ng La boratory
Microwave Engineeri
ukshetra
ECE Department, NIT Kur
EXPERIMENT 1
E COMP ONENTS
TO STUDY MICROWAV
waveguide,
Objective: Study of various microwave components and instruments like rectangular
directional couplers, microwave isolator, mierowave circulators,
frequency meter, microwave
attenuators, detector mount, slotted waveguide,waveguide detector mount, klystron mount, Slide screw
Gunn oscillator, pin
tuners, movable short, matched termination, Pyramidal waveguide horn antenna,
modulator, Gunn power supply.
Theory:
Waveguides are used to transfer electromagnetic power efficiently from one point in space to
another. Some common guiding structures are shown in the figure below. These include the typical
coaxial cable, the two-wire and mictrostrip transmission lines, hollow conducting waveguides, and
optical fibers. In practice, the choice of by: (a) the desired operating frequency
structure is dictated
band, (b) the amount of power to be transferred, and (c) the amount of transmission losses that can be
tolerated.,
dielectric
(wo-wire
microstrip rectangulaг waveguide
line
coaxial line line waveguide
Fig. 1.1 Typical waveguide structures
Coaxial cables are widely used to connect RF components. Their operation is practical for
frequencies below 3GHz. Above that the losses are too excessive, For example, the attenuation might
be 3dB per 100m at 100MHz, but 10dB/100m at 1GHz, and 50dB/100m at 10GHz. Their power rating
is typically of the order of one kilo watt at 100MHz, but only 200W at 2GHz, being limited primarily
because of the heating ofthe coaxial conductors and ofthe dielectric between the conductors (dielectric
voltage break down is usually a secondary factor). However, special short-length coaxial cables do
exist that operate in the 40 GHz range. Another issue is the single-mode operation of the line, at higher
frequencies, in order to prevent higher modes from being launched, thhe diameters of the coaxial
conductors must be reduced, diminishing the amount of power that can be transmitted. Two-wire lines
are not used at microwave frequencies because they are not shielded and can radiate. One typical use
is for connecting indoor antennas to TV [Link] lines are used widely in microwave integrated
circuits.
Reciangular wave guidss are used routinely to transfer large amounts of microwave powe: at
frequencies greater than 3GHz. For example, at 5GHz, the transmitted power might be one megawatt
and the attenuation only 4dB/100m. Optical fibers operate at optical and infrared frequencies, allowing
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