GENERAL

BIOLOGY 1
PREPARED BY: MS. NIKKA B. LABRAGUE
 Lesson 2:
Cell Structures
and its Functions
PREPARED BY: MS. NIKKA B. LABRAGUE
 Learning Targets
1. I can distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell in
terms of structural parts.
2. I can compare and contrast animal cells from plant
cells.
3. I can relate the adaptations of cell’s structure to its
functions
4. I can elaborate the levels of organization of living
organism.
 Core Values

Efficiency and Effectivenss Artistry

 21st Century
Learning Skills

Communication & Creativity Critical Thinking

Collaboration
 Essential Question
How do the organelles helps
the cell function?
 Motivational Activity

“SAY MY NAME!”
Read and analyze the following riddles then guess
what organelles of a cell is being describe.
I am the real “powerhouse”
That’s plain to see
I break down food
To release energy.

Mitochondria
My names means colored bodies
And I contain DNA
I pass on traits to new cells
In a systematic way

Chromosomes
 I’m strong and stiff
Getting through me is tough
I’m found only in plant cells and in
prokaryotes
I’m what makes sticks through

Cell Wall
I’m the brain of the cell
Or so they say
I regulate activities
From day to day

Nucleus
I’m found only in a plant cells
I am as green as can be
I make food for the plant
Using the sun’s energy

Chloroplast
 I’m a series of tubes
Found throughout the cell
I transport proteins
And other things as well.

Endoplasmic
Reticulum
 I’m full of holes
Flexible and thin
I control what gets out
As well as what comes in

Cell Membrane
 Proteins are made here
Even though I’m quite small
You can find me in the cytoplasm
Or attaches to the ER’s wall

Ribosomes
Do you have
any
questions?
CELL
Fundamental unit of life
 Cell
Basic and fundamental unit of life,
it possesses a highly organized
structure that enables it to carry
out its vital functions.
 Prokaryotic Prokaryotic
Dispersed genetic material
Lack a defined
nucleus in the cytoplasm.

Plant
Types Cellulose cell wall;
chloroplasts and vacuoles.

of Cells
Animal
Rigid cell wall;
may have flagella.
Eukaryotic
Have a defined
nucleus
Protist
They can have a cell wall,
without differentiated tissues.

Fungal
Chitin Cell Wall;
they are heterotrophs.
WHAT ARE ORGANELLES?

Cell organelles are tiny structures within a cell

that function like the organs of our bodies.

Each organelle has a specific job to

perform, which helps the cell survive and
function properly.
THREE MAIN STRUCTURAL PARTS OF
THE CELL
There are some key ingredients that a cell needs in order to be
a cell, regardless of whether it is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. All
cells share three key components:

Cell Membrane
Nucleus Cytoplasm
 Organelles
found in a
Prokaryotic Cell
 Challenge Yourself!
INSTRUCTIONS:
PARTS OF A PROKARYOTIC CELL
I will state the description and function and
you are going to identify what
parts/structure of prokaryotic cell I am
referring to. Message your answer on the
chatbox.
 Challenge Yourself!
1. Hair-like structures on the
surface of the cell that attach
to other bacterial cells.
Shorter pili called fimbriae
help bacteria attach to
surfaces.

PILI (PILUS FOR

SINGULAR)
 Challenge Yourself!
2. It is an outer covering
that protects the bacterial
cell and gives it shape.
Made out of Peptidoglycan

CELL WALL
 Challenge Yourself!
4. Found in some bacterial cells,
this additional outer covering
protects the cell when it is
engulfed by other organisms,
assists in retaining moisture,
and helps the cell adhere to
surfaces and nutrients.

CAPSULE
 Challenge Yourself!

5. Are gene carrying,

circular DNA structures
that are not involved in
reproduction.

PLASMID
 Challenge Yourself!
6. Are long, whip-like
protrusion that aids in
cellular locomotion.

FLAGELLA
 Challenge Yourself!

7. Responsible for
protein production.

RIBOSOMES
 Challenge Yourself!

8. It surrounds the cell's

cytoplasm and regulates
the flow of substances in
and out of the cell.

CELL MEMBRANE OR
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Do you have
any
questions?
 QUICK REVIEW:
PARTS OF A PROKARYOTIC CELL
 Organelles
found in a
Eukaryotic Cell
 Think-Pair and
Share
INSTRUCTIONS:
Observe the pictures presented on the next
slide. With your partner, list down some
similarities and differences between the two
picture.
Think-Pair and
Share
 Cell Shape
ANIMAL CELLS
Typically round or irregular in shape.

PLANT CELLS
Typically rectangular in shape.
Cell Size
ANIMAL CELLS
10 - 30 micrometers

PLANT CELLS
10 - 100 micrometers
ANIMAL CELLS PLANT CELLS
Do not produce Produce energy through
their own energy. photosynthesis.
Store energy as Store energy as
glycogen. starch.
 Organelles
found in BOTH
Animal and
Plant Cells
THREE MAIN STRUCTURAL PARTS OF
THE CELL
There are some key ingredients that a cell needs in order to be
a cell, regardless of whether it is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. All
cells share three key components:

Cell Membrane
Nucleus Cytoplasm
 Ribosomes
Ribosomes are essential organelles
for cellular functioning and survival.

They synthesize proteins using the

genetic information from messenger
RNA (mRNA), which is crucial for
cellular structure, function, and
regulation.

Ribosomes are located in the

cytoplasm and the rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
A network of interconnected membranes
that extends from the nuclear membrane to
the cell membrane. It plays a fundamental
role in the transport, processing, and
distribution of proteins and lipids within the
cell.
There are two main types of ER:

• The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

is studded with ribosomes and is involved
in the synthesis and modification of
proteins.

• The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

specializes in lipid synthesis, carbohydrate
metabolism, and detoxification.
 Golgi Apparatus / Body
Key in the processing and packaging
of proteins and lipids produced in the
endoplasmic reticulum.

It synthesizes carbohydrates and

lipoproteins and is essential for
maintaining the cell's internal balance
and facilitating communication with
the outside.

Composed of a series of flattened sacs

called cisternae, it acts as the 'shipping
center' of the cell, sorting and
packaging proteins into vesicles for
transport and distribution.
 Mitochondria
Present in eukaryotic animal and plant
cells. Their primary function is energy
generation through cellular respiration
(ATP production).

They are made of two membranes. The

outer membrane covers the organelle
and contains it like a skin.

The inner membrane folds over many

times and creates layered structures
called cristae.
 Peroxisomes
Peroxisomes also exist as small
vesicles around the cell.

Peroxisomes contain at least 50

oxidative enzymes involved in various
biochemical pathways in different
types of cells. The oxidative enzymes
produce H2O2. Since H2O2 is harmful to
the cell, peroxisomes also contain
catalase.
In this condition, water is safe to the
cell, while oxygen is needed for the
digestive reaction that follows.
 Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes also help in breaking

down alcohol in the body. Because of
this, you would expect your liver cells to
have more peroxisomes than other
cells in your body.
 Do you have
any questions?
 ORGANELLES
PRESENT IN ANIMAL
CELL ONLY
 Lysosomes
Breaks down food particles, invading
objects, or worn out cell parts.
Lysozyme which can defend a cell from
invading bacteria and viruses.
Suicidal Bag (Autolysis – self-destruct
dying cell)

Also break down damaged or own out

cell parts.

Recycling Center
 Note!

Lysosomes are found in

all animal cells, but are
Lysosomes in plants are
rarely found within plant
still an on-going
cells due to the tough cell
research.
wall surrounding a plant
cell that keeps out foreign
substances.
 Centrosomes

The centrosome is a small

dense region of cytoplasm that
serves as the main microtubule
organizing center (MTOC),
where microtubules are
organized and assembled.
 Centrosomes
The centrosome is a small
dense region of cytoplasm that
serves as the main microtubule
organizing center (MTOC),
where microtubules are
organized and assembled.
In animal cells, it contains two
barrél-like structures called
centrioles that are
perpendicular to each other.
 Centrioles

Centrioles are cylinder shaped

organelles made of nine triplets
of short microtubules arranged
in a ring.
 Centrioles

Before an animal cell divides, the

centrosome including the centrioles
double, and the two new
centrosomes move to opposite ends
of the cell.
Centrosome & Centrioles
Do you have
any
questions?
 ORGANELLES
PRESENT IN PLANT
CELL ONLY
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
 Vacoules

A vacuole is a membrane-bound
cell organelle. In animal cells,
vacuoles are generally small and
help sequester waste products. In
plant cells, vacuoles help maintain
water balance. Sometimes a single
vacuole can take up most of the
interior space of the plant cell.
Do you have
any
questions?
 Seatwork #01

“Cell City Analogy”

Directions: After discussing the Cell Structures and its
Functions, match the parts of the city to the specific
organelles of the cell to complete the table.
 Cell City Analogy
CITY STRUCTURES CORRESPONDING CELL FUNCTIONS
ORGANELLES
Construction Site
Transport Company
Power Plant
Food Processing Plant
Water Disposal Plant
City Hall
Storage Tanks
Fence
 Performance Task #01

“Cell Model”
Directions: Construct a 3D model of a plant/animal/bacterial cell using
recyclable materials.

DEADLINE: Before Midterm

Performance Task #01
 CELL
MODIFICATION
 CELL MODIFICATION
Cell Modification (or
specialization or
differentiation) is actually a
process that occurs after cell
division where the newly
formed cells are structurally
modified so that they can
perform their function
efficiently and effectively.
 RED BLOOD CELL
• It contains hemoglobin that can combine CELL MODIFICATION
with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin.
• It has no nucleus so that more hemoglobin
can be accommodated (hence more
oxygen can be transported). By having no
nucleus, enable a red blood cell to
squeeze through small blood capillaries.
• It has biconcave shape for increasing its
surface area thus diffusion of oxygen in
and out of the red blood cell becomes
easy.
 ROOT HAIR CELL
• Absorb water and mineral salts by CELL MODIFICATION
osmosis and active transport
respectively.
• The hair-like structure helps to increase
the surface area of the root hair cell,
thus helps the root hair cell to absorb
more water and mineral salts.
• The hair-like structure which is long and
narrow helps the root hair cell to
penetrate in between soil particles in
search of water and mineral salts.
 CILIA
CELL MODIFICATION

• Slender, tube-like / hair-like

projections that extend from the
membrane of eukaryotic cells.
 CILIA
• There are two basic types of cilia: CELL MODIFICATION
motile and primary.
a.Motile cilia are used for movement.
An example would be the motile
cilia found lining the windpipe in
humans. They help remove dirt and
particles from the air passages.
b.Primary cilia are found on most
animal cells. They are used not for
motion but for chemical sensing on
the cell's surface.
TRIVIA
 LEVEL OF
ORGANIZATION
OF LIVING
ORGANISMS.
Thank you for
listening!