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Time Allowed : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 80

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ϭ W͘d͘K͘
Maximum Marks: 80
Time Allowed: 3 hours
General Instructions:

i. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 5 sections.

ii. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some
questions. A student is expected to attempt only one of these questions.
iii. Section A consists of 20 objective type questions carrying 1 mark each.
iv. Section B consists of 6 Very Short questions carrying 02 marks each. Answers to
these questions should in the range of 30 to 50 words.
v. Section C consists of 7 Short Answer type questions carrying 03 marks each.
Answers to these questions should in the range of 50 to 80 words.
vi. Section D consists of 3 Long Answer type questions carrying 05 marks each.
Answer to these questions should be in the range of 80 to 120 words.
vii. Section E consists of 3 source-based/case-based units of assessment of 04 marks
each with sub-parts.

Multiple
Assertion & Choice Subjective
Chapter Name - Reason Question Question Total

Matter in Our - 1 (1) 2 (1) 3 (2) 7 (12)

Surrounding
1 (3)

Is Matter around 
 1 (1) 2 (1) 1 (2)  ()

Us Pure

The Fundamental - - 3 (1) - 3 (3)

Unit of Life


Tissues - 1 (1) 4 (1) 1 (3) 6 (8)

Motion - 1 (1) 4 (1) - 5 (5)

Forces and Laws - - 1 (1) 3 (3) 4 (10)

of Motion

(4 Grouped 1 - - - 1 (4)
Questions) (4)
Tissues

(8 Grouped 1 - - - 1 (4)
Questions) (4)
Is Matter around
Us Pure

(2 Internal - - - 1 (2) 1 (2)

Choice)
Forces and Laws
of Motion
Motion

(2 Internal - - - 1 (2) 1 (2)

Choice)
Forces and Laws
of Motion
Forces and Laws
of Motion

(2 Internal - - - 1 (3) 1 (3)

Choice)
Motion
Forces and Laws
of Motion

(2 Internal - - - 1 (3) 1 (3)

Choice)
The Fundamental


Unit of Life
The Fundamental
Unit of Life

(2 Internal - - - 1 (5) 1 (5)

Choice)
Forces and Laws
of Motion
Motion

(2 Internal - - - 1 (5) 1 (5)

Choice)
The Fundamental
Unit of Life
Tissues

(2 Internal - - - 1 (5) 1 (5)

Choice)
Is Matter around
Us Pure
Is Matter around
Us Pure

Total  4 (4) 16 (16) 16 (48) 39

() (80)


 Section A 
.BSLT

1. What are the characteristics of the particles of matter?

A. Particles of matter are in continuous motion.
B. Particles of matters do not have spaces between them.
C. Particles of matter attract each other.
D. Particles of matter are very large in size.

a) All of these b) (A), (B) and (C) is correct.

c) (B) and (C) is correct. d) (A) and (C) is correct.

2. The energy currency of the cell is:

a) AMP b) GTP

c) ATP d) ADP
3. Equation of motion can be used for a body having:

a) uniform acceleration b) non-uniform acceleration

c) uniform motion d) non-uniform motion

4. The mineral elements found in our bone making it hard, are

a) calcium and phosphorus b) sodium and potassium

c) phosphorus and sodium d) sodium and calcium
5. Chloroplasts may occur in

a) chlorenchyma and sieve tubes b) xylem parenchyma and sclerenchyma

c) collenchyma and sclerenchyma d) parenchyma and collenchyma

6. The cell sap in plant cells consists of:

a) water + organic substances b) both (water only) and (water + inorganic

substances)

c) water only d) water + inorganic substances

7. A change is said to be a physical change when

a) No energy change occurs b) All statements are correct

c) The change can be easily reversed d) No new substances are formed

8. Parenchyma which contains chlorophyll and helps in photosynthesis is called ________.

a) Collenchyma b) Aerenchyma

c) Sclerenchyma d) Chlorenchyma


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9. A cup of water holding a steel ball (m) is allowed to fall under gravity. The reaction between the ball and the
base of the cup is
a)
 b) zero


c) mg d) 2mg
10. If a body starts from rest, what can be said about the acceleration of the body?

a) Uniform accelerated b) Positively accelerated

c) Negative accelerated d) Non-Uniform accelerated

11. If the v-t graph is a straight line inclined to the time axis, then:

a) a Ü 0 b) a = constant Ü 0

c) a Ü constant Ü 0 d) a = 0
12. Branched involuntary muscles fibres are found in

a) ureters b) limbs

c) heart d) tongue
13. Ribosomes are made up of ________.

a) Both RNA and Proteins b) RNA

c) Lipoprotein d) Proteins
14. Metanil yellow, an adulterant used in Arhar dal is basically:

a) a dye b) an acid

c) a detergent d) a base
15. The temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied is known as:

a) Melting temperature b) Boiling temperature

c) Critical pressure d) Critical temperature
16. Which of the following is the characteristic of displacement of an object?

a) Displacement has only magnitude and no b) The magnitude of the displacement is

specific direction greater than the distance travelled by a
moving object

c) Displacement has magnitude as well as d) Displacement cannot be zero

specific direction
17. Assertion (A): The displacement of an object can be either positive, negative or zero.
Reason (R): Displacement has both the magnitude and direction.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

18. Assertion (A): The term vapour is used to represent the gaseous state of a substance that is otherwise liquid at
room temperature.
Reason (R): It is proper to regard the gaseous state of ammonia as vapours.

 W͘d͘K͘
 a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

19. Assertion (A): The cells of non-striated muscles or smooth muscles are spindle-shaped, uni-nucleated,
elongated, and have no striations.
Reason (R): They are found within the walls of elementary canal, bladder, and blood vessels.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

20. Assertion (A): The interconversion of state occurs without a change in composition but there is a change in the
chemical nature of the substance.
Reason (R): During burning one substance reacts with another to undergo a chemical composition.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

Section B 
.BSLT

21. A horse continues to apply a force in order to move a cart with a constant speed. Explain why?
OR
Mention some uses of velocity time graphs.
22. Why it is that to smell cold food, we have to go close but smell of hot food reaches us several meters away?
23. A candle seems to lose its weight on burning. Explain this fact.
24. Why the temperature of boiling water does not rise even when heat is continuously supplied to it?
25. Why do you fall in the forward direction when a moving bus brakes to a stop and fall backward when it
accelerates from rest?
OR
Why do the driver and the person seated in front seat need a seat belt?
26. What is happen when solid ammonium chloride is heated?

Section C 
.BSLT
27. The velocity-time graph of a ball moving on the surface of floor is shown in the figure. Calculate the force
acting on the ball, if the mass of the ball is 100 g.

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28. The velocity-time graph of a ball moving on the surface of a floor is shown in the figure. Find the force acting
on the ball if the mass of the ball is 50 g.

29. Deduce the following equations of motion:

 at2

i. S =ut + 

ii. v2 = u2 + 2aS
OR
Akhtar, Kiran and Rahul were riding in a motor car that was moving with a high velocity on an express way when an
insect hit the windshield and got stuck on the windscreen. Akhtar and Kiran started pondering over the situation.
Kiran suggested that the insect suffered a greater change in momentum as compared to the change in momentum of
the motor car (because the change in the velocity of the insect was much more than that of the motor car). Akhtar
said that since the motor car was moving with a larger velocity, it exerted a larger force on the insect and as a result
,the insect died. Rahul while putting an entirely new explanation said that both the motor car and the insect
experienced the same force and a change in their momentum. Comment on these suggestions.

30. Differentiate between physical and chemical change?

31. A bullet travelling at 360 m/s strikes a block of soft wood. The mass of the bullet is 2.0 g. The bullet comes to
rest after penetrating 10 cm into the wood.
a) Find the average de-accceleration force exerted by the wood.
b) Find the time taken by the bullet to come to rest.
32. Differentiate between hypertonic and hypotonic solution.
OR
Distinguish between Plant cell and Animal cells.
33. Observe the given below diagram and answer the following questions:

i. What does A represent in the given diagram? How does cell 'A' of root hairs cells help in water absorption?
ii. How does B in the given diagram help the plants?
iii. Out of A, B, and C cells in the above diagram, which cell helps in the closing and opening of the stomata?
Write the name of the cell.

Section D 
.BSLT
34. Define balanced and unbalance forces. Why is acceleration of a body not possible under the action of balanced
forces?


W͘d͘K͘
 OR
Draw a distance-time graph for an object moving with uniform and non-uniform speed.
35. Write the main function of each of the following.
(a) Plasma membrane
(b) cell wall
(c) Ribosome
(d) Lysosome
(e) Nucleolus
(f) Endoplasmic reticulum
OR
i. Which process in meristematic tissue converts it to permanent tissue?
ii. Which feature of meristematic tissue helps aquatic plants to maintain buoyancy in water?
iii. Why epidermis of plants living in dry habitats is thicker?
iv. Identify the following.
a. Living component of xylem
b. Dead element of phloem
v. Which type of conducting tissues conduct water and minerals vertically?
36. Pragya tested the solubility of three different substances at different temperatures and collected the data as given
below (results are given in the following table, as grams of substance dissolved in 100 grams of water to form a
saturated solution).

Temperature in K

Substance dissolved 283 293 313 333 353

Solubility

Potassium Nitrate 21 32 62 106 167

Sodium Chloride 36 36 36 37 37

Potassium Chloride 35 35 40 46 54

Ammonium Chloride 24 37 41 55 66

a. What mass of potassium nitrate would be needed to produce a saturated solution of potassium nitrate in 50
grams of water at 313 K?
b. Pragya makes a saturated solution of potassium chloride in water at 353 K and leaves the solution to cool at
room temperature. What would she observe as the solution cools? Explain.
c. Find the solubility of each salt at 293 K. Which salt has the highest solubility at this temperature?
d. What is the effect of change of temperature on the solubility of a salt?
OR
i. Under which category of mixtures will you classify alloys and why?
ii. Whether a solution is always liquid or not. Comment.
iii. Can a solution be heterogeneous?

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 Section E 
.BSLT

37. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:

A solution of a solid in a liquid such as water can be prepared by adding it slowly to water with constant stirring
at a certain temperature (room temperature). If the addition process is continued, a stage is ultimately reached in
the dissolution process when no more of the solid dissolves. Rather it starts setlling at the bottom of the
container such as a glass beaker. The solution at this stage is said to be saturated. The solubility of a solute is
always expressed with respect to the saturated solution. It may be defined as the maximum amount of the solute
that can be dissolved in 100 g of the solvent to form a saturated solution at a given temperature. Please
remember that the role of temperature is very important. If temperature is increased, the solution becomes
unsaturated. In case the temperature is decreased, the solution becomes supersaturated. As a result, crust of the
solute gets deposited on the surface.
(a) What do mean by the term Solubility?
(b) 20 g of a solute are dissolved in 500 g of the solvent. The solubility of the solute is:
(c) When a saturated solution becomes unsaturated?
OR
What do you mean by concentration of solution?

38. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:

The process of taking up a permanent shape, size, and a function is called differentiation. Differentiation leads to
the development of various types of permanent tissues. A few layers of cells beneath the epidermis are generally
simple permanent tissue. another type of permanent tissue is complex tissue. Complex tissues are made of more
than one type of cells. All these cells coordinate to perform a common function. Xylem and phloem are
examples of such complex tissues. Xylem consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres.
Phloem is made up of five types of cells: sieve cells, sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres and the phloem
parenchyma.

(a) Identify the type of cell in the given figure

(b) Which part of desert plants reduces the loss of water?

(c) What is the dead element present in the phloem?
OR

Is cardiac muscle A involuntary muscle?

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39. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve but remain suspended
throughout the bulk of the medium. Particles of a suspension are visible to the naked eye. The particles of a
suspension scatter a beam of light passing through it and make its path visible. Due to the relatively smaller size
of particles, as compared to that of a suspension, the mixture appears to be homogeneous. The scattering of a
beam of light is called the Tyndall effect. The components of a colloidal solution are the dispersed phase and the
dispersion medium. The solute-like component or the dispersed particles in a colloid form the dispersed phase,
and the component in which the dispersed phase is suspended is known as the dispersing medium.

(a) Differentiate between Dispersed phase and Dispersion medium?

(b) Differentiate between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous mixture?
(c) What is emulsion?
OR
Give an example of solid sol?

 W͘d͘K͘
 Section A
1.
(d) (A) and (C) is correct.
Explanation: Characteristics of Particles of Matter
i. Particles of matter have space between them – When we dissolve sugar, salt or potassium permanganate in water,
particles get evenly distributed in the water. Particles of one type of matter diffuse into space between particles of the other.
ii. Particles of matter are continuously moving – Particles of matter are continuously moving, they possess kinetic energy
which increases with an increase in temperature.
iii. Particles of matter attract each other – Particles of matter have a force acting between them, these forces keep the
particles together. The strength of this force of attraction varies from one kind of matter to another.

2.
(c) ATP
Explanation: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is called as the energy currency of the cell. The energy produced by a cell during
internal respiration is stored in the form of ATP molecules. ATP breaks into ADP and phosphate to produce energy during
cellular processes.
3. (a) uniform acceleration
Explanation: Relation among velocity, distance, time, and acceleration is called equations of motion. There are three equations
of motion. Equation of motion can be used for a body having uniform acceleration.
4. (a) calcium and phosphorus
Explanation: Bone cells are embedded in a hard matrix, which is strengthened by fibers, and hardened by calcium and
phosphorus salts. The matrix is deposited in the form of concentric layers of lamellae formed around a central Haversian canal.
5.
(d) parenchyma and collenchyma
Explanation: The main function of parenchyma is to provide support and to store food. In some plant parts, parenchyma has
chlorophyll as well. In that case, parenchyma carries out photosynthesis and is then termed as chlorenchyma. Collenchyma
tissue contains chloroplast and carry out photosynthesis.
6.
(b) both (water only) and (water + inorganic substances)
Explanation: The liquid found inside the plant cell vacuole is referred to as the cell sap and it is a dilute fluid consisting of
water, amino acids, glucose i.e. (water + inorganic substances), water may also be inhabited with a negligible amount of salts
because it somehow depends on the mineral excess inside the body of plants. The excess material is temporarily stored inside
the cell sap. Thus, vacuoles act as storehouses in plants.
7.
(b) All statements are correct
Explanation: Some of the characteristics of a physical change are:
i. Temporary in nature.
ii. No energy change occur.
iii. Does not affect the internal structure of a substance, only the molecules are rearranged.
iv. No new substance is formed.
So all statements are correct.

8.
(d) Chlorenchyma
Explanation: Parenchyma tissues which contain chlorophyll and helps in photosynthesis are called chlorenchyma.


 9.
(b) zero
Explanation: No reaction occurs between the ball and the base of the cup.
10.
(b) Positively accelerated
Explanation: If a body starts from rest, it starts moving. that means the change in velocity is positive. That means there is a
POSITIVE acceleration.
11. (a) a Ü0
Explanation: The negative value of acceleration signifies deceleration or in other words, the velocity is decreasing.
12.
(c) heart
Explanation: Involuntary muscles are found in walls of hollow tubular organs like an alimentary canal, ducts of glands,
urogenital ducts, and blood vessels except the heart. They show slow contractions but remain contracted for a long period of
time.
13. (a) Both RNA and Proteins
Explanation: Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small ribosomal subunit, which reads the RNA, and the large
subunit, which joins amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. Each subunit is composed of one or more ribosomal RNA
(rRNA) molecules and a variety of ribosomal proteins (r-protein).
14. (a) a dye
Explanation: Metanil yellow is a yellow colour dye, generally used colouring food material, for e.g. starch when dyed with
metanil yellow looks like turmeric. Poor quality dal when dyed with metanil yellow looks superior quality dal.
15.
(d) Critical temperature
Explanation: The critical temperature of a substance is the temperature at and above which vapor of the substance cannot be
liquefied, no matter how much pressure is applied.
16.
(c) Displacement has magnitude as well as specific direction
Explanation: The shortest distance between the initial point and the final point is called displacement. Displacement has both
magnitude and direction while distance has only magnitude.
17.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Displacement may be positive, negative or zero. Displacement is a vector quantity.
18.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: It is not proper to regard ammonia in a gaseous state as vapour because ammonia is not liquid at room
temperature.
19.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The cells of non-striated muscles or smooth muscles are spindle-shaped, uni-nucleated, elongated, and have no
striations. They are involuntary in nature.
The non-striated muscles or smooth muscles are found within the walls of the elementary canal, bladder, and blood vessels.
20.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation: The interconversion of states is a physical change because these changes occur without a change in composition
and no change in the chemical nature of the substance. Although ice, water, and water vapour all look different and display
different physical properties, they are chemically the same.
Section B
21. When a cart is moving on the road, it has to encounter friction. To maintain a constant speed, some force need to be applied
continuously to overcome the friction. Hence, the horse needs to continuously apply a force in order move the cart with a constant
speed.


 OR
The velocity time graphs have the following uses
i) To determine the total distance travelled by a particle.
ii) To determine the instantaneous velocity of the particle.
iii) To determine the acceleration of the object.
22. In hot food, the particles are at high temperature so quickly changes to vapour and hence the vapours have greater kinetic energy
so travel faster and travel to far off distances by the process of difusion. Whereas in cold food, because of temperature being low,
particles do not change to vapour state and hence cannot travel faster so the smell does not reaches to a person sitting far away.
23. Since burning is a chemical change and candle wax (paraffin wax) is a hydrocarbon. It has a long chain of carbon surrounded by
hydrogen. Therefore, while burning, carbon and hydrogen present in the candle gets converted to carbon dioxide and water
vapour, which escape to the atmosphere. That is why candle seems to lose its weight.
24. The heat which is taken by the particles of water in liquid state is used to overcome the forces of attraction which are holding
these particles together in the liquid state. When these particles change their state from liquid (at 100°C) to vapour state (at
100°C), they only absorb latent heat which is only 22.5 × 105 J/kg. This latent heat does not increase the kinetic energy of water
particles in gaseous state and hence no rise in temperature takes place during the boiling of water.
25. The bus and the persons in it are in the state of motion and at rest with respect to each other before the application of the brakes.
When the brakes are suddenly applied, the bus comes to the state of rest, but the passengers tend to continue in the state of motion
because of inertia of motion. Therefore, they fall in forward direction. Conversely, when the bus is in the state of rest, the
passengers in it have inertia of rest. When the bus accelerates suddenly, the passengers tend to continue in their state of rest and
hence are left behind, relative to the position of bus. Therefore, they fall in the backward direction.
OR
In a car accident, a fast running car stops suddenly. Due to this the car’s large momentum is reduced to zero in a very short time.
The stretchable seat belts tightened by the passengers of the car increases the time taken by the passengers to fall forward. Due to
long time, the rate change of momentum of passengers is reduced and hence less stopping force acts on them. So, the passengers
may either not get injured at all or may get less injuries. It is obvious that seat belts reduce the passengers’ momentum more
gently and hence prevent injuries.
26. It will directly change to the vapour state without passing through the liquid state. The process is known as sublimation.
Section C
27. The velocity-time graph shows that the velocity of the ball at t = 0, is zero. Initial velocity of ball, u = 0
Velocity of ball at t = 4s is   
That is, final velocity, v = 20 
Time, t = 4 s.
Acceleration of the ball,   

     

   
 
Also, mass of ball,
    

   
A Force acting on the ball, F = ma



  

   
    
Therefore,the force acting on the ball is   .
28. The velocity-time graph shows that velocity of the ball at t = 0 is 30 ms-1
Initial velocity of the ball, u = 30 ms-1
The velocity of the ball at t = 6 s is zero.
Final velocity of the ball, = 0 
Time, t = 6s
A Acceleration of the ball,
         

= -5 
Negative sign shows that the ball is retarded or decelerated.
Also, mass of ball,     
  
Therefore, Force acting on the ball, F = ma


   '#  )/ 
= - 0.25 kg )/
= 0.25 N [ 1 kg ms-2= 1 N]
Here -ve sign indicates that the force is retarding or stopping force.
29. i. Consider the linear motion of a body with initial velocity 'u'. Let the body accelerate uniformly and acquire a final velocity 'v'
after time 't'.
    12
Then, Average velocity of body =  = 
12
A The distance covered by the body in time 't' = S = Average velocity  Time taken    0
We know that, v =u +at
1 1  0 
  0
 10  0
or, S = 
 S = 10   0 Which is required equation.
ii. We know that, S = 10   0 .............. (1)
2 1
Also, a = 0
 t = 2 1

Putting the value of t in (1), we have
S = 1
2 1
     2 1 
12 1  
or S =   2 112
or 2aS = 2uv - 2u2 + v2 + u2 - 2uv
or v2 - u2 = 2aS. Which is required equation.
OR
Kiran's suggestion is wrong because the mass of insect is very small and velocity of insect will be same as that of motor car after
collision;hence change in momentum of insect cannot be greater than that of a motor car.Akhtar's statement is also wrong;because
the force is not due to larger velocity,it is due to change in momentum.

30. Physical Changes Chemical Change

1. It is not permanent and can easily be reversed. 1. It is permanent and cannot be easily reversed.

2. It does not lead to formation of new substances. 2. It leads to the formation of new substances.

3. No change in mass is noticed. 3. There is a change in mass of reactants and products.

4. The energy changes observed are small. 5. Large energy changes are observed.
31. Initial velocity,u = 360 m/s
Final Velocity,v =0
Distance Travelled ,S = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Acceleration,a = ?
From third equation of motion, 2 1  /
    
   )/

Now,
mass of the bullet,m= 2.0g = 0.002 kg
Force,F = ma
  
  
AThe average de-accelerating force exerted by the wood   
(b)
From first equation of motion,2 1 0 
   0
0    /
Therefore,time taken by the bullet to come to rest   /


32. Hypertonic solution – If the medium surrounding the cell has higher solute concentration than the cell, then the solution in called
hypertonic solution.
Hypotonic solution – If the medium surrounding the cell has lower solute concentration than the cell, then the solution in called
hypotonic solution.
OR
Sr.
Plant Cell Animal Cell
No.
1. Cell wall is present. Cell wall is absent.
2. Plastids are present. Plastids are absent.
Animal cell are smaller in
3. Plant cell are larger in size.
size.
Animal cells can change
4. Plant cells cannot change shape.
their shape.
Nucleus lies on one side in the Nucleus usually lies in
5.
peripheral cytoplasm. the centre.
Food is stored in the form of Food is stored in the form
6.
starch . of glycogen .
Produce own food through
7. Cannot photosynthesize.
photosynthesis.
33. i. In the given diagram of the epidermis, A represents the epidermal cells of the roots bear long hair-like parts called root hairs.
With the help of these cells, root hairs greatly increase the total absorptive surface area and help in water absorption.
ii. B represents the stomata. Stomata are the pores present in the epidermis of the leaves. Stomata help in the exchange of gases
with the atmosphere during photosynthesis and respiration. Also, the process of transpiration (loss of water in the form of
water vapour) takes place through stomata.
iii. C cell that represents the guard cells. These cells are kidney-shaped that enclose the stomata and thus help in the opening and
closing of stomata.
Section D
34. Balanced forces: If the resultant of applied forces is equal to zero, it is called balanced forces.
Example: In the tug of war if both the teams apply similar magnitude of forces in opposite directions, the rope does not move on
either side. This happens because of balanced forces in which resultant of applied forces become zero.
Unbalanced force: If the resultant of applied forces is greater than zero the forces are called unbalanced forces.
An object in rest can be moved because of applying balanced forces. According to newton's first law of motion, the acceleration of
the body could be zero if there is no force acting on it. Acceleration in an object could be zero even when several forces acting on
it. This happens when all the forces cancel out each other i.e. the net force acting on the object is zero. For a uniformly moving
object, the net force acting on the object is zero. Hence, the acceleration of the object is zero.
OR
i. An object moving with uniform speed:


 ii. The object moving with non-uniform speed:

35. (a) Plasma membrane – The cell membrane separates the cell from its external environment, and is selectively permeable (controls
what gets in and out). It protects the cell and provides stability. Proteins are found embedded within the plasma membrane, with
some extending all the way through in order to transport materials.
(b) Cell wall – The cell wall is a rigid organelle composed of cellulose and lying just outside the cell membrane. The cell wall
gives the plant cell it's box-like shape. it also protects the cell. The cell wall contains pores which allow materials to pass to and
from the cell membrane
(c) Ribosome – Ribosomes are small particles which are found individually in the cytoplasm and also line the membranes of the
rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes produce protein. They could be thought of as "protein factories" of the cell.
(d) Lysosome –Lysosomes are small sac-like structures surrounded by a single membrane and containing strong digestive
enzymes which when released can break down worn out organelles or food. The lysosome is also known as a suicide sac.
(e) Nucleolus – It synthesizes ribosome
(f) Endoplasmic Reticulum – Produces lipids and proteins and also in intracellular transport of substances.
OR
i. Differentiation is the process by which meristematic tissue takes up a permanent shape, size and function.
ii. Large air cavities present in parenchyma (aerenchyma) of aquatic plants help the plant to maintain buoyancy in water.
iii. Epidermis of plants living in dry habitats are thicker in order to prevent loss of water.
iv. a. Xylem parenchyma consists of living cells having thin cell walls.
b. Phloem fibres are the dead element of phloem.
v. Tracheids and vessels of xylem are the two conducting tissues, which conduct water and minerals vertically.
36. a. The amount of potassium nitrate required to produce a saturated solution at 313 K in 100 g of water = 62 g
The amount of potassium nitrate that would be required to produce a saturated solution at 313 K in 50 g of water = (62 x 50) /
100 g
Therefore, 31 g of potassium nitrate would be required to produce a saturated solution at 313 K in 50 g of water.
b. At 373 K, preparation of a saturated solution will need 54 g of potassium nitrate. At a room temperature of 293 K, a saturated
solution of potassium nitrate requires just 35 g potassium nitrate. As the solution cools, excess potassium nitrate (54 g – 35 g =
19 g) will precipitate out as insoluble salt.
c. Solubility of potassium nitrate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride and ammonium chloride in 100 g of water at 293 K are 32
g, 36 g, 35 g and 37 g respectively.
Ammonium chloride has the highest solubility (37 g) at this temperature.
d. Effect of change of temperature on the solubility of a salt: As a general rule, the solubility of the salts is directly proportional
to the temperature. If the temperature is increased, the solubility of the salt generally increases.
OR
i. Alloys are a homogeneous mixture of metals or non-metals because
a. It shows the properties of its constituents, and
b. It has variable composition, e.g. brass is considered a mixture because it shows the properties of its constituents, copper
and zinc; and it has a variable composition.
ii. No, a solution is not generally a liquid always. For e.g. alloys are known to be solid solutions.
iii. The term solution is generally used for ‘true solution’. In this case, the solution is always homogeneous.
In the case of ‘colloidal solution’, that is not a true solution i.e. the solution is heterogeneous.
Section E


37. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
A solution of a solid in a liquid such as water can be prepared by adding it slowly to water with constant stirring at a certain
temperature (room temperature). If the addition process is continued, a stage is ultimately reached in the dissolution process when
no more of the solid dissolves. Rather it starts setlling at the bottom of the container such as a glass beaker. The solution at this
stage is said to be saturated. The solubility of a solute is always expressed with respect to the saturated solution. It may be defined
as the maximum amount of the solute that can be dissolved in 100 g of the solvent to form a saturated solution at a given
temperature. Please remember that the role of temperature is very important. If temperature is increased, the solution becomes
unsaturated. In case the temperature is decreased, the solution becomes supersaturated. As a result, crust of the solute gets
deposited on the surface.
(i) The maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent.
(ii) Given, Mass of solute = 20g
Mass of solvent = 500g
Mass-Volume percentage =  
= 4%

Solubility of 500 g of solute =  
= 20g
Hence, the solubility of 20g of solute in 500g of solvent is 20g.
(iii)A saturated solution becomes unsaturated by either heating it or by adding more of the solvent.
OR
Concentration of a solution is defined as the amount of solute that is present in a given amount of solution. It can be
expressed in terms of: Mass by the mass percentage of a solution =    ..
  
38. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
The process of taking up a permanent shape, size, and a function is called differentiation. Differentiation leads to the development
of various types of permanent tissues. A few layers of cells beneath the epidermis are generally simple permanent tissue. another
type of permanent tissue is complex tissue. Complex tissues are made of more than one type of cells. All these cells coordinate to
perform a common function. Xylem and phloem are examples of such complex tissues. Xylem consists of tracheids, vessels,
xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres. Phloem is made up of five types of cells: sieve cells, sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem
fibres and the phloem parenchyma.
(i) Tracheids
(ii) Cuticles reduce the loss of water.
(iii)Phloem fibres
OR
Yes, the muscles whose functioning cannot be controlled are called involuntary muscles.
39. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve but remain suspended throughout the bulk
of the medium. Particles of a suspension are visible to the naked eye. The particles of a suspension scatter a beam of light passing
through it and make its path visible. Due to the relatively smaller size of particles, as compared to that of a suspension, the
mixture appears to be homogeneous. The scattering of a beam of light is called the Tyndall effect. The components of a colloidal
solution are the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium. The solute-like component or the dispersed particles in a colloid form
the dispersed phase, and the component in which the dispersed phase is suspended is known as the dispersing medium.

(i) Dispersion medium is a continuous medium in which the dispersed phase is distributed throughout. Dispersed phase is
the phase that is composed of particles that are distributed through another phase.
(ii) Homogenous mixtures generally have a uniform composition throughout the mixture whereas Heterogeneous mixtures
have composition which may vary from point to point. In Homogenous mixtures, the whole mixture is in the same phase
whereas in Heterogeneous mixture, substances can be of two phases and layers may separate.