A
MEGA PROJECT REPORT
ON
Design of Intelligent and Efficient Lightning Controller Using
PIR & LDR Sensor
Submitted: 2020-2021
This mega project work submitted in partial fulfilment of requirement for the
Award of Diploma in,
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Under The Guidance Of
Prof. Mr. S. W. Chopde
(Lecturer Electrical Engineering Dept.)
Submitted By
Mr. Prakash Khobragade Mr. Kartik Rahangdale
Mr. Mahesh Tarare Ms. Vishakha Dandekar
Mr. Tejas Patle Ms. Ankita Choudhary
Mr. Gunjan Patil
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,
BRAMHAPURI DIST-
1
CHANDRAPUR
2
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following students of this institute have
carried out this mega-project work on “Design of intelligent and
efficient lightning controller using PIR & LDR Sensor” under the
guidance of Prof. Mr. S. W. Chopde sir in the Department of Electrical
Engineering During the session 2020-2021. This work has been done in
the partial fulfilment of the award in Electrical Engineering from
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai.
Name of Students (Final Year)
Mr. Prakash Khobragade Mr. Kartik Rahangdale
Mr. Mahesh Tarare Ms. Vishakha Dandekar
Mr. Tejas Patle Ms. Ankita Choudhary
Mr. Gunjan Patil
Project Guide Head of Department
Prof. Mr. S. W Chopde Prof. Mr. J. D Borkar
3
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,
BRAMHAPURI DIST-CHANDRAPUR
We are the students of Final Year of Department of Electrical
Engineering, humbly completed this Mega-project work on time to time
as described in this report by our own skill and study between the period
from 2020-2021.
As per instruction and guidance of Prof. Mr. S. W Chopde sir and
following students were associated with us for this work. However, quantum
of our contribution has been approved by the guide.
MEGA-PROJECT GROUP MEMBERS
Mr. Prakash Khobragade Mr. Kartik Rahangdale
Mr. Mahesh Tarare Ms. Vishakha Dandekar
Mr. Tejas Patle Ms. Ankita Choudhary
Mr. Gunjan Patil
DATE: PLACE:
BRAMHAPURI
ACKNOWLEDEGEMENT
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We express deep sense of gratitude to our Mega Project Guide
Prof. Mr. S. W Chopde sir, without whose valuable suggestions and
guidance, fabrication and creation of this project wouldn’t have been
possible. It was a great pleasure and honor to work under him and we
hope many more fruitful associations in the future. We also owe the
gratitude due towards Prof. Mr. J. D Borkar, Head of the Department,
Electrical Engineering. We are also indebted to other faculty members of
our department, for their noteworthy suggestions and encouragement
given to us in completing the work.
MEGA-PROJECT GROUP MEMBERS
Mr. Prakash Khobragade Mr. Kartik Rahangdale
Mr. Mahesh Tarare Ms. Vishakha Dandekar
Mr. Tejas Patle Ms. Ankita Choudhary
Mr. Gunjan Patil
5
Index:
Chapter No. 1.- Introduction.
Chapter No. 2. - literature review.
Chapter No. 3. - Construction & working with circuit diagram.
Chapter No. 4.- components required.
Chapter No. 5. - Cost of the project.
Chapter No. 6. - fabrication & applications.
Chapter No. 7. - Conclusion.
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Abstract
Pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensors are widely used as a
presence trigger, but the analog output of PIR sensors depends on
several other aspects, including the distance of the body from the
PIR sensor, the direction and speed of movement, the body shape
and gait. In this paper, we present an empirical study of human
movement detection and identification using a set of PIR sensors.
We have performed classification analysis with well-known
machine learning algorithms, including instance- based learning and
support vector machine. Our findings show that with the raw data
set captured from a single PIR sensor of each of the three modules,
we could achieve more than 92% accuracy in classifying the
direction and speed of movement, the distance interval and
identifying subjects.
In this project we use both sensors for making an efficient
and power consuming light controller. We use LDR as a switch to
ON PIR sensor during night and we used PIR motion sensor for
when any person come on the sensor during night time the lamp will
glow automatically. That’s why in required time by using that
combination of sensors we make efficient, power consuming light
controller.
A well planned Mega project help students to improve their
practical skill related to interpersonal problems solving research and
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reporting as well as soft skill
During a period of 2020-2021 at Government Polytechnic
College of Brahmapuri must of the theoretical knowledge that has
been gained during the course of study is put test.
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Chapter No. 1.
Introduction
Intelligent and efficient lightening control using PIR and
LDR Sensor is the best project for power consumption project with
auto- controlling in night time.
LDR light-dependent resistor is also called as photoresistor.
By using LDR sensor we control PIR motion sensor for night time.
It is act as a switch to auto-operate on night time is a passive
component that decreases resistance with respect to receiving
luminosity (light) on the component's sensitive surface. The
resistance of a photoresistor decreases with increase in incident light
intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity.
A photoresistor can be applied in light-sensitive detector
circuits and light-activated and dark-activated switching circuits
acting as a resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a photoresistor can
have a resistance as high as several megaohms (MΩ), while in the
light, a photoresistor can have a resistance as low as a few hundred
ohms. If incident light on a photoresistor exceeds a certain
frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound
electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The
resulting free electrons (and their hole partners) conduct electricity,
thereby lowering resistance. The resistance range and sensitivity of
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a photoresistor can substantially differ among dissimilar devices.
Moreover, unique photoresistors may react substantially differently
to photons within certain wavelength bands.
A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic
sensor that measures infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its
field of view. They are most often used in PIR-based motion
detectors. PIR sensors are commonly used in security alarms and
automatic lighting applications. PIR sensors detect general
movement, but do not give information on who or what moved. For
that purpose, an imaging IR sensor is required. PIR sensors are
commonly called simply "PIR", or sometimes "PID", for "passive
infrared detector". The term passive refers to the fact that PIR
devices do not radiate energy for detection purposes. They work
entirely by detecting infrared radiation (radiant heat) emitted by or
reflected from objects.
In that project we used both sensor for making an efficient
and power consuming light controller. We use LDR as a switch to
ON PIR sensor during night and we used PIR motion sensor for
when any person come on the sensor during night time the lamp will
glow automatically. That’s why in required time by using that
combination of sensors we make efficient, power consuming light
controller.
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Chapter No. 2
Literature Survey
Every year lots of power electricity is used, that's why
Number of electricity consumption project developed.
One of the project is automatic strit light controlling, it is also
a power consuming project based on LDR sensor. Its automatic ON
at a night ( darkness).
Also many projects of PIR based on the security purpose in
banks, hospital, malls etc. PIR sensor used for energy consumption
project.. We make a efficient power consuming light, it is a
electricity consuming project based on LDR & PIR sensor. The
Power Consumption Once the intruder moves on the range of PIR
sensor it's turn on the light and when any persone move on the
sensor PIR sensor turn off the light due to the required period the
light is on that's why the electricity is consumed.
In LDR we used to operate light for night time and we can
save electricity. Due to the use of two different sensors we can make
a good efficient Auto- light controlling device.
Chapter No. 3
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Construction & Working :-
Intelligent and efficient lightening control using PIR and
LDR Sensor is the combination of PIR and LDR sensor. It's
work on the principle of photoconductivity.
LDR sensor also called as a photoresistor. It can be
applied in light- sensitive detector circuits and light-activated
and dark-activated switching circuits acting as a resistance
semiconductor. In the dark, a photoresistor can have a resistance
as high as several megaohms (MΩ), while in the light, a
photoresistor can have a resistance as low as a few hundred
ohms. If incident light on a photoresistor exceeds a certain
frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound
electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The
resulting free electrons (and their hole partners) conduct
electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The resistance range and
sensitivity of a photoresistor can substantially differ among
dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique photoresistors may react
substantially differently to photons within certain wavelength
bands.
Circuit diagram:-
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PIR motion sensor working principal is all objects with a
temperature above absolute zero emit heat energy in the form of
electromagnetic radiation. Usually this radiation isn't visible to the
human eye because it radiates at infrared wavelengths, but it can be
detected by electronic devices designed for such a purpose.
When an object, such as a person, passes in front of the
background, such as a wall, the temperature at that point in the
sensor's field of view will rise from room temperature to body
temperature, and then back again. The sensor converts the resulting
change in the incoming infrared radiation into a change in the output
voltage, and this triggers the detection. Objects of similar
temperature but different surface characteristics may also have a
different infrared emission pattern, and thus moving them with
respect to the background may trigger the detector as well.
In this project we combine both principal and make a
different one. By using LDR sensor as a switch to operate PIR
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motion sensor for human body detect and then light will glow/ ON.
Scope of the project
We can save electricity by installing this device in
parking yard in dark places like complex, malls, hospital etc.
Problem identification:-
In PIR sensor can identify the living body but it can’t
be able to find that it is animal or human beings.
Chapter No. 4
Components Required:-
A.PIR Motion sensor:-
A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic
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sensor that measures infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its
field of view. They are most often used in PIR-based motion
detectors. PIR sensors are commonly used in security alarms and
automatic lighting applications.PIR sensors detect general
movement, but do not give information on who or what moved. For
that purpose, an imaging IR sensor is required. PIR sensors are
commonly called simply "PIR", or sometimes "PID", for "passive
infrared detector". The term passive refers to the fact
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that PIR devices do not radiate energy for detection purposes.
They work entirely by detecting infrared radiation (radiant heat)
emitted by or reflected from objects.
B. LDR Sensor :-
LDR light-dependent resistor is also called as photoresistor.
By using LDR sensor we control PIR motion sensor for night time.
It is act as a switch to auto-operate on night time. It is apassive
component that decreases resistance with respecttoreceiving
luminosity (light) on the component's sensitive surface. The
resistance of a photoresistor decreases with increase in incident
lightintensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity.
Fig :- LDR with symbol.
C. Transistor (BC547) :-
BC547 is a NPN transistor hence the collector and emitter
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will be left open (Reverse biased) when the base pin is held at
ground and will be closed (Forward biased) when a signal is
provided to base pin. BC547 has a gain value of 110 to 800, this
value determines the amplification capacity of the transistor. The
maximum amount of current that could flow through the Collector
pin is 100mA, hence we cannot connect loads that consume more
than 100mA using this transistor. To bias a transistor we have to
supply current to base pin, this current (IB) should be limited to
5mA.
Fig :- Transistor BC547.
D. Resistor (1k/100k ohm):-
A resistor reduces (or resists) the flow of current. The value
of the resistance is expressed as a number of ohms (the symbol Ω is
used for ''ohm''). The number of ohms is coded with a color and
appears as a band on the device itself. Three color bands are used to
represent the value because we only encode the first significant
figure, the second significant figure and the number of zeros. In this
lesson, we work this out for a 1k Ω resistor where ''k'' is the
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abbreviation for the prefix ''kilo'', meaning 1,000.
So, a 1k Ω resistor has a value of 1,000 ohms and the number we will
code is 1,000.
Fig:- Resistor.
E. Diode 1N4007 :-
For 1N4007 Diode, the maximum current carrying capacity
is 1A it withstand peaks up to 30A. Hence we can use this in
circuits that are designed for less than 1A. The reverse current is
5uA which is negligible. The power dissipation of this diode is 3W.
Fig :- Diode ( 1N4007)
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F. elay (6volt):-
Fig :- Relay (6volt)
The 6v relay is an electromechanical switching device which
controls the AC devices through the DC power. Relays are used
for isolating a low voltage circuit from high voltage circuit.
They are used for controlling multiple circuits. They are also
used as automatic change over.
G. LED bulbs :-
An LED lamp or LED light bulb is an electric light for use
in light fixtures that produces light using one or more light-emitting
diodes (LEDs). LED lamps have a lifespan many times longer than
equivalent incandescent lamps, and are significantly more efficient
than most fluorescent lamps,[1][2][3] with some manufacturers
(Cree and others) claiming LED chips with a luminous efficacy of
up to 303 lumens per watt.
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Fig :- LED bulb
H. PCB Board:-
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and
electrically connects electrical or electronic components using
conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from one or more
sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of
a non-conductive substrate.
I. Battery or charger:-
Battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical
cells with external connections for powering electrical devices such
as flashlights, mobile phones, and electric cars. When a battery is
supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its
negative terminal is the anode.
j. Lamp holder:-
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A light holder socket, light socket, lamp
socket or lamp holder is a device which mechanically supports
and provides electrical connections for a compatible electric
lamp.[1] Sockets allow lamps to be safely and conveniently
replaced (re-lamping). There are many different standards for
lampholders, including early de facto standards and later
standards created by various standards bodies.
Fig :- lamp holder.
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Chapter No. 5
Cost of the mega project :-
Sr. Name of components. Quantity. Total cost
No.
1. PIR Sensor. 1. 100*1=100 Rs.
2. LDR Sensor. 1. 10* 1 =10 Rs.
3. Transistor BC578. 2. 5 * 2 =10 Rs.
4. Resistor 1k/100k ohm. 2 5* 2 =10 Rs.
5. Diode 1N4006. 1. 5* 1 = 5 Rs.
6. Relay 6volt. 1. 100*1 = 100 Rs.
7. LED Bulb. 1. 100*1 = 100 Rs.
8. Battery/ charger. 1 20*1 = 20 Rs.
9. Lamp holder. 1. 100*1 = 100 Rs.
10. PCB Bord 1. 20*1 = 20 Rs.
11. Wires. 20 feet. 20*5 = 100 Rs.
Total cost= 575 Rs.
The total cost for making a model of Mega project is 575 to 6000
Rs.
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Chapter No. 6
Fabrication process:-
We can instrall this project on godown area. First at all we
make a circuit of the project by connection all the electronic
equipment. Then we install PCB Bord & light on the light holder on
the godown & give power supply to the circuit. Also we connect
switch for On & off the power supply.
Due to the fully installing the project we can properly cheack it,
when any person come on the sensor, it detect body and supply the
power to relay, relay turn on and light will glow.
PIR Sensor is also used for security system alarm, and auto-
door systems it is very efficient.
LDR sensor is used for various applications such as street
light system, it is used for security system also.
Applications
We can use in hospital, malls, parking areas & etc.
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Chapter No. 7
Conclusion :-
We have presented a human movement detecting system
based on pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensors and machine learning
technologies for classifying the direction of movement, the distance
of the body from the PIR sensors, the speed of movement during
two-way, back-and-forth walking and identifying the walking
subject.
From above mega project of Intelligent and efficient
lightening control using PIR and LDR Sensor we can easily
consume power electricity and we make efficient auto-controlling
lighting system.
References :-
We got information about project from as follows:-
www.wikepedia.com
www.electronics.com
www.youtube.com
www.amazone.com
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