-120=160
where = tan-1 ®L-X¢
R
4. Inductive reactance of the coil, X, = VLA 160 16 63.662
10 = tan-1 31.416 -72.779
10
5. Inductance of coil. L= AL 16 Thus i(t) = 4.188 cos (100t-72.77°)A
2rrf 2t x 50 0.051H=51 mH 5 Vp= IR=4.188 x 10 = 41.88 V
V, =X =4.188 x 31.416 =131,57 V es
6. Power factor of the coil = COs tan 16
2 =0,124 (lagging) Vç= Xç =4.188 x 63.662 266.62 V,
6 Phasor diagram:
Power factor of the circuit, cos = 12
Z J12 +16 0.6 (lagging) V÷ 266.62 V

7. Voltage across the coil, Ve= l/2 +16°10x V260 =161.245 V V 135.05

Que 2.13. A series RLC circuit is

composed of 10 2 resistance, 72.77
0.1 H inductance and 50 uF
D(t)= 141.4 cos (100 t) Vis capacitance. Avoltage VR=41.88 V
Determine: impressed upon the circuit.
The expression for
The voltage drops V,instantaneous current.
V, and V, across V l31.57 V
inductor. resistor, capacitor and Fig. 2.13.2.
ii. Draw the phasor diagram
using all the voltage relations.
ARSWer Que 2.14. Discuss the parallel RLC circuit with its phasor diagram.
10Q 0.1 H Answer
50 F
1 In the parallel RIC circuit, the supply voltage, V, is common to all three
components, the supply current I, consists of three parts.
i(t) 2. Current flowing through the resistor =lp
Current flowing through the inductor =l,
v(t) = 141.4 cos (100rt) V Current through the capacitor =lç
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering 2-17 D (Sem-1 &2
A 2-18 D(Sem-1& 2) Steady-State Analysis of 1-¢ AC Circuits

R L
W
V2 cos 400t V 5002 45 F
120° A
Fig. 2.14.1.
3. Impedance ofa parallel RLC circuit Fig. 2.15.1
V
R=XL= 1
Ic
1.
Answer

Frequency, 0, = 400 rad/sec

Z=
2 1
1 2 oL= 400 × = 10 Q
40
X
1 106
3 10 2
400 ×250
X
4 As oL= o is the resonant frequency
4 Current for a parallel RLC circuit
400 rad/sec
5 Therefore Ior0as I, +I=0 (at resonance)
6. Thus IRl=1 Z0 A
7 tplt) = 2 cos 400t A
8. U= 500 I, = 500o 0.
Z

Phasor diagram: 9. v(t) = 500 J2 cos 400t V

-j500-=50 -90°A
10. Then 10
IR dlov nt botjoL
0
11. i,(t) = 50/2 cos (400 t 90°)
12,W boa In= joC, V= 50/90°A

V 13.aoit un it) = 50 /2 cos (400t + 90°)

14. Io= I +lç=-j50 +j50=0 A
Fig. 2.14.23 Therefore circulating current = 50 A
Que 2.15. In the given parallel RLC circuit, determine g W} 15. Phasor diagram is shown in Fig. 2.15.2.
i, ), i(t) and ic, (t). Determine the phasor
currents and voltage. diagram showins
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering 2-19D
Io= 5090°
(Sem-l& 2-20D(Sem-1 & 2)
Reactive
power
(KVAR)
Steady-State Analysis of 1-¢ AC Circuits

IF= 120°
V=500 20° Aparent power (KVA) Icos

Isin . I
True power (KW)
=50 -90°
(a) Power triangle (b)
Fig. 2.152, Fig.2.16.1
4. Power factor may be defined as
PART-3
E:
F:
i Cosine of the phase angle between voltage and current or
The ratio of the resistance to impedance or
Apparent, Active and Reaetive Power, Power Factor. The ratio of true power to apparent power.
Two coils having resistance 5 Q and 10 2 and
Que 2.17.
Questions-Answers inductances 0.04 H and 0.05 Hrespectively are connected in parallel
across a 200 V, 50 Hz supply.
Long Angwer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions Calculate :
1 Conductance, susceptance and admittance of each coil.
2 Total current drawn bý the circuit and its power factor.
3. Power absorbed by the circuit.
Que 2.16. Define the following: AKTU 2021-22 (Sem-2), Marks l0
1. Apparent power
2. True power Answer
3. Reactive power
4 Power factor Given:R59, R, 10 9,L0.04 H, L,=0.05 H, V=200 V,f= 50 Hz
To Find: 1 Conductance, susceptanceand admittance of each coil.
Answer Total curent drawn by the circuit and its power factor.
L 3. Power absorbed by the circuit.
Apparent power: The product of rms values of current and
VI is called the apparent power
and is measured in
voltage, 0.04 H
kilo-volt amperes (kVA). volt-amperes o 52
W
True power: The true power in an AC
the apparent power by the power circuit is obtained by multiply; 52 0.05 H

kilo-watts (kW). factor and is expressed in wattS 0

3. Reactive power : The product of
the angle between apparent power, VI and the Sineof
voltage
This is also known as and current, sin is the reactive power.
wattless power and is called in reactive volt-
amperes or kilo-volt amperes
reactive (kVAR).expressed 200 V, 50 Hz
Fig. 2.17.1
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering
2-21 DSem-l&
1. Z,= R+ jX, 2-22 D (Sem-1 & 2) Steady-State Analysis of 1-¢ AC Circuits
P= VI c0s
X, = @L =2rfL, = 200 x 25.5 x 0.443
= 2r x 50 x 0.04 = 12.56 = 2.256kW
Z, = 5+j12.56 =13.52 68.29° Q
Que 2.18.Three impedances of (70.7 +j 70.7) 2, (120 +j 160) l and
2
Z, =Ry+ X, (120+j90) Qare connected in parallel across a 250 Vsupply. Determine
) admittance of the circuit (i) supply current and (ii) circuit power
factor. AKTU2021-22 (Sem-1), Marks 10
=2r x 50 x 0.05 = 15.7 Q
Answer
Z,= 10 +jl5.7 = 18.62 57.51°
1
Given:Z=(70.7 +J70.7),Z, =(120 +j 160) S2, Z,=(120 +j 90)52
3.
Admittance of coil (1) is Y= G, + jB, - V= 250 V
To Find: L Adnittance ofthe circuit
1
ü Supply current
1
=0:074 Z-68.29° m. Power factor
13.52 Z68.29
1. Equivalent impedance of parallel combínation,
Y, =0.074-68.29°
Y=0,0274-j0.069 2,2,2,
Z +Z, +Z,
Conductance, G, = 0.0274 and susceptance B, =0.069 (70,7 +j 70.7) (120 +j 160) (120 + j90)
4. Admittance of coil (2) is Y,=G tjB, (70.7 +j 70.7) (120 +j 160) (120+ j90)
1 1
=0.05372-57.51° (70.7+j70.7) (120+j 160)(120 + j90)
Z, 18.62Z57.51 (310.7+j320.7)
Y,= 0.029-j0.0453
So conductance G, =0.029, os 99.98 Z45° x200 53.13° × 150 Z36.86°
susceptance B0.0453
5. Total admittance of circuit is
446.52 L45.90°

Zog =6717.28 Z 89.09°

Y= Y+Y, 2 Admittance of the circuit
= 0.0274-j0.069 +0.029-j0.0453
= 0.0564-j0.1143 Y=
= 0.12752-63.74°
6. Current drawn by the circuit is 1 = 1.48 x 104-89.09° A
6717.28Z89.09°
3. Circuit current,
= 200 x 0.1275
-63.74°
= 25.5 -63.74 A 250 Z0°
I=
Hence current lags the supply voltage by Zo 6717.28 Z89.09°
Sopower factor = cos 63.74° odt ba sssaroni sos I= 0.0372 Z-89.09° A
7. 63.74° = 0.443
Power absorbed by the circuit Current in Amps (without angle), I
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering 2-23 D
(Sem-1 &2
= 0.0372A 2-24D(Sem-1& 2) Steady-State Analysis of 1-4 AC Circuits
-89.09°
Phase angle B. Power factor can be improved by :
4. Power factor = c0s = cOs(-89.09°) = 0.015 advancers.
1. Using induction motor with phase
2. Connecting the static capacitors in parallel with the equipment operating
Que 2.19. If load draws a current of 10 A at 0.8 pf lagging, wh at lagging power factor such as induction motors, fluorescent tubes etc.
of real, reactive o,
connected to 100 Vsupply, calculate the values of C. Problems (Disadvantages) of low power factor :
the resistance load. 1. Low power factor results in large voltage drop in
generator, transmission
apparent powers. And also find lines, transformer and distributors which results in poor regulation.
AKTU 2020-21 (Sem-1), Marks 10 Hence, extra equipments are required to make voltage permissible.
factor, the
2 For the same power to be transmitted at low power
Answer transmission cable has to carry more current. Thus it requires more
conductor material for cable to deliver the load at low power factor.
transformers,
Given:I= 10 A, Power factor=0.8 (lagging), V= 100 Volt. 3 Low power factor increases the capital cost for
transmission lines, cables and distributors etc.
To Find:Real power, reactive power, apparent power, resistance.
V 100 i= 10 PART-4
1. Impedance, Z=
I 10
Concept of Resonancein Series and Parallel Cireuits,
2 sin = 1- cos° l+ (0.8)° =0.6 Bandwidth and 6Quality Factor.
3. Real power, P= Mcos
= 100 x10 x 0,8= 800 W
Questions-Answers
4 Reactive power,
Q= VI sin
Long Answer ype and MediumAnswer Type Questions
- 100× 10 × 0.6 = 600 VAR
5. Apparent power, S= VI
= 100 x 10 = 1000 VA
circuit with the help
6 Resistance, R= Zcos = 10x 0.8= 82 Que 2.21. Explain resonance in aseries RLC
diagram and derive an expression for
of impedance v/s frequencyproperties
Que 2.20. Explain the causes of low power factor. How can it be resonant frequency. Write of series resonance circuit.
OR.
improved ? AIT 2017-18 (Sem-l), Marks 3.5 RLCcircuit. What are
Derive the condition for resonance înseries
OR the different applications of resonance ?
What are causes and disadvantages of low power factor ?
Answer
Answer A. Resonance in series RLC circuit:resistance R, inductance L and a
A Causes of low power factor : 1 Consider an AC circuit containing a
Fig. 2.21.1.
1. capacitance C connected in series, as shown in
All AC motor and transformers operate at low power factor. 2
2. Arc lamps operate at low power factor (lagging) due to typica
characteristic of arc. 2 Impedanco ofthe circuit, Z=RX,-X+a
3. Industrial heating furnaces and induction furnace operates at low powe 3 If resonant frequency is denoted by f then
factor.
4. With increasein supply voltage usually occurs at lunch hour, night. hour X, = oL = 2rf, L
andthe
etc., the magnetising current of inductive reactance increases
power factor of the plant as whole becomes lower.
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering
2-25D (Sem-1
I 2-26D (Sem-1 & 2) Steady-State Analysis of 1-¢ AC Cireuits
W
R L B. Property : At resonance,
1 Net reactance is zero, i.e., X=0.
2 Impedance of the circuit, Z =R.
3. The current flowing through the circuit is maxímum and in phase with
the applied voltage. The magnitude of the current will be equal to VIR.
ig. 2.21.1. 4. The voltage drop across the inductance is equal to the voltage drop
1
across capacitance.
and X¢= 2rfC 5. The power factor is unity.
C. Impedance v/s frequency diagram:
4 Since for resonance X =Xc Current, I
1
2rf,L= 2rf,C X=
2nfL

1
f,= 2LC Resistance, R

0,= 1/ LC ...(2.21.]
-1
5. From eg. (2.21.1) it is obvious that the value of resonance frequeng c= 2fC
depends on the parameters of the two energy-storing elements.
Frequency, f
VLA
X<X¢ X= Xo
Fig. 2.21.3.
VR D. Applications of resonance :
1 Resonance circuits are used in
tuning applications for radio and TV.
VR 2 These circuits are also used in oscillators.
Ve-VL power frequencies in terms
Que 2.22. Derivethe expression of half
of resonant frequency f
OR
Derive bandwidth for series resonance.
Answer
(a) (6) in Fig. 2.22.1.
1. Consider resonance curve as shown
VL4
Im
VË- Vc

I
It
V
Fig. 2.22.1.
(c)
Fig. 2.21.2. Phasor diagram.
 Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering 2-27 D(Sem-1& 2-28D (Sem-1 & 2)
Steady-State Analysis of 1-¢ AC Circuits

2. Cut off frequency or half power frequency is the frequency 1 ...(2.22.6)

current in the circuit is 1/ 2 timesto maximum value of the And

.. At fx<Xç whereas at f, X¢ <X

CUTre ...2.22.7)

3. Impedance at resonance f) frequency R=X

9 Similarly at f
Z=R= X-XÍ= R
Im 1
=R

At f, impedance, Z= a,'LC-1- RCo,= 0

ILIN2 Im
1
2,= V2R (2.221
V
R.
Similarly at f
2
Z,= V2R ...2.224
4. At fy impedance R R 1
2L 4 LC
Z,= R+ (XXe From eg. (2.22.5) and (2.22.6)
5. Let X-X¢= X ..(2.22.8)
..(2.223
6 From eq. (2.22.1) and (2.22.3), 10. Ao 00,= 2a =2
V2R=R+ X R
R=X 11, . Bandwidth, Af = 2rL
2r
7. But since X<X Xis negative. ...(2.22.9)
R=-X From Fig. 2.22.1 f =f 2
R=X,-X Af ...(2.22.10)
1 and
expressionsfor upper and lower cut
eq. (2.22,9) and(2.22.10) are the
o,LC-1=-RCo off frequències, respectively.
o,LC+ RCo,-1= 0 of Bandwidth of a series RLC
RC 1 Que 2.23. Derive the expression
-= 0 between bandwidth and quality
LC circuit. Explain the relationship
...(2.224) factor.
AKTU 2017-18 (Sem-1), Marks 07
OR
bandwidth and quality factor for
R R2 4 Derive half power frequencies, series R-L-C circuit.
a
series resonance occurring in
AKTU 2018-19(Sem-2), Marks 10
2
R R 1 Answer
circuit: Refer Q.2.22, Page 2-26D, Unit-2.
R
27a2LC ..(2,22.5)
A. Bandwidth of RLCseries
8. Let
2L
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering 2-29 D (Sem-l & Steady-State Analysis of 1-¢ AC Circuits
2-30 D(Sem-1& 2)
B. Haf power frequencies for series RLC circuit : Refer Q.2.22,
2-26D, Unit-2. 1
C. Quality factor : f,= 2n VLC
1. The Q-factor of an RLC series circuit is the voltage magnification L 1

the circuit produces at resonance. 2T100 × 103 x 10x 106

2 Since current at resonance is maximum, supply voltage, V=IR = 159,16 Hz
3 Voltage across inductance or capacitance =ImaxX =ImarX 2. Quality factor of the circuit, at resonance

4 Voltage magnification =
ImayR R
1 100 x 10-3
= 1000 =0.1
10 × 10-6
R
Q factor at resonance, Lower half angular fregquency,
R
2rn fL 2rL
2, = oL
1
R R R 2nyLC 1000
1 = 159.16
2x100 x 103
f,= 2NLC =4840.84 rad/sec
D. Relation between bandwidth and Quality F'actor : 4 Upper half angular frequency,
es
Qfactor is also defined as the ratio of resonant frequency to bandwidth, R
i.e.,
2L
1000
159.16 + 2x100 x 10-3
Af RI2rL
= 5159.16 rad/sec
R
where, 4f= = Bandwidth. 5 Bandwidth of the circuit,
2rL
R
Que 2.24. A series R-L-Ccircuit consists of R= 1000 Q, L = 100 Af=
2rL
mH and C= 10uF. The applied voltage across the circuit is 100 V. 1000
Find the resonant frequency of the circuit. 2rt x 100 × 10-3
ii. Find the guality factor of the
circuit at the
iii. At what angular frequencies do the half resonant frequency. ill_= 1591.5 Hz
iv. Calculate the bandwidth power pointsoccur?
of the circuit.
Que 2.25. Derive expression of resonance frequency for series RLC
AKTU 2021-22 (Sem-1), Marks 10 circuit.
Answer A series circuit consists of a resistance of 10Q, and inductance of
50 mH and a variable capacitance in series across a 100 V, 50 Hz
Given :R= 1000 ohm, supply. Calculate
To Find: i ResSonantA=100 mH, C=1O uF, V 100 V The value of capacitance to produce resonance
i frequency
Quality factor ii Voltage across the capacitance
i Angular frequency at half power point
Îv, Bandridth iüi. Q-factor. AKTU2018-19 (Sem-1), Marks 10
1
Resonant frequency,
Fundamentals ofElectrical Engineering
2-31D(Sem-1 & 2-32 D(Sem-1& 2) Steady-State Analysis of 1-¢ AC Circuits
Answer
2 Let the coil be of resistance R ohms and inductance Lhenrys and the
For resonance
condenser of resistance R ohms and capacitance C farads.
X, =X¢ IR-L R L

1
2rfL =2fC R C

1 IR-C
C=
4nf°L V
Fig. 2.26.1.
1
4 x (50 +50 ×103 3 Such a circuit is said to be in electrical resonance when the reactive (or
= 202.6 F wattless) component of line current becomes zero. The frequency at
which this happens is known as resonant frequency.
V 100
-= 10 4. Circuit will be in electrical resonance ifreactive component of R-L branch
R 10 current, Iy sin Rz = Reactive component of R-Cbranch current, Ip,
es
ü. Voltage across capacitor, sin Or-c
10 5. Now since l¡-L*
Ve= oC 2n x 50x 202.6 x 10 e s JR*+(o, L
e 157.1y and sin R-L
ZR-LR +(o, L
üi. Q-factor 50 x 10-3
1
V202.6 x 10
e l.5

Que 2.26. Derive as expression for

parallel resonance and
mention its salient features. |AKTU 2017-18 (Sem-2), Marks01
OR
Show the condition for resonance in a
parallel R-L-C circul. D IR-C0S R-L
the application of series. AKTU2020-91 (Sem-1), Marks 10
OR
Derive RIC
paralle mathematically
circuit under dynamic impedance (Z) offereddiagram.
by
resonance. Also, draw its phasor
AKTU 2021-22 (Sem-2), Marksl0
Anwe
A Derivation : IRi, sin oR
Fig. 2.26.2.
1
Consider a coil in parallel with a condenser, as shown in Fig. 2.26.1.
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering 2-33 D(Sem-1&2
2-34 D (Sem-1 & 2) Steady-State Analysis of 1-¢ AC Circuits
X¢ 1/o,C
and sin -c \2 2 The admittance is equal to conductance.
ZR-c 3 Reactive or wattless component of line current is zero; hence circuit
power factor is unity.
1/o,C 4. Line current is minimum and is equal to LI CR in magnitude and is in
2
phase with the applied voltage.
1 1 R2 Hz.
o, L 1/ o, C 5. Frequency is equal to
2r VLC ?
R+(o, L) R+(1/o, C Page 2-24D, Unit-4.
D. Application of series resonance:Refer Q. 2.21,
a, L o, C frequency and quality
o R C +1 Qu 2.27.|Derive the expression forresonant
R+o parallel resonance.
factor for an AC circuit under the condition of
Lo; R C² +1) = CR? +o L) AKTU 2018-19 (Sem-1), Marks 10
o LCCR C-L) =CR?-L
1 CRL Answer
resonance AC circuit :
VLC \CR? -L A. Reson ant frequency of parallel
Refer Q. 2.26, Page 2-31D, Unit-2.
resonance AC circuit:
Resonant frequency, f, = 2r
1 B. Quality factor of parallelRLC parallel network
1. Consider a current excited
1 |CR²- L ..2.26.1) 1
G 000 joL - joC
2rvLC VCR; - L I=IZ0 V,
6. If resistance of capacitor is neghigible, i.e., R, =0, as is usually the W
case, Fig. 2.27.1.
CR? 1 1 R2
Resonant frequency, f,= 2rryLC V ...(2.26.2) 2. Let, i(t) =I cos o,t capacitance
2 VLC currents in inductance andconductance.
3 At resonance condition,the circuit current I flow in the
7. If resistance of coil R is zero cancel themselves out and the
resonance)
1 1 ...(2.26.3) 4. The corrésponding voltage is (at
Resonant frequency, f, = 2t VLC
v(t) = i(t)
G G
cos 0
B. Dynamic impedance:
It is impedance offered by the network to the source under resonance stored in the capacitance is
The instantaneous energy
1
5
condition.
2. For parallel RLC we have cos² o,t
2 2G²
Y L+ joC inductor is
energy stored in the
R 6 The instantaneous 2

3. 1
At resonance we have oC= w,(0) =
1
Z= =R
2Q2
C. Features of current or parallel
1. Net susceptance is zero. resonance :
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering 2-35 D(Sem-1 &2
Steady-State Analysis of 1-¢ AC Circuits
energy stored in Cand L is 2-36 D (Sem-1 & 2)
7. Total instantaneous
= 12.5 x 10° rad/sec
wt) =wt) +w,t) = 2g2 cos ot+ 12.5 x 10
1989 Hz
f= 2 2r
C 500
2Q2 =2.5
2. oL 12.5x 10° x16x 10-3
conductance
8. Average power dissipated by the At resonance,
3.
V¢= V=Va 18Z 0° V
Pg= 2G² V= IR =3.6 x 10 Z0°x 500 Z0=
9 Energy dissipated in one cycle V 1.820 =9.0 Z-90° mA
4. X, 20090
1 - m
Pen= fo 2G o, 2G I,= I=3.6 Z0° mA
Maximum energystored per period] PART-5
10. Quality factor,
Total energylostper period
Three Phase BalancedandCireuits, Voltage and Current Relations in
Star Delta Connections.
m m
2G'
Questions-Answers
G,RC Type Questions
Answer
LongAnswer Type and Mediumn
Que 2.28.Conisider the circuit shown in Fig. 9below,and calculate
the following.
voltage and current relations in Y-connected
Que 2.29. Provethe
3.6 mÁ Z0{ W 500 0.4 uF16 mH system.

IR Answer connectedin Y-connection. The supply to

1 Consider a balanced load 2Z.
Fig.2.28.1 balanced.
this load is assumed to be
phase voltages are
1. Determine the resonant frequencies, o(rad/s) and f(Hz) of the 2 Phase to neutral voltage, ie., ...(2.29.1)
tank circuit. VaN
2 Find the of the circuit at resonance. Vph =VRy= Vyy= voltages are
line
Calculate the voltage across the circuit at resonance. And line to line voltages i.e., ...(2.29.2)
4 Solve for currents through the inductor and the resistor at V,= Vgy= Vy=VaR
AKTU 2021-22(Sem-2), Marks 10 = VRN - VYN
8. Now, line voltage Vay
resonance.

Answer 4. Magnitude of VRY ...(2.29.3)

VyN cos 60°
1.
Op=
1
|VRY |= Vy +V +2Vy
JLC J16 x 10x 0.4x10* From eq. (2.29.1), (2.29.2)
and (2.29.3)
 Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering 2-37 D (Sem-1 &2 Steady-State Analysis of 1-¢ AC Circuits
2-38 D (Sem-1& 2)

Vi= Voh for delta connection. ...(2.30.2)

3. Now, applying KCL at node R

IR+ IBR= IRY
I R IR= IRY - IaR ...(2.30.3)
ph R
R

R VL Vph
Igr
B
B lyB
Ip
Fig. 2.29.1. Fig. 2.30.1.
5. From the Fig. 2.29.1 of star - connected load it is clear that I, = I,k 4. Magnitude of I, can be found out as

-VyN VRY e s

VBN I= I, and Igy=¡R=Iph

60°
L NA+1, +21A x0.5
VRN
VyN Fig. 2.29.2. IBR
Que 2.30. Derive the relationship between line current and phase
current for delta connected 3-phase load when supplied from 3-phase 80
60°
balanced supply. AKTU 2017-18 (Sem-2), Marks 07
OR
Derive the relationship between line current, phase current, line IyB
voltage and phase voltage in a 3-phase star-connected and delta
connected circuits. AKTU2020-21 (Sem-1), Marks 10 -IgR
Fig. 2.30.2.
Answer
is constant
A,
Relation between line current, phase current and line Que 2.31. Show that power in 3-phase, balanced system
and have usual
voltage
phase voltage in star connection : Refer Q. 2.29, Page 2-36D, at every instantis given by3 VI, cos , where VI,
B. Relation between line current, phase Unit-Z. meanings.
phase voltage in delta connection : current and line voltagE
1.
Considera Answer
balanced delta connected load as
2.
Currents Ip, Iy and I, are known as line shown in Fig. 2.30.1. 1. Power for star connection :

And ay= lyg=l¡ =I,j ie., phase currents. ...(2.30.1) V, = V3 V and I=h
currents
 Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering 2-39 D(Sem-1 & 240 D (Sem-1 & 2) Steady-State Analysis of 1-¢ AC Circuits
P=3Vpa cos =3|| , cos ¢ 2 As we know, in star connection

P= V3 VA, cos ¢ Line current = Phase current =I. = Y,v3

2. Power for delta connection : 400/V3
10
= 23.09A
R 6
P= 3V, V3 cos = V3 V, I, cos 3. Power factor, cos =
Z 10 =0.6
Thus power is same in both star as well as delta connection, 4 Power, P= N3 VI, cos
3. 3-Phasor power:Phase voltages and currents in a = V3 x 400 ×23.9 x 0.6
(star or delta)may be written in the instantaneous balanced
form as,
3¢ circuit = 9.59 kW

V¡= /2 V, sin ot 5. Total volt-ampere S= V3 V, I,

= /3 x400 x 23.09
Vy= 2 Va, sin (ot- 120) = 15.99 kVA
Va= /2 Vnh sin (ot +120°) Que 2.33. A balanced delta connected load of (12 +j9) ohm is
And I,= 2 Io, connected to 3 phase 400 Vsupply. Find:
pi sin (ot-)
i. Line current
Iy= V2 Ih sin (ot -4- 120°) Power factor
iüi. Power drawn
I,= N2 hsin (at- +120) iv. Reactive volt-amp
where is the phase angle between phase voltage and
phase current. Total volt-amp. AKTU2018-19 (Sem-2), Marks 10
V ¡+ Vgg+ Vyky
= V ak [2 sin ot sin (ot- ¢)] + V ah Answer
(2 sin (ot- 120°) sin (ot--
[2 sin (ot + 120) sin (ot-+ 120°)] + Vah p 1. As we know, in delta connection
120°) Phase voltage = Line voltage = 400 V
= Vnh
ph nh lcos - cos (2ot - )+ cos cos 400 Z0
(2ot--240°) + cos - cos (2ot- +240°) 2 Phase current Ip= 12+j9
Average power, P=3V,h ah C08
Que 2.32. A balanced star = 26.672-36.86 A
connected load of (6 +j8) 2 cos =cos (36.86)= 0.79 (lagg)
connected to a balance S-phase, 400Vsupply.Find the lineper phase Power factor,
power factor, power and total current 4 Line current I,= V3 x 26.67 = 46.19 A
volt-amperes. 5. Power drawn P= /3 V, I, cos
AKTU 2020-21 (Sem-1), Marks 10|
= /3 x 400 x 46.19 x 0.79
Answer = 25.28kW

Given:Z=6+j80, V, 6. Reactive volt-ampere = 3 V, I, sin

Find:Line current, =400
To V
power factor, power, total = /3 x 400 x 46.19 x 0.6
1
volt-ampe
apere.

Z= JR+ X= J6 +& =10 2

Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering 2-41 D (Sem-1 &2) 2-42 D (Sem-1 & 2)
= 19.2 kVAR Steady-State Analysis of 1-¢ AC Circuits
7. Total volt-amp Dste 2.36. Three similar
coils of
oonnected in delta and supplies fromimpedance
Z = (8 +j6) N are
= V3 x400 x 46.19 = 32 kVA line current, power factor, total 3¢, 400 V, 50 Hz supply. Find
active power, tetal reactive power,
Que 2.34. Derive the relation between line current and phase total volt-amperes.s |AKTU2017-18 (Sem-1), Marks 3.5|
current in case of three phase delta connected balanced load. Answer
Three identical coils of resistance 8 and inductive reactance 6 SQ The procedure is same as Q. 2.33, Page 2-40D, Unit-2.
are connected in delta across 400V
mains. Determine power, power (Ans. I, = 69.28 A; cos = 0.2; Total active power = 38.4
factor and line current. Draw phasor diagram. kW;
Reactive power = 28.8 kVAR:; S = 48 kVA)
AKTU 2018-19 (Sem-1), Marks 10

Answer VERY MPORTANT QUESTIONS

A. Relation between line current and phase current : Following questions are very important. These questions
Refer Q. 2.30, Page 2- 37D, Unit-2. may be asked in your SESSIONALS as well as
B. Numerical : Refer Q. 2.33, Page 2 40D, Unit-2. UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION.
Phasor diagram :
V
ca
Q.1. Derive expression for average value and rms value of a
sinusoidally varying AC voltage.
-I Ans Refer Q. 2.1.
78° /30°
Q.2. Derive expression for average value and rms value of half
wave rectifier voltage output.
Ans: Refer Q. 2.3.
Q.3. Derive the phasor relationship between voltage and current
78° phasors for purely inductive, purely capacitive and purely
30
resistive circuits.
Ans: Refer Q. 2.8.

Q.4. Derive expression for impedance, current, and power factor

Lab voltage.
for an RLC series circuit when applied with AC
Vbe Also draw.vector diagram.
Fig. 2.34.1. Ans: Refer Q. 2.11.
ohm is connected in series
Que 2.35.A balanced star connected load of (8 +j6)2 per phase Q.5. A non-inductive resistance of 10
inductive coil across 200 V, 50 Hz AC supply. The
poower with an combination is 10 amp., The
connected to a 3-phase 400 Vsuupply. Find the line current, current drawn by the series :
Marks07 resistance of coil is 2 ohms. Determine
factor and total volt-amperes. AKTU2017-18 (Sem-2), i. Inductance of the coil
ii. Power factor
Answer ii. Voltage across the coil.
Ans: Refer Q. 2.12.
The procedure is same as Q. 2.32, Page 2-39D, Unit-2. factor =08
VA
(Ans. Line current = 23.1 A; Power 16004
Total volt-amperes:
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering 2 43 D

Q.6. Explain the causes of low power factor.

(Sem-1&2
How
improved ? can it be
Ans Refer Q. 2.20.

Q.7. Explain resonance in a series RLC circuit with the

help of
impedance v/s frequency diagram and derive an expressi
for resonant fregquency. Write properties of series resonan
circuit.
ANa Refer Q. 2.21.
3UNIT
Transformers
Q.8. Derive the expression of halfpower frequenciesin terms of
resonant frequency f
ANE Refer Q. 2.22.

9.9. Derive the expression of Bandwidth of a series RLC circuit.

Explain the relationship between bandwidth and quality
factor.
CONTENTS
AhE Refer Q. 2.23. 3-2D to 3-8D
Part-l Magnetic Circuits
Q. 10. Derive as expression for parallel resonance and mention Part.2 ldeal and Practical Transformer . . . 38D to 3-14D
its salient features.
ABE Refer Q. 2.26. 3-14D to 3-20D
Part-3 Equivaent Circuits
3-20D to 3-21D
Q. 11. Derive the expression for resonant frequency and quality Part-4 LOSses in Iransformer
factor for an AC circuit under the condition of parallel 3-22D to 3-29D
resonance. Part-5 Regulation and Efficiency
Ans Refer Q. 2.27.
Q. 12. Derive the relationship between line current and phase
current for delta connected 3-phase load when supplied from
3-phase balanced supply.
Ans Refer Q. 2.30.
Q. 13. A balanced star connected load of (6 +j8) Q per phase
connected to a balance 3-phase, 400 V supply. Find the line
current, power factor, power and total volt-amperes.
AS Refer Q. 2.32:
 3-2D(Sem-1&
2) Transformerg Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering 3-3D
(Sem-1 &2)
PART-1
Que 3.2.
Magnetic Circuits. Define following terms as applied to
i. MIMF magnetic circuits :
ii. Magnetic flux
iüi. Reluctance density
Questions-Answers iv. Permeability and
V. Relative permeability.
Mediumn Answer Type Questions
Long Answer Type and Answer

circuit ?
Magnetomotive
for the flow or
force (MMF) :It is defined as the force
responsible
Que 3.1. What is magnetic generation of flux.
MMF =NxI
Answer where, N= Number of turns
1. The closed path followed by magnetic flux is called a magnetic circuit I= Current through coil
followed by current is calledlan
(Fig. 3.1.1) just as the closed path electric Its unit is ampere-turns.
circuit. ii. Magnetic flux density (B) : The flux per unit
Amagnetic circuit consists ofa structure composed forrthe most part of a plane perpendicular to the flux is known as area (A) measured in
2 the flux density. It is
high permeability magnetic material. measured in Tesla or Wb/m2.
3. The presence of high permeability material causes the magnetic flug ta Flux density, B 9 Tesla
be confined to the paths defined by the structure, much as currents ara A
confined to the conductors of an electric circuit. ii. Reluctance: It is the opposition to the flow (or set up) of
flux ina
4. Asimple example of amagnetic circuit is shown in Fig. 3.1.1. material. Reluctance is denoted by S.
B
Kl
S> A
1
K=

where, H= Absolute permeability

H= Relative permeability
l= Length of magnetic circuit in metres
D A= Cross sectional area.
Fig. 3.1.1. Simple magnetic circuit. iv. Permeability : It is defined as the ability of a material to carry flux
ines.
5. The core is assumed to be composed of magnetic material whose V. Relative permeability:It is defined as the ratio of fluxdensity in a
permeability is much greater than that of the surrounding air. particular medium produced by a magnet to the flux density in air or
6 The core isof uniform cross-section and is excited by a winding havng vacuum by the same magnet under the identical operating conditions.
Nturns and carrying a current of Iamperes. This winding develops B
magnetic field in the core, as shown in the Fig. 3.1.1. m,=
Do H= constant
7. The magnetic feld can be visualized in terms of flux lines, which forn
closed loops interlinking with the winding. where, B= Flux density in a medium
B, = Flux density in air or vacuum
 34D(Sem-1 & 2)
Transformers
between electric circuit and
Rundamentals of Electrical Engineering
Que 3.3. Givethe analogy magnetic 3-5 D(Sem-1&2)
AKTU2017-18 (Sern-1), Marks 3 A=
circuit. 4 x(0.15 =0.0177 m²
Answer
0.15 cm
Electric circuit Magnetic circuit
8. No.
1
The path of flux is known a9
The path of current is known magnetic
as electric circuit. circuit.
10 cm
Flux sets up due to MME. bos
2. Current flows due to EMF.
3. Flow of current is restricted by Flux is restricted by reluctance
the resistance of the circuit. of the circuit.
EMF MMF Fig. 3.4.1.
4 Current = Flux =
Resistance Reluctance MagnetO motive force, MMF
= NI = 400 x3.4 = 1360 AT
5 Resistance R= Reluctance S= 4 Total reluctance of the circuit,
G= conductivity permeability
S=
l4, for air= 1]
Que 3.4.An iron ring 10 cm mean diameter is made of roundiron 0.309 0.005
rod 1.5 cm in diameter of relative permeability 900 and has an air 4n x10 x 900 x 0.0177 4n x 10 x0.0177
gap of Bmm in length, It hasa winding of 400 turns, If the current
through winding is 3,4 amp. 0.309 x 107 0.005 107
Determine:
MMF 200 0,222
= 0.24 x 10 AT/Wb
b Total reluctance of theoircuit
Flux in the ring 5. Flux in the ring,
d Flux density in the ring. AKTU2017-18 (Sem-1), Marks 3.5 MME 1360
=5.67 x 10-3 Wb
Reluctance 0.24 x109
Answer 6. Flux density in the ring,
GiventN 400, 4, 900, mm = 0.005 m B= 9_5.67 x10-3-=0.32T
Del5 cm= 0.15m,l=3.4A A 0.0177
Mean diameter of iron ring 10 cm =0,lm
To Flnd: MMF, S, $and B, Que 3.5. Discuss the B-H curve for a magnetic material and
1 Mean length of iron path, identify the retentivity and the coercive field on the curve.
4= (r0.1-0.005) Answer
= 0.309 m 1 The graph between flux density Band magnetizing force H, drawn for
2 Area of cross
section, increasing and decreasing values of magnetizing force His known as
B-H curve.
3-6D(Sem-1&
2)
Transformers
magnetization
is placed in a
ferromagnetic material magnetizationfield. field, Dundamentals of Electrical Engineering
2. When a
magneticinduction
lagsbehindthe
hysteresis.
Thisphenomernon
complete cycle of magnetization and
2 Hence, soft magnetic materials are 3-7D (Sem-1 &2)
to alternating magnetic fields and used in devices that are
subjected
is known as drawn for one Amaterial in which
energy losses must
The B-H curve hysteresis loop. possessing these properties may be low.
3.
demagnetizationisknownas magnetization with a relatively low
hysteresis energy losses.
reach its saturation
applied field and still has low
Hysteresis curve :
aferromagnetic material is The B-H curve for soft
4.
graph between Band Hforshown in Fig. 3.5.1. known magneticBmaterials is shown in Fig,3.6.1.
Plottinga as
i
curve or B-H curve
as hysteresis H=0 but Bis not
at point c,magnetism.
Retentivity: According to curve
residual
,zero and
ü. remanence or B.
B’Bis known as
B b -H,
C
H=0 H, H
P
B=B
R

H Fig, 3.6.1. Hysteresis curve for soft magnetic materials.

R. Examples: Pure iron,cast iron, carbon steels, silicon steels,
B=0 es and nickel steels,and ferrites.
manganese
H=-Ho C. Hard magnetic materials :
f
1. Hard magnetic materials are those which retain aconsiderable amount
of their magnetic energy after the magnetizing force has been removed
i.e., the materials, which are difficult to demagnetize.
Fig. 3.5.1. Hysteresis loop. 2. These materials are als0 calledpermanent magnetic materials.
and H’H,k 3. Magnetically hard materials are used for making permanent magnets.
iü. Coercivity : According to graph at the point d, B= 0
known as coercivity.
iv. Residual magnetism : It is defined aseven the magnetic flux density B

which still persists in magnetic material when the magnetising B,

reducing the value of H
force is completely removed, In Fig. 9.5.1 on
remains a flux density B,
from the saturation region to zero there
which is residual magnetism. H, +H
force which is
V. Coercive force (field) :It is defined as demagnetizingelectromagnet
magnetism in an
necessary to neutralize completely the
when the value of magnetizing force becomes zero. In Fig. 3.5.1, H,13
density to zero and is called coercive force.
required to reduce flux magnetic materials.
Fig. 3.6.2. Hysteresis curve for hard
Que 3.6. What are soft and hard magnetic materials ?
chromium or cobalt is used for making
4. Steel containing carbon, tungsten,
Answer o permanent magnets.
steel and chromium steel.
A Soft magnetic materials : B-H D. Examples: Alnico, tungsten steel, cobalt
thin and narrow mutual-inductance.
1. Soft magnetic materials are those which have Que 3.7. Define self-inductance and
curves, i.e., the area within the hysteresis loop is small.
 Transformers Fundamentalsof Electrical Engineering 3-9D (Sem-1 &2)
2)
3-8D(Sem-1& 3. The low-voltage winding is placed next to the core and the
high-voltage
winding is placed around the low-voltage winding to reduce the
material required. insulating
Answer
A Selfinductance: which opposes the Thus,the two windings are arranged as concentric coils. Such a
the coil due to
4.
as the property of it. Inductance is attained by a coil is. therefore, called concentric winding or cylindrical windíng. winding
defined
1 Itis flowing through
change ofcurrent inthe coil itselfiby changing the Fluz path Yoke
self-inducedemfproduced
duetothe it. ---- .---p
current flowing through ~Limb
following :
2 It's given by the e= Ldldt
current and ti hvv
self induced emf, Lis self inductance, I is
where, e is selfinductance, L is Henry.
time passed. The unit of
Inductance :
B. Mutual as the property of
Mutual Inductance between the two coils is defined in the other coil
1. opposes the change of current
the coildue to which it Fig. 3.8.1, Core-type transformer.
changing, the flux sets un
2 When the current in
the neighboring coil is co b. Shell-type transfornmer :
changing flux emfis induced in the
in the coil and because ofthisand the phenomenon is known as Mutual 1. In the shell-type transformer (Fig. 3.8.2), both primary and secondary
windings are wound on the central limb,and the two outer imbscomplete
called Mutually Induced emf
Inductance. the low-reluctance flux paths.
Flux paths
PART-2 2
Ideal and Practical Transformer. LCentral limb
h.v.

h.v
Questions-Answers
b.y. Outer limb
uestions
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type h.v.
l.v.

Que 3.8. What is transformer ? Explain the constructional

Fig. 3.82. Shell-type transformer.
features of different types of transformer.
2
sections. Low-voltage (lv) and
Each winding is subdivided intoalternately
(hu) subsections are put in the form of a
Answer high-voltage sandwich or disc winding.
sandwich. Sucha winding is, therefore, called
A Transformer :Atransformer is a static electrical device transfer
and practical transformer.
electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic Que 3.9. Define ideal transformer
induction, practical transformer.
Compare ideal transformer and
B. Types:
Answer types of
& Core-type transformer : transformer which is free from all
1 Ideal transformer : The no core loss, no ohmic
1 In the core-type transforner, the magne tic circuit consists oftwo vertical transformer. It has
losses is known as ideal
legs or limbs with two horizontal sections, called yokes. resistance, no leakage flux etc.
2 Tokeep the leakage flur to aminimum, halfof eachwinding is placed on
each leg of the core as showa in Fig. 3.8.1.
3-10D(Sem-1 &
2) Transformerg Rundamentals of Electrical Engineering
oftransformer.all types 3-11 D
(Sem-1 &2)
2. Practicaltransformer:
Inthistypes oflosses 8 hus, electrical energy is transferred from coil 1 to
are present. transformers: magnetic circuit. coil 2 by a common
and practical
Diference between ideal 9 Coil 1, which receives energy from the source of AC
3. Practical transformer supply, is called the
Ideal transformer primary coil or primary winding or simply the primary.
S. No. It bas below 100% efficiency, 40 Coil 2, which is connected to load and delivers
efficiency. called the energy to the load, is
1. It has 100 % secondary coil or secondary winding or simply the secondary.
It has losses.
2. It has no losses. Oue 3.11. Draw phasor diagram of transformer on no load and
resistance There is ohmic resistance
3 There is no ohmic explain its working.
drop.
drop.
It has no leakage drop.
It has leakage drop. Answer
4.
A. Working of 1-¢ transformer on no load:
principle of operation of 1. When the transformer is kept on no-load, i.e., when the secondary is
Que 3.10. Explain the performance of kept open, secondary current I, is zero. When the supply V, is given to
single phase transformer. AKTU 2021-22 (Sem-1), Marks10 primary winding, no load current I, flows through primary winding.
2 This no load primary current I, has two components namely :
Answer Magnetising component I to magnetise the core.
circuit as shown Loss component I to feed hysteresis and eddy current losses i.e. iron
1 Consider two coils 1 and 2 wound on a simple magneticother and there is
from each losses.
in Fig. 3.10.1. These two coils are insulated
noelectrical connection between them. 3. This magnetising component I,, when flows through primary number
Laminated Core of turns N,,it gives magnetomotive force MMF =N
4. This MMF,sets up flux , in the core. The flux o, when cuts the primary
winding, gives primary self induced emf E, and when ß, cuts the
pi secondary winding, it gives rise to secondary mutually induced emfE,.
AC
E Load 5 Thus at no load, sinçe I, is zero, E, =V,i.e. induced emf at secondary is
Suply E, equal to secondary terminal voltage V, and since I, has very low
magnitude,
Primary Secondary |E| = V COre
Winding Yoke Winding
Fig. 3.10.1. Arrangements of a transformer. I,=0
2. Let N, and N, be the number of turns in coils 1and 2respectively.
3 When a source of alternating voltage V, is appied to coil 1, an alternating E, iRN,
current I, flows in it. This alternating current produces an alternating E N
flux , in the magnetic circuit.
4 The mean path of this flux is shown in Fig. 3.10.1 by the dotted line. Secondary winding
5 This alternating flux links the turns N, of coil l and induces in them an Primary winding
alternating voltage E, by self-induction. Fig. 3.11.1.
6. Thus, all the flux produced by coil 1 also links N, turns of coil 2 and B. Phasor diagram at no load : E, and E, lag behind
induces in then a voltage E, by mutual induction,oett ssbl
Choosing flux as reference, since induced emfs
magnetising component
7. If coil 2 is connected to a load then an alternating L. drawn accordingly. I,,
current will flow 90°, the figure is is in phase with V,.
through it and energy will be delivered to the load. lux by 90 and loss componentI,,
lags behind voltage V, by
3-12 D (Sem-1 & 2) Transformers
Rundamentals of Electrical Engineering
3-13 D (Sem-1 &2)
2. The no load current Í, = Iu + 0, 3. Magnetizing current
factor angle.
, angle between V, and I, i.e. no load power In=I, sin g,
Using basic trigonometry = 2x 0.940 = 1.88 A
sin #, 1- cos' ,
4. No load power input,
I=I, sin o Po= Vl,cos ,
-E, =V; = 230 x 2 x 0.108
= 49.68 W

Oue 3.13. Discuss the principle of

operation of a single phase
transformer. Derive emf-equation for a single phase transformer.
AKTU2017-18 (Sem-2), Marks 7
AKTU2018-19 (Sem-1), Marks 10
E
Answer
E, =V A. Principle of operation of l-¢ transformer : Refer Q. 3.10,
Page 3-10D, Unit-3.
Fig. 3.11.2. B. Derivation :

Que 3.12. Atransformer onno-load has a core logs of 50 W,; draws 1 Let the flux at any instant be given by
a current of 2Aand has an induced emf of 230 V.Determine the no diesrs9g sds 9 , sin ot ..3.13.1)
load power factor, core loss current and magnetizing current. Also, 2. The instantaneous emfinducedin a coil ofN turnslinked by this flux is
calculate the no-lóad circuit parameters of the transformer. Neglect given by Faraday's law as
winding resistance and leakage flux. e
d d
-(@N)=-NN, sinot)
dt dt dt
AKTU 2021-22 (Sem-1), Marks 10 -Noo, cos ot
No, sin (ot-12)
Answer ...(3.13.2)
e= Bm sin (ot- /2)
Given: W=50 W, I,=2A, V, 230V where E, =No = Maximum value ofe.
To Find:No load power factor, Core loss current, Magnetizing 3. For a sine wave, the rms value of emf is given by
No load power input. current
1 No load power factor,
E, =E= E,42AS
No, N(2rfm
E=
cos = Wo 50 V2 ...(3.13.3)
230 × 2 E= 4.44 fN
= 0.108 equation of a transformer.
2 Core loss current, eq. (3.13.3) is called the emf calculated
winding of the transformer can be
Ip= 2xpf
4 The emfinduced in each subscripts l and 2 be used for primary and
= 2 x 0.108
from its emf equation, Letprimary rms voltage is
secondary quantities. The ...(3.13.4)
= 0.217 A E=4.44 6,fN,