GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

SALEM-636 011
(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna University-Chennai)

PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

OF HOSPITAL BUILDING

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

PREMKUMAR K 61772111073

SANTHOSH KUMAR S 61772111085

SRI VIGNESH A 61772111096

VIJAYMANIKANDAN G 61772211L12

in the partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

DECEMBER - 2024

i
 GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SALEM-636 011
(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna University-Chennai)

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF

HOSPITAL BUILDING” is the bonafide work of

PREMKUMAR K
SANTHOSH KUMAR S
SRI VIGNESH A
VIJAYMANIKANDAN G
Who carried out the project work under my supervision

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

PROJECT GUIDE PROFESSOR & HEAD OF THE

DEPARTMENT

Submitted for the practical examination held on 一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to extend our sincere gratitude and thanks to the

management of Government College of Engineering, Salem which provided
all facilities for us to pursue the project successfully.

We are also grateful to our Principal Dr. R. VIJAYAN for

forwarding us to our project and offering adequate duration in completing our
project.

With deep sense of gratitude, we take this opportunity to extend

our earnest and sincere thanks to our Professor and Head of Civil
Engineering Department Dr. D. SHOBA RAJKUMAR, for her valuable
guidance and sustained interest in completing this project successfully.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude and thanks to our guide Asst
Prof. [Link] for his encouragement for doing this project.

We also express our thanks to all our teaching faculty members

of department of Civil Engineering who supported and helped us for
completing our project.

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 ABSTRACT

The objective of this project is to develop creative thinking correlating

fundamental & theoretical knowledge obtained in the course to practical field
application.

In this project work attempts have been made to comprehend, analyze and
synthesize what we have learned during our course extended over the last three
years.

The plan, column layout and reinforcement detailing of structural elements

are done using AutoCAD. The design of structural elements are done manually and
Analysis of a structural elements are done using STAAD Pro.

The planning of hotel building has been done with G+4 storeys. The design
deals with different structural elements like slabs, beams, columns and footing
along with other components like staircase etc. The procedure followed is in
accordance with Indian standard specification.

All the structural elements have been designed using the Limit State method
of design. The analysis of the frame has been done using STAAD Pro. IS 456-2000
Indian Standard code published by Bureau of Indian Standards has been followed
in the entire design of the project.

Concrete grade of M25 and Steel grade of Fe 415 bars are used. Safe Bearing
Capacity of soil is taken as 250 kN/m2. Plan and detailing are enclosed in this report.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

NO
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENT LIST v
OF SYMBOLS LIST OF vii
FIGURES vii
1 INTRODUCTION 8
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.1 GENERAL 10
2.2 TYPES OF HOSPITAL 11
2.3 STRATEGIC ESSENTIALS 11
2.4 GENERAL FACILITIES 12
2.5 CONCEPTUAL PLAN 24
2.6 STRUCTURAL PLAN 27
2.7 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 28
2.8 STRUCTURAL DESIGN 28
2.9 MODELLING 29
2.10 SOFTWARE USED 29
3 CONCEPTUAL PLAN 31
3.1 NEED 31
3.2 SITE DETAILS 31
3.3 FLOOR DETAILS 32
4 STAAD PRO ANALYSIS 41
4.1 STAAD PRO INPUT 41
4.2 STAAD PRO OUTPUT 53
5 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS 59
5.1 DESIGN OF 2-WAY SLAB 59
5.2 DESIGN OF 1-WAY SLAB 66
5.3 DESIGN OF BEAM 72
5.4 DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN 77
5.5 DESIGN OF DOG LEGGED STAIRCASE 80
5.6 DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTING 86
6 CONCLUSION 91
7 REFERENCE 92
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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

Fig.3.1 BASEMENT PLAN 6
Fig.3.2 GROUND FLOOR PLAN 7
Fig.3.3 FIRST FLOOR PLAN 8
Fig.3.4 SECOND FLOOR PLAN 9
Fig.3.5 BEAM LAYOUT 10
Fig.3.6 COLUMN LAYOUT 50
Fig.3.7 FRONT ELEVATION 50
Fig.4.1 STAAD PRO REPORT 51
Fig.4.2 BEAM ASSIGNMENT 51
Fig.4.3 RENDERED VIEW 52
Fig.4.4 MAX. PLATE STRESS 52
Fig.4.5 DEAD LOAD 53
Fig.4.6 WIND LOAD 53
Fig.4.7 LIVE LOAD 53
Fig.4.8 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM 55
Fig.4.9 SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM 55
Fig.4.10 STAAD PRO RESULT 56
Fig.5.1 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF 2 WAY SLAB 59
Fig.5.2 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF 1 WAY SLAB 62
Fig.5.3 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF BEAM 66
Fig.5.4 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF COLUMN 69
Fig.5.5 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF STAIRCASE 72
Fig.5.6 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF FOOTING 75
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

The following symbols carrying the meaning noted against them are used in this volume:

● ly = Effective length about x-x axis

● lX = Effective length about y-y axis
● leff = Effective length
● l = Overall length
● B = Breadth of the member
● D = Overall depth
● d = Effective depth
● W = Total load
● Wu = Ultimate load
● αx , αy = Moment coefficient of continuous edge
● Mx , My = Moment at continuous edge and mid-span
● MR = Moment resistance
● Ast =Area of steel require for tension
● bf = Breadth of flange
● Df = Depth of flange
● fck = Characteristic compressive strength of concrete
● fy = Yield stress of steel
● P = Axial load on a compression member
● Vu = Shear force
● N = Newton
● kN = kilo-Newton
● mm = Millimeter
● C/C = Centre to Centre distance
● Ld = Development length
● S = Spacing of stirrups
● M = Modular ratio
● Ø = Diameter of mild bars
● @ = at
● Fe415 = High yield strength of deformed bars
● M25 = Grade of concrete

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Medical crisis and pandemic outbreaks are always on the verge of spreading. As
technology develops, medical understanding progresses and their combined application
expand. Social demand and expectations are also correspondingly enhanced. Hospitals
today are focusing on care of sick rather than preventing illness. This is likely to change
in the future. The demand will change due to increase in life expectancy, health becoming
a norm and healthcare focussing on prevention and intervention rather than treatment of
diseases. This project aims at designing a hospital taking into consideration its structural
requirements.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of this project are:
• To develop the conceptual plan, and structural plan of a hospital building.

• To analyse and design the hospital building.

1.3 MOTIVATION
Salem is the largest urban city in the state with a population of more than six lakhs. In
such a densely populated region, medical facilities are very important and this amplifies
the demand of new hospitals. Hence a hospital has been proposed. The main motivation
of the project is to learn about the planning, structural analysis and structural design of a
multi-storeyed (G+3) hospital building.
1.4 SCOPE
The Scope of this project includes:
• Planning of the hospital building
➢ Preparation of conceptual plan
➢ Preparation of Structural plan

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 • Structural analysis of the hospital building
• Structural design of the hospital building
1.5 METHODOLOGY
The project follows a well-planned methodology for the successful completion of
the project. It includes,
• Literature Review
• Data collection
• Conceptual planning
• Structural planning
• Structural analysis
• Structural Design
• Structural drawings

Thorough knowledge of the subject is essential for doing any project effectively. So the
project was started with literature review. Then the site details were collected from the
concerned authority. For developing the plans, the software Auto CAD was used.
Following the planning, structural analysis was done manually and using the software
STAAD Pro and the results were compared. After analysis, structural design was
completed and structural drawings were prepared using Auto CAD.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature review is an integral part of any project. It is an evaluative report of

information found in the literature related to the selected area of study. The review
describes, summarize, evaluate and clarify the project. It gives a theoretical base and
help in determining the nature of study. It has to be conducted to understand various
aspects of the project and it helps in the successful completion of the project. A well
planned literature review is characterized by a logical flow of ideas, current and relevant
references with consistent appropriate referencing style.

2.1 GENERAL
All buildings, whether existing or hereafter erected is classified according to the
use or the character of occupancy in one of the following groups (National Building
Code: Part 4 Fire and Life Safety, Clause 3.1):
• Group A Residential
• Group B Educational
• Group C Institutional
• Group D Assembly
• Group E Business
• Group F Mercantile
• Group G Industrial
• Group H Storage
• Group J Hazardous
Hospital building proposed in this project comes under “Group C - Institutional”.
Hospitals are complex type of buildings comprising of wide range of services. The
complexity of these buildings is in satisfying the functional relationships that must exist

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between various parts of a hospital. They are unique in being a building type with long
overall useful life of more than 50 years unlike other buildings. A good hospital design
integrates functional requirements with the needs of its users.
2.2 TYPES OF HOSPITALS
Hospitals may be subdivided into the following categories:
• Smallest – up to 50 beds
• Small- up to 150 beds
• Standard- up to 600 beds
• Large- more than 600 beds
By function, hospitals are divided into:
• General hospitals
• University hospitals
• Specialist hospitals
2.3 STRATEGIC ESSENTIALS
The strategic issues that must be considered while planning hospitals are:
• Design for flexibility and expandability:
The golden architectural principle of indeterminacy should be followed
which enables a “building to grow with order and change with calm”. The hospital
building should thus, be adaptable to changing requirements and future expansion.
• Emphasize on patient focused hospitals:
The plans should be patient centered by offering an atmosphere of safety,
security, cleanliness and physical comfort. A hospital should value humans above
technology and patients should be encouraged to be a partner in their health
management.
• Focus on energy conservation:

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 Energy conservation must be planned and implemented. Utilization of
natural light,Use of high efficiency light sources, Effective ventilation, Energy
recycling and Regular energy audit which will help in energy conservation.

• Create a healing architecture:

A hospital needs to be the most wonderful place in the world. The physical
environment of a hospital should do no harm and should facilitate the healing
process. Exposure to nature has a positive healing effect.
• Aesthetics- an essential requisite:
The hospital design should balance between function and aesthetics.
Psychological aesthetics which includes happiness, joy and pleasure, Spiritual
aesthetics which suggests hope, contentment and peace and Physical aesthetics
which implies well-being, ease and convenience should be considered while
planning.
• Design for infection control in hospitals:
The scientific design of hospitals plays an important role in infection
control. The following aspects should be given due consideration:
▪ Critical areas such as OT, ICU should be separated from general traffic
▪ Isolation should be planned to prevent spread of infection
▪ Adequate hand washing stations in wards and outpatient departments.
2.4 GENERAL FACILITIES
The general facilities that should be provided in a hospital are:
2.4.1 Outpatient Department:
An outpatient department provides primary as well as comprehensive
healthcare for patients who come for diagnosis, treatment or follow-up care. A better OPD

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reduces the number of admissions for inpatient care and ensures costeffectiveness and
efficiency. The main design considerations are:
▪ Easy access from hospitals main entrance should be ensured while selecting
the location.
▪ Large waiting areas, public spaces and if necessary sub waiting areas should
be there to accommodate patients and their companions without causing
congestion.

▪ Natural light and good ventilation should be provided.

2.4.2 Accident and Emergency department

Emergency medical services (EMS) which is the “front door” of the hospital is
an integral part of any hospital.. Public perception and opinion of a hospital is often based
on their visit to the accident and emergency department. The main design parameters are:
▪ Uninterrupted movement of patients and staff and easily accessible locations
of equipments should be ensured.
▪ Easy access for ambulances, patients and general public should be provided.
▪ Easily identifiable access protected from inclement weather and accessible
to disabled patient should be provided.
▪ Readily identifiable triage area with expansion facilities for utilization
during management of disasters should be there with a reception and
information area available nearer to it.
▪ Proximity of trauma rooms to the entrance should be considered.
▪ Proper natural lighting to clinical areas should be ensured
▪ Availability of Blood bank facilities, separate fracture treatment and plaster
room should be ensured.

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 ▪ Centrally located Nursing work station and Doctors work area to enable
staff to monitor patient care areas should be provided.
▪ Resuscitation room of area about 30 m2 with sufficient privacy for patients
should be there.
▪ Observation ward for evaluation and extended treatment, observation, re-
evaluation or time consuming procedures and Special treatment rooms like
Obstetric rooms, Ophthalmology and ENT rooms, Dental room should be
provided.

2.4.3 Pharmacy
It should be located so as to serve both inpatients and OPD patients. They
should have multiple dispensing windows, drug storage cabinets and shelves.
2.4.4 Day care services
A day care unit is where operative procedures are performed and/ or treatment
provided in a manner which allows the patients to return home on the same day. The
procedures may be diagnostic and therapeutic. The unit may be stand alone, attached or
shared service. Cost reduction of hospital stay results in economic benefit to hospital,
community and individual. The main planning and design considerations are:
▪ Separate waiting areas from recovery and procedure area should be
provided.
▪ Sufficient door widths for allowing easy access for trolley bed/ trolley
transfer should be ensured.
2.4.5 Inpatient services
An inpatient area is the part of the hospital which includes the nursing station,
the beds it serves, storage and public areas needed to carry out nursing care. Since it is a

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home away from home for a patient, it requires holistic planning and designing to suit
the requirements of seekers and providers of patient care.
The main functions are:
▪ To provide quality and efficient patient care with minimal nurse fatigue
factor
▪ To ensure constructional and operational cost to be the lowest possible
without affecting the functionality
▪ To provide the most desirable patient care environment and necessary
amenities for visitors Types of nursing units:
A nursing unit consisting of the patient space, nursing space and allied

service and storage space may be of the following types:

▪ General wards
▪ Private wards
▪ Isolation room
▪ Emergency wards
▪ Maternity wards
▪ Paediatric wards
▪ Psychiatric wards
▪ Cardiology wards
▪ Orthopaedic wards
▪ Neurology wards
▪ Neonatology wards
▪ Pre-operative and post operative wards The main design parameters are:
▪ Use of natural light through atrium in waiting area should be done.
▪ Centrally located nurse stations to provide optimal visibility of the patients.

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 2.4.6 Operating unit
An OT is that specialized facility of the hospital where life saving or life
improving procedures are carried out on the human body by invasive methods under strict
aseptic conditions in a controlled environment by specially trained personnel to promote
healing and cure with maximum safety, comfort and economy. The main design
parameters are:
▪ Avoidance of unrelated hospital traffic flow and any outdoor source of noise
in the area should be ensured.
▪ Convenient functional relationship and communication with the surgical
ward, ICU, CSSD should be ensured.
▪ Provision for future expansion/ alterations should be provided.
▪ Atleast 2.85 m wide corridors should be provided to facilitate the movement
of trolley and stretchers
▪ Smooth non-slip floors made of impervious material should be provided.
▪ A power back up with provision for stand by generating sets is a must.
▪ High speed autoclaves/ sterilizers to meet the immediate/ emergency
requirements of sterilizing equipment should be facilitated.

2.4.7 Intensive care unit

Intensive care unit (ICU) is a dedicated facility designed, equipped and staffed
for critically ill patients who require invasive life support, high levels of medical and
nursing care and complex treatment.
Types of ICUs
▪ Cardiac care unit
▪ Neonatal ICU
▪ Paediatric ICUs

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 ▪ Neurology ICU
▪ Neurosurgery ICU
▪ Burn care centre
▪ Organ transplantation unit The main design parameters are:
▪ Close proximity to the operation theatres, accident and emergency
department and medical imaging departments should be ensured..
▪ Bed space should be 2-3 times more than general bed.
▪ Toilets should enable entry of wheelchairs and should have grab bars and
panic buttons.
▪ Nursing station should be provided for optimum visual observation of
patients.

2.4.8 Laboratory services

The hospital laboratories conduct tests for the diagnosis, progress and response
to therapy. Provision for comprehensive and accurate analytical test results, detection of
diseases, training and research are provided in the laboratories. The main Design
parameters are:
▪ Location of laboratories on ground floor/ first floor in close proximity to the
ambulatory and acute patient care areas as well as in-patient areas should be
ensured.
▪ Conveniently accessible and adequate collection points for specimens must
be ensured.
▪ Storage facilities including those for refrigeration, reagents and supplies,
maintenance of patient records should be provided.

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 2.4.9 Medical imaging services
The main function of the medical imaging unit is to assist the clinician in the
diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The different medical imaging services are:
➢ Fluoroscopy room : Radio opaque media is introduced into the body to create

images of tissues that would not otherwise show up well on an X-ray. The room is
recommended to be 5.5 m x 6 m with a 3 m ceiling height. The room should have
an attached toilet.
➢ Mammography room : Low level radiation is utilized to identify tumours
calcifications, cysts and/ or lumps in breast tissue. The room should be of 10 m 2.
Visual and acoustic privacy should be provided.
➢ Ultrasound room : Diagnostic sonography is utilized to demonstrate soft tissue

structures and to study physiological movements. The room should be minimum

of 12 m2. It should be located with access to patient toilet facilities from within the
room.
➢ CT scanning : Transmission is picked up by a detector and the information is

reconstructed by the computer on a video screen. CT (computerised tomography)

examinations involve cross sectional imaging of the body.

➢ MRI : Conversion of information contrast scan is done by disturbing the individual

magnetic field of various tissues with radio frequency waves The main design
parameters are:
▪ Location on ground floor and convenient access to inpatient services,
outpatient department and accident and emergency department should be
ensured.
▪ Location of X-ray room at end wings so that activities within the department
are undisturbed by traffic to other parts of the hospital should be ensured.

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 ▪ 2.4 m wide corridors should be facilitated for easy patient movement,
including those on stretches/ wheelchairs.
▪ Optimum size of 5.5 m x 6 m should be provided for x-ray rooms..

2.4.10 Blood transfusion services

Blood transfusion services (BTS) in a hospital refers to the entire activities
which result in proper collection of blood from voluntary donors, processing of the same,
including mandatory check for certain transmissible diseases and final issue of safe blood
for therapeutic use in patients. Blood bank is a medical facility designed, equipped and
staffed to procure, draw, process, store, and distribute human blood and its derivatives.
The main design parameters are:
▪ Location of the blood transfusion services on the ground floor with close
proximity to accident and emergency services and away from public
lavatories, restrooms, crowded areas, and other unhygienic area should be
ensured.
▪ Premises should be well-lighted, ventilated and mesh screened or has air
curtains to prevent entry of flies and other insects.
▪ Adequate space should be provided for proper storage of blood units in
designated rooms and should not encroach on corridors and common spaces.

2.4.11 Mortuary services

Generally the mortuary is located in a far off, isolated area of the hospital.
It is truly a dead house from which dead bodies are taken for cremation or burial.
The main design parameters are:

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 ▪ The mortuary/ morgue should be located in a separate building near the
pathology laboratory on the ground floor, easily accessible from the wards,
accident and emergency department and operating theatres.
▪ Corridors should be minimum 2.4 m wide to allow easy passage of trolleys.
▪ An area of 0.6-0.8 m2/ bed is recommended.
▪ Windows should be adequately provided to obtain maximum natural light,
and daylight factor should be 1.
2.4.12 Hospital stores department
Stores department is a place which ensures uninterrupted supply of numerous
item at all times and where all stores are procured in adequate quantities, stored properly,
and utilized optimally by issuing to various patient care areas.
Types of stores
▪ Medical and drug stores
▪ Surgical stores
▪ Machinery and equipment stores
▪ General stores
▪ Linen stores
The major design parameters are:
▪ Location of stores should be such that it should be easily accessed when
required, and it should be possible to issue oldest stock first.
▪ Maximum utilization of the available space should be ensured.
▪ Lighting in the stores should be adequate for proper inspection and issue of
items.

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 2.4.13 Medical record services
The primary objective of the medical record department is to maintain records and
documents related to patient care so as to ensure continuity of treatment and care to the
[Link] main design parameters are:
▪ Medical record office should be spacious, well ventilated, and
have adequate protection from pests and rodents. It may be
prudent to have air-conditioning so as to control humidity and
improve comfort levels.
▪ Admission and enquiry office should be 15-20 m2. Filing space
should be provided adequately.
2.4.14 Administrative care unit
Hospital administrative care unit manages the day to day operation of all
departments in the hospital. The main duties are to plan, direct, co-ordinate and supervise
the delivery of healthcare. The main design parameters are:
Location should be ensured in proximity to the main entrance
Facilities such as office accommodation for administrative, medical,
supervisory nursing personnel and clerical staff, meetings and conference
room(s) with facility for multimedia presentation, storage of stationery,
supplies and office equipment, toilet facilities for administrative/ clerical
staff, dining for staff are recommended.
2.4.15 Hospital housekeeping and waste management
Housekeeping services is undoubtedly the single most important factor
amongst support services which has significant bearing on patient satisfaction in a
hospital.
➢ Housekeeping

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 Housekeeping refers to the cleaning and upkeep of the hospital premises
which renders the environment surfaces safe to handle by removing organic matter,
salts and visible soils.

➢ Sanitation
Sanitation refers to the entire activities in the environment with a view of
reduce diseases and improve health.
➢ Bio-medical waste
Bio-medical waste is defined as “any solid, fluid, or liquid waste, including
its container and any intermediate product, which is generated during the
diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human-beings”.
2.4.16 Laundry services
Laundry services constitute one of the most important supportive services in
a hospital. The main design parameters are:
▪ Location should be convenient to the user units and close to the service

elevator. If possible, it should be in close proximity to the CSSD and dietary

services.
▪ Separate room should be provided for receiving and holding soiled linen

until it is ready for pick up or processing.

▪ Separate rest rooms for staffs should be provided.
2.4.17 Central Sterile Supply Department
A Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD) is a hospital support service,
which is entrusted with processing and issue of supplies including sterile instruments and
equipment used in various departments of a hospital. The main design parameters are:
▪ Materials/ items from contaminated and sterile areas should be
separated from each other.

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 ▪ Separate receipt and despatch areas should be provided. Space
requirements vary from 0.7 to 1 m2 per bed.
2.4.18 Catering unit
A food service department in hospitals is one of the most important supportive
services in hospitals. The main design parameters are:
▪ Proper ventilation and lighting should be there.
▪ LPG cylinder bank should be available.
▪ Hot and cold water outlets, adequate steam supply, Fire protection devices
should be provided.
2.4.19 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning system
Hospitals have multi-dimensional role of providing a safe and comfortable
environment to the patients, visitors and staff. Specified range of temperature and
humidity is also required for effective functioning of hospital equipment. The
components of HVAC system are:
▪ Outside air inlet or intake filters.
▪ Humidity modification mechanism.
▪ Heating and cooling equipment.
▪ Fans.
▪ Ductwork.
▪ Air exhaust.
2.4.20 Fire safety in hospitals
Ever since the dawn of mankind’ existence, fire has been respected and
feared. One cannot survive without it. However, it also has the potential of a destructive
force. All possible preventive measures should be taken to prevent fire hazards within the
hospital buildings.

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 2.4.21 Lighting in hospitals
Lighting is critical in hospital environment. It is of great importance and has
to satisfy the needs of the patients, visitors as well as those of the medical and nursing
staff. It is also essential that safety, reliability, cost and ease of maintenance is given due
consideration while planning electrical supply and lighting in hospitals.
2.5 CONCEPTUAL PLAN
A conceptual plan is a plan in the initial stage of a project, which articulates the
conceptual view of the project. A conceptual plan identifies different rooms in different
levels of a building and interconnections between those rooms. It also shows the
functions of various parts of the building. So, whether the project can be done or not is
determined on the basis of the successful completion of conceptual plan. For the
preparation of the conceptual plan various standards that should be referred are:

2.5.1 Tamil Nadu Municipal Building Rules

As per Tamil Nadu municipal building rules, a hospital building should satisfy the
following requirements:

a) The height of room in a building other than residential occupancy should not be

less than 3.00 m provided, in the case of air-conditioned rooms it shall not be less
than 2.5 m.

b) The area of bath-room shall not be less than 1.50 sq.m with either side not less than

1.1 m, carpet area of a latrine shall not be less than 1. 1 0 square metres with one
side not less than 1.0 metre: Provided that the area of combined bathroom and
latrine shall be not less than 2.2 square metres with one side not less than 1. 1
metres
c) The height of bathroom or latrine shall be not less than 2.20 metres.

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 d) Any building having more than four floors including basement or sunken floors,

shall have at least two staircases, one of which may be an external stairway
e) The minimum width of stair shall be not less than 1.20 metre.
f) The minimum width of tread shall be 30 cm.
g) The height of riser shall not exceed 15 cm.
h) The height of handrail shall be not less than 90 cm.
i) The width of passages giving access to the staircase in any building shall not at
any point, be less than the width of the stair.
j) The clear width of any corridor, verandah or passageway in any building shall be
not less than 1.0 metre at any point.
k) The width of fire escape staircase shall be not less than 75 cm.
l) The width of fire escape stair tread shall be not less than 15 cm.
m) The height of the fire escape stair riser shall not exceed 19 cm.
n) The height of handrail of a fire escape staircase shall not be less than 100cms.

o) Fire escape stair shall be constructed only in the exterior of the building and shall

be connected directly to the ground.

p) Fire escape stairs shall have a straight flight.

2.5.2. National Building Code of India

The National Building Code of India (NBC), a comprehensive building Code, is a

national instrument providing guidelines for regulating the building construction
activities across the country. The Code mainly contains administrative regulations,
development control rules and general building requirements; fire safety requirements;
stipulations regarding materials, structural design and construction (including safety) and
building and plumbing services. As per NBC, for a hospital building,

25
 a) The height of all rooms for human habitation shall not be less than 2.75 m

measured from the surface of the floor to the lowest point of the ceiling (bottom
of slab). In the case of air-conditioned rooms, a height of not less than 2.4 m.

b) The height of a bathroom or water-closet measured from the surface of the floor

to the lowest point in the ceiling (bottom of slab) shall not be less than 2.1 m.
c) The area of a bathroom shall not be less than 1.8 m2 with a minimum width of

1.2 m. The floor area of water-closet shall be 1.1 m2 with a minimum width of

0.9 m. If bath and water-closet are combined, its floor area shall not be less

than 2.8 m2 with a minimum width of 1.2 m.

d) The height of a store room shall be not less than 2.2 m.

e) The minimum width of the staircase shall not be less than 0.9 m.
f) The minimum width of the tread shall be 300 mm.
g) The maximum height of riser shall be 150 mm.
2.5.3 Design standards for a hospital building

The design standards for a hospital are as follows. The minimum carpet area in m2 per
room for as per Architectural Standard - Ernst & Peter Neufert - Architects' Data
• Nursing area 19 – 25 m2

• Intensive therapy 30 – 50 m2

• Surgical area 130 – 160 m2

• X- ray 60 – 70 m2

• Recovery area 25 – 30 m2

• Clinical physiology 80 – 100 m2

• Clinical neurophysiology 78 – 100 m2

• Central reception 140 – 160 m2

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 • Delivery area 85 – 100 m2

• Dialysis 70 – 80 m2

• Sterilization 40 – 120 m2

• Pharmacy minimum 20 m2
Patient room minimum 10 m2 for single bed and 16 m2 for
•
double bed

• Doctor’s station 16 – 20 m2

• Eye treatment minimum 25 m2

• Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) 25 – 30 m2

• Prayer room at least 40 m2

• Administrative office minimum 20 m2

• Casualty examination minimum 15 m2

• Maternity ward 10 – 14 bed spaces

2.6 STRUCTURAL PLAN

After the preparation of the of the building, the next step is the structural planning
of the building frame. It is the graphical representation of arrangement of structural
components like columns, beams and slabs in the building. This involves the
determination of the following.
• Position and orientation of columns: Columns should preferably be located at the
corners of a building, and at the intersection of beams/walls. Avoid larger spans of
beams and larger centre-to-centre distance between columns. Orient the column so

27
 that the depth of the column is contained in the major plane of bending or is
perpendicular to the major axis of bending.
• Positioning of beams: Beams shall normally be provided under the walls or below
a heavy concentrated load to avoid these loads directly coming on slabs. Avoid
larger spacing of beams from deflection and cracking criteria.

2.7 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Structural analysis is the determination of the physical effects of loads on physical
structures and their components. It incorporates the fields of applied mechanics, material
science and applied mathematics to compute the structure’s deformations, internal forces,
stresses, support reactions and bending moments. The results of the analysis are used to
verify a structure’s fitness for use. Structural analysis was done manually using Kani’s
method and using the software STAAD Pro.

Kani’s method is an indirect extension of slope deflection method. This is an

efficient method due to simplicity of moment distribution. The method offers an iterative
scheme for applying slope deflection method of structural analysis. All the computations
are carried out in a single line diagram of the structure. The method is self correcting,
that is, the error, if any, in a cycle is corrected automatically in the subsequent cycles.

STAAD is one of the leading structural analysis and design software. In structural
analysis, the complete cross section dimention as well as the material properties of the
member are drawn. The stress resultants are determined by analysis.

2.8 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Structural design is the determination of cross-section and amount of reinforcement that
should be provided to the structural components so that it can withstand the physical

28
effects of loads determined in the structural analysis. A structure should be so designed
that it fulfills its intended purpose during its intended life time with
• Adequate safety in terms of strength and stability
• Adequate serviceability in terms of stiffness and durability and •
Reasonable economy
The Indian standard codes used are IS 456:2000, IS 875(part 1, part 2 and part
3), IS 13920, IS 1893, IS 3370. .
2.9 MODELLING
For the better visualization of the project, 3D modelling is very essential. It can be done
manually as well as using softwares. Different softwares are available for software
modelling like 3ds Max and revit. It gives a 3D view of the designed structure before its
construction. Thus 3D modelling helps to modify the aesthetic factors of the building
before the construction itself.
2.10 SOFTWARES USED:
For this project we used the following softwares :
• Auto CAD for the preparation of conceptual plan, , structural plan and
structural drawings
• STAAD Pro for structural analysis
2.12.1 Auto CAD
AutoCAD is a software application for 2D and 3D design and drafting. It enables a fast
powerful way of drafting and time consuming tasks can be done by the click of a button.
Dimensions can be keyed in instead of reading with a scale. CAD drawings can be saved
for a long time without the patches of time; it can be altered every now and then as we
wish. The CAD drawings can be interpolated with other software’s for estimating,
planning and designing. Advantages of using AutoCAD are:

• Manipulates and modifies the design with ease.

29
 • Store and save the files in a centralized database for the purpose of future
calibration and record keeping.
• Creates modern and complex buildings with much better design and functionality.
• Saves the cost and have the digital files ready anytime.
2.12.2 STAAD Pro
STAAD Pro is a software that helps a designer to analyse and design the building
structurally. Unlike most of the structural software, STAAD Pro can be customized by us
to fix exactly our design needs. It can handle the smallest of truss structures to any size
models. It provides the bending moment diagram, shear force diagram, deflection and
the detailed summary of analysis from which we can find the maximum bending moment
and shear force values which helps us in designing the structure. It also gives the
reinforcement details for the structure.

30
 CHAPTER 3
CONCEPTUAL PLAN

3.1 NEED FOR A HOSPITAL

With a large number of advanced tertiary/quaternary care facilities, Salem has one
of the best healthcare facilities in India. It is the prime destination for people seeking
advanced healthcare facilities from across Tamil Nadu. In recent times, it has attracted a
large number of patients from all over India, Middle East, African nations as well as from
Europe and United States looking for relatively inexpensive advanced medical care. It is
for the same purpose that the hospital building has been conveniently located.

3.2 SITE PLAN

.
The plot area of the site is 1000 sq.m. The nearby landmarks include the railway station,
Airport. The arrangement of various buildings like canteen are shown in the site plan. It
gives the exact position of proposed hospital building in the site. The car parking
arrangement provided is also shown.

A conceptual plan is a plan which articulates the conceptual view of the project. The
multi-storeyed hospital building consists of 4 storeys (G+3). Conceptual plans for
different floors were prepared using the software Auto CAD. For preparing the
conceptual plan we referred NBC, KMBR and Architect’s Standards by Peter and Ernest
Neufert..The departments provided were:

31
3.3 FLOOR DETAILS

Each floor consists of 2 stairs and 1 fire exit. Separate lifts are provided for patients and
staffs.

• BASEMENT

-CAR PARKING

-GAS LINE ROOM

-CANTEEN

-STORE ROOM

-SCAN FACILITIES

-KITCHEN

-AC PLANT ROOM

• GROUND FLOOR

-PHARMACY

-PRIMARY ICU

-EMERGENCY WARD

-GENERAL WARD

-TOILET

-SPECIAL ROOM

-LUXURY ROOM

32
 •FIRST FLOOR

-OPERATION THEATRE

-CASUALTY

-GENERAL WARD FOR GENTS

-GENERALWARD FOR LADIES

-INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

-SEMI SPECIAL ROOM

-SPECIAL ROOM

• SECOND FLOOR

-LABOUR WARD

-GENERAL WARD

-SPECIAL ROOMS

-WAITING AREA

-LUXURY ROOM

-CASUALTY

33
BASEMENT PLAN:

FIG 3.1

34
GROUND FLOOR PLAN:

FIG 3.2

35
FIRST FLOOR PLAN:

FIG 3.3

36
SECOND FLOOR PLAN:

FIG 3.4

37
BEAM LAYOUT:

FIG 3.5

38
COLUMN LAYOUT:

FIG 3.6

39
FRONT ELEVATION:

FIG 3.7

40
 CHAPTER 3
STAAD PRO. ANALYSIS
4.1 STAAD PRO INPUT:
1. STAAD SPACE
INPUT FILE: [Link]
2. START JOB INFORMATION
3. ENGINEER DATE 21-SEP-24
4. END JOB INFORMATION
5. INPUT WIDTH 79
6. UNIT METER KN
7. JOINT COORDINATES
8. 1 0 0 0; 2 3.3 0 0; 3 6.6 0 0; 4 9.9 0 0; 5 13.2 0 0; 6 18.5 0 0; 7 23.8 0 0
9. 8 27.1 0 0; 9 30.75 0 0; 10 34.4 0 0; 11 0 2 0; 12 3.3 2 0; 13 6.6 2 0
10. 14 9.9 2 0; 15 13.2 2 0; 16 18.5 2 0; 17 23.8 2 0; 18 27.1 2 0; 19 30.75 2 0
11. 20 34.4 2 0; 21 0 5.5 0; 22 3.3 5.5 0; 23 6.6 5.5 0; 24 9.9 5.5 0
12. 25 13.2 5.5 0; 26 18.5 5.5 0; 27 23.8 5.5 0; 28 27.1 5.5 0; 29 30.75 5.5 0
13. 30 34.4 5.5 0; 31 0 9 0; 32 3.3 9 0; 33 6.6 9 0; 34 9.9 9 0; 35 13.2 9 0
14. 36 18.5 9 0; 37 23.8 9 0; 38 27.1 9 0; 39 30.75 9 0; 40 34.4 9 0; 41 0 12.5 0
15. 42 3.3 12.5 0; 43 6.6 12.5 0; 44 9.9 12.5 0; 45 13.2 12.5 0; 46 18.5 12.5 0
16. 47 23.8 12.5 0; 48 27.1 12.5 0; 49 30.75 12.5 0; 50 34.4 12.5 0; 51 0 0 6.3
17. 52 3.3 0 6.3; 53 6.6 0 6.3; 54 9.9 0 6.3; 55 13.2 0 6.3; 56 18.5 0 6.3
18. 57 23.8 0 6.3; 58 27.1 0 6.3; 59 30.75 0 6.3; 60 34.4 0 6.3; 61 0 2 6.3
19. 62 3.3 2 6.3; 63 6.6 2 6.3; 64 9.9 2 6.3; 65 13.2 2 6.3; 66 18.5 2 6.3
20. 67 23.8 2 6.3; 68 27.1 2 6.3; 69 30.75 2 6.3; 70 34.4 2 6.3; 71 0 5.5 6.3
21. 72 3.3 5.5 6.3; 73 6.6 5.5 6.3; 74 9.9 5.5 6.3; 75 13.2 5.5 6.3
22. 76 18.5 5.5 6.3; 77 23.8 5.5 6.3; 78 27.1 5.5 6.3; 79 30.75 5.5 6.3

41
23. 80 34.4 5.5 6.3; 81 0 9 6.3; 82 3.3 9 6.3; 83 6.6 9 6.3; 84 9.9 9 6.3
24. 85 13.2 9 6.3; 86 18.5 9 6.3; 87 23.8 9 6.3; 88 27.1 9 6.3; 89 30.75 9 6.3
25. 90 34.4 9 6.3; 91 0 12.5 6.3; 92 3.3 12.5 6.3; 93 6.6 12.5 6.3
26. 94 9.9 12.5 6.3; 95 13.2 12.5 6.3; 96 18.5 12.5 6.3; 97 23.8 12.5 6.3
27. 98 27.1 12.5 6.3; 99 30.75 12.5 6.3; 100 34.4 12.5 6.3; 101 0 0 8.6
28. 102 3.3 0 8.6; 103 6.6 0 8.6; 104 9.9 0 8.6; 105 13.2 0 8.6; 106 18.5 0 8.6
29. 107 23.8 0 8.6; 108 27.1 0 8.6; 109 30.75 0 8.6; 110 34.4 0 8.6; 111 0 2 8.6
30. 112 3.3 2 8.6; 113 6.6 2 8.6; 114 9.9 2 8.6; 115 13.2 2 8.6; 116 18.5 2 8.6
31. 117 23.8 2 8.6; 118 27.1 2 8.6; 119 30.75 2 8.6; 120 34.4 2 8.6; 121 0 5.5 8.6
32. 122 3.3 5.5 8.6; 123 6.6 5.5 8.6; 124 9.9 5.5 8.6; 125 13.2 5.5 8.6
33. 126 18.5 5.5 8.6; 127 23.8 5.5 8.6; 128 27.1 5.5 8.6; 129 30.75 5.5 8.6
34. 130 34.4 5.5 8.6; 131 0 9 8.6; 132 3.3 9 8.6; 133 6.6 9 8.6; 134 9.9 9 8.6
35. 135 13.2 9 8.6; 136 18.5 9 8.6; 137 23.8 9 8.6; 138 27.1 9 8.6
36. 139 30.75 9 8.6; 140 34.4 9 8.6; 141 0 12.5 8.6; 142 3.3 12.5 8.6
37. 143 6.6 12.5 8.6; 144 9.9 12.5 8.6; 145 13.2 12.5 8.6; 146 18.5 12.5 8.6
38. 147 23.8 12.5 8.6; 148 27.1 12.5 8.6; 149 30.75 12.5 8.6; 150 34.4 12.5 8.6
39. 151 0 0 13.5; 152 3.3 0 13.5; 153 6.6 0 13.5; 154 9.9 0 13.5; 155 13.2 0 13.5
40. 156 18.5 0 13.5; 157 23.8 0 13.5; 158 27.1 0 13.5; 159 30.75 0 13.5
41. 160 34.4 0 13.5; 161 0 2 13.5; 162 3.3 2 13.5; 163 6.6 2 13.5; 164 9.9 2 13.5
42. 165 13.2 2 13.5; 166 18.5 2 13.5; 167 23.8 2 13.5; 168 27.1 2 13.5
43. 169 30.75 2 13.5; 170 34.4 2 13.5; 171 0 5.5 13.5; 172 3.3 5.5 13.5
44. 173 6.6 5.5 13.5; 174 9.9 5.5 13.5; 175 13.2 5.5 13.5; 176 18.5 5.5 13.5
45. 177 23.8 5.5 13.5; 178 27.1 5.5 13.5; 179 30.75 5.5 13.5; 180 34.4 5.5 13.5
46. 181 0 9 13.5; 182 3.3 9 13.5; 183 6.6 9 13.5; 184 9.9 9 13.5; 185 13.2 9 13.5
47. 186 18.5 9 13.5; 187 23.8 9 13.5; 188 27.1 9 13.5; 189 30.75 9 13.5
48. 190 34.4 9 13.5; 191 0 12.5 13.5; 192 3.3 12.5 13.5; 193 6.6 12.5 13.5
49. 194 9.9 12.5 13.5; 195 13.2 12.5 13.5; 196 18.5 12.5 13.5; 197 23.8 12.5 13.5

42
50. 198 27.1 12.5 13.5; 199 30.75 12.5 13.5; 200 34.4 12.5 13.5; 201 0 0 17.2
51. 202 3.3 0 17.2; 203 6.6 0 17.2; 204 9.9 0 17.2; 205 13.2 0 17.2
52. 206 18.5 0 17.2; 207 23.8 0 17.2; 208 27.1 0 17.2; 209 30.75 0 17.2
53. 210 34.4 0 17.2; 211 0 2 17.2; 212 3.3 2 17.2; 213 6.6 2 17.2; 214 9.9 2 17.2
54. 215 13.2 2 17.2; 216 18.5 2 17.2; 217 23.8 2 17.2; 218 27.1 2 17.2
55. 219 30.75 2 17.2; 220 34.4 2 17.2; 221 0 5.5 17.2; 222 3.3 5.5 17.2
56. 223 6.6 5.5 17.2; 224 9.9 5.5 17.2; 225 13.2 5.5 17.2; 226 18.5 5.5 17.2
57. 227 23.8 5.5 17.2; 228 27.1 5.5 17.2; 229 30.75 5.5 17.2; 230 34.4 5.5 17.2
58. 231 0 9 17.2; 232 3.3 9 17.2; 233 6.6 9 17.2; 234 9.9 9 17.2; 235 13.2 9 17.2
59. 236 18.5 9 17.2; 237 23.8 9 17.2; 238 27.1 9 17.2; 239 30.75 9 17.2
60. 240 34.4 9 17.2; 241 0 12.5 17.2; 242 3.3 12.5 17.2; 243 6.6 12.5 17.2
61. 244 9.9 12.5 17.2; 245 13.2 12.5 17.2; 246 18.5 12.5 17.2; 247 23.8 12.5 17.2
62. 248 27.1 12.5 17.2; 249 30.75 12.5 17.2; 250 34.4 12.5 17.2; 251 0 0 19.5
63. 252 3.3 0 19.5; 253 6.6 0 19.5; 254 9.9 0 19.5; 255 13.2 0 19.5
64. 256 18.5 0 19.5; 257 23.8 0 19.5; 258 27.1 0 19.5; 259 30.75 0 19.5
65. 260 34.4 0 19.5; 261 0 2 19.5; 262 3.3 2 19.5; 263 6.6 2 19.5; 264 9.9 2 19.5
66. 265 13.2 2 19.5; 266 18.5 2 19.5; 267 23.8 2 19.5; 268 27.1 2 19.5
67. 269 30.75 2 19.5; 270 34.4 2 19.5; 271 0 5.5 19.5; 272 3.3 5.5 19.5
68. 273 6.6 5.5 19.5; 274 9.9 5.5 19.5; 275 13.2 5.5 19.5; 276 18.5 5.5 19.5
69. 277 23.8 5.5 19.5; 278 27.1 5.5 19.5; 279 30.75 5.5 19.5; 280 34.4 5.5 19.5
70. 281 0 9 19.5; 282 3.3 9 19.5; 283 6.6 9 19.5; 284 9.9 9 19.5; 285 13.2 9 19.5
71. 286 18.5 9 19.5; 287 23.8 9 19.5; 288 27.1 9 19.5; 289 30.75 9 19.5
72. 290 34.4 9 19.5; 291 0 12.5 19.5; 292 3.3 12.5 19.5; 293 6.6 12.5 19.5
73. 294 9.9 12.5 19.5; 295 13.2 12.5 19.5; 296 18.5 12.5 19.5; 297 23.8 12.5 19.5
74. 298 27.1 12.5 19.5; 299 30.75 12.5 19.5; 300 34.4 12.5 19.5; 301 0 0 25.8
75. 302 3.3 0 25.8; 303 6.6 0 25.8; 304 9.9 0 25.8; 305 13.2 0 25.8
76. 306 18.5 0 25.8; 307 23.8 0 25.8; 308 27.1 0 25.8; 309 30.75 0 25.8
43
77. 310 34.4 0 25.8; 311 0 2 25.8; 312 3.3 2 25.8; 313 6.6 2 25.8; 314 9.9 2 25.8
78. 315 13.2 2 25.8; 316 18.5 2 25.8; 317 23.8 2 25.8; 318 27.1 2 25.8
79. 319 30.75 2 25.8; 320 34.4 2 25.8; 321 0 5.5 25.8; 322 3.3 5.5 25.8
80. 323 6.6 5.5 25.8; 324 9.9 5.5 25.8; 325 13.2 5.5 25.8; 326 18.5 5.5 25.8
81. 327 23.8 5.5 25.8; 328 27.1 5.5 25.8; 329 30.75 5.5 25.8; 330 34.4 5.5 25.8
82. 331 0 9 25.8; 332 3.3 9 25.8; 333 6.6 9 25.8; 334 9.9 9 25.8; 335 13.2 9 25.8
83. 336 18.5 9 25.8; 337 23.8 9 25.8; 338 27.1 9 25.8; 339 30.75 9 25.8
84. 340 34.4 9 25.8; 341 0 12.5 25.8; 342 3.3 12.5 25.8; 343 6.6 12.5 25.8
85. 344 9.9 12.5 25.8; 345 13.2 12.5 25.8; 346 18.5 12.5 25.8; 347 23.8 12.5 25.8
86. 348 27.1 12.5 25.8; 349 30.75 12.5 25.8; 350 34.4 12.5 25.8; 351 18.5 16 8.6
87. 352 23.8 16 8.6; 353 18.5 16 13.5; 354 23.8 16 13.5
88. MEMBER INCIDENCES
89. 1 11 12; 2 12 13; 3 13 14; 4 14 15; 5 15 16; 6 16 17; 7 17 18; 8 18 19
90. 9 19 20; 10 21 22; 11 22 23; 12 23 24; 13 24 25; 14 25 26; 15 26 27; 16 27 28
91. 17 28 29; 18 29 30; 19 31 32; 20 32 33; 21 33 34; 22 34 35; 23 35 36; 24 36 37
92. 25 37 38; 26 38 39; 27 39 40; 28 41 42; 29 42 43; 30 43 44; 31 44 45; 32 45 46
93. 33 46 47; 34 47 48; 35 48 49; 36 49 50; 37 1 11; 38 2 12; 39 3 13; 40 4 14
94. 41 5 15; 42 6 16; 43 7 17; 44 8 18; 45 9 19; 46 10 20; 47 11 21; 48 12 22
95. 49 13 23; 50 14 24; 51 15 25; 52 16 26; 53 17 27; 54 18 28; 55 19 29; 56 20 30
96. 57 21 31; 58 22 32; 59 23 33; 60 24 34; 61 25 35; 62 26 36; 63 27 37; 64 28 38
97. 65 29 39; 66 30 40; 67 31 41; 68 32 42; 69 33 43; 70 34 44; 71 35 45; 72 36 46
98. 73 37 47; 74 38 48; 75 39 49; 76 40 50; 77 61 62; 78 62 63; 79 63 64; 80 64 65
99. 81 65 66; 82 66 67; 83 67 68; 84 68 69; 85 69 70; 86 71 72; 87 72 73; 88 73 74
100. 89 74 75; 90 75 76; 91 76 77; 92 77 78; 93 78 79; 94 79 80; 95 81 82; 96 82 83
101. 97 83 84; 98 84 85; 99 85 86; 100 86 87; 101 87 88; 102 88 89; 103 89 90
102. 104 91 92; 105 92 93; 106 93 94; 107 94 95; 108 95 96; 109 96 97; 110 97 98
103. 111 98 99; 112 99 100; 113 51 61; 114 52 62; 115 53 63; 116 54 64; 117 55 65

44
104. 118 56 66; 119 57 67; 120 58 68; 121 59 69; 122 60 70; 123 61 71; 124 62 72
105. 125 63 73; 126 64 74; 127 65 75; 128 66 76; 129 67 77; 130 68 78; 131 69 79
106. 132 70 80; 133 71 81; 134 72 82; 135 73 83; 136 74 84; 137 75 85; 138 76 86
107. 139 77 87; 140 78 88; 141 79 89; 142 80 90; 143 81 91; 144 82 92; 145 83 93
108. 146 84 94; 147 85 95; 148 86 96; 149 87 97; 150 88 98; 151 89 99; 152 90 100
109. 153 111 112; 154 112 113; 155 113 114; 156 114 115; 157 115 116; 158 116 117
110. 159 117 118; 160 118 119; 161 119 120; 162 121 122; 163 122 123; 164 123 124
111. 165 124 125; 166 125 126; 167 126 127; 168 127 128; 169 128 129; 170 129 130
112. 171 131 132; 172 132 133; 173 133 134; 174 134 135; 175 135 136; 176 136 137
113. 177 137 138; 178 138 139; 179 139 140; 180 141 142; 181 142 143; 182 143 144
114. 183 144 145; 184 145 146; 185 146 147; 186 147 148; 187 148 149; 188 149 150
115. 189 101 111; 190 102 112; 191 103 113; 192 104 114; 193 105 115; 194 106 116
116. 195 107 117; 196 108 118; 197 109 119; 198 110 120; 199 111 121; 200 112 122
117. 201 113 123; 202 114 124; 203 115 125; 204 116 126; 205 117 127; 206 118 128
118. 207 119 129; 208 120 130; 209 121 131; 210 122 132; 211 123 133; 212 124 134
119. 213 125 135; 214 126 136; 215 127 137; 216 128 138; 217 129 139; 218 130 140
120. 219 131 141; 220 132 142; 221 133 143; 222 134 144; 223 135 145; 224 136 146
121. 225 137 147; 226 138 148; 227 139 149; 228 140 150; 229 161 162; 230 162 163
122. 231 163 164; 232 164 165; 234 166 167; 235 167 168; 236 168 169; 237 169 170
123. 238 171 172; 239 172 173; 240 173 174; 241 174 175; 243 176 177; 244 177 178
124. 245 178 179; 246 179 180; 247 181 182; 248 182 183; 249 183 184; 250 184 185
125. 252 186 187; 253 187 188; 254 188 189; 255 189 190; 256 191 192; 257 192 193
126. 258 193 194; 259 194 195; 261 196 197; 262 197 198; 263 198 199; 264 199 200
127. 265 151 161; 266 152 162; 267 153 163; 268 154 164; 269 155 165; 270 156 166
128. 271 157 167; 272 158 168; 273 159 169; 274 160 170; 275 161 171; 276 162 172
129. 277 163 173; 278 164 174; 279 165 175; 280 166 176; 281 167 177; 282 168 178
130. 283 169 179; 284 170 180; 285 171 181; 286 172 182; 287 173 183; 288 174 184
45
131. 289 175 185; 290 176 186; 291 177 187; 292 178 188; 293 179 189; 294 180 190
132. 295 181 191; 296 182 192; 297 183 193; 298 184 194; 299 185 195; 300 186 196
133. 301 187 197; 302 188 198; 303 189 199; 304 190 200; 305 211 212; 306 212 213
134. 307 213 214; 308 214 215; 309 215 216; 310 216 217; 311 217 218; 312 218 219
135. 313 219 220; 314 221 222; 315 222 223; 316 223 224; 317 224 225; 318 225 226
136. 319 226 227; 320 227 228; 321 228 229; 322 229 230; 323 231 232; 324 232 233
137. 325 233 234; 326 234 235; 327 235 236; 328 236 237; 329 237 238; 330 238 239
138. 331 239 240; 332 241 242; 333 242 243; 334 243 244; 335 244 245; 336 245 246
139. 337 246 247; 338 247 248; 339 248 249; 340 249 250; 341 201 211; 342 202 212
140. 343 203 213; 344 204 214; 345 205 215; 346 206 216; 347 207 217; 348 208 218
141. 349 209 219; 350 210 220; 351 211 221; 352 212 222; 353 213 223; 354 214 224
142. 355 215 225; 356 216 226; 357 217 227; 358 218 228; 359 219 229; 360 220 230
143. 361 221 231; 362 222 232; 363 223 233; 364 224 234; 365 225 235; 366 226 236
144. 367 227 237; 368 228 238; 369 229 239; 370 230 240; 371 231 241; 372 232 242
145. 373 233 243; 374 234 244; 375 235 245; 376 236 246; 377 237 247; 378 238 248
146. 379 239 249; 380 240 250; 381 261 262; 382 262 263; 383 263 264; 384 264 265
147. 385 265 266; 386 266 267; 387 267 268; 388 268 269; 389 269 270; 390 271 272
148. 391 272 273; 392 273 274; 393 274 275; 394 275 276; 395 276 277; 396 277 278
149. 397 278 279; 398 279 280; 399 281 282; 400 282 283; 401 283 284; 402 284 285
150. 403 285 286; 404 286 287; 405 287 288; 406 288 289; 407 289 290; 408 291 292
151. 409 292 293; 410 293 294; 411 294 295; 412 295 296; 413 296 297; 414 297 298
152. 415 298 299; 416 299 300; 417 251 261; 418 252 262; 419 253 263; 420 254 264
153. 421 255 265; 422 256 266; 423 257 267; 424 258 268; 425 259 269; 426 260 270
154. 427 261 271; 428 262 272; 429 263 273; 430 264 274; 431 265 275; 432 266 276
155. 433 267 277; 434 268 278; 435 269 279; 436 270 280; 437 271 281; 438 272 282
156. 439 273 283; 440 274 284; 441 275 285; 442 276 286; 443 277 287; 444 278 288
157. 445 279 289; 446 280 290; 447 281 291; 448 282 292; 449 283 293; 450 284 294

46
158. 451 285 295; 452 286 296; 453 287 297; 454 288 298; 455 289 299; 456 290 300
159. 457 311 312; 458 312 313; 459 313 314; 460 314 315; 461 315 316; 462 316 317
160. 463 317 318; 464 318 319; 465 319 320; 466 321 322; 467 322 323; 468 323 324
161. 469 324 325; 470 325 326; 471 326 327; 472 327 328; 473 328 329; 474 329 330
162. 475 331 332; 476 332 333; 477 333 334; 478 334 335; 479 335 336; 480 336 337
163. 481 337 338; 482 338 339; 483 339 340; 484 341 342; 485 342 343; 486 343 344
164. 487 344 345; 488 345 346; 489 346 347; 490 347 348; 491 348 349; 492 349 350
165. 493 301 311; 494 302 312; 495 303 313; 496 304 314; 497 305 315; 498 306 316
166. 499 307 317; 500 308 318; 501 309 319; 502 310 320; 503 311 321; 504 312 322
167. 505 313 323; 506 314 324; 507 315 325; 508 316 326; 509 317 327; 510 318 328
168. 511 319 329; 512 320 330; 513 321 331; 514 322 332; 515 323 333; 516 324 334
169. 517 325 335; 518 326 336; 519 327 337; 520 328 338; 521 329 339; 522 330 340
170. 523 331 341; 524 332 342; 525 333 343; 526 334 344; 527 335 345; 528 336 346
171. 529 337 347; 530 338 348; 531 339 349; 532 340 350; 533 11 61; 534 12 62
172. 535 13 63; 536 14 64; 537 15 65; 538 16 66; 539 17 67; 540 18 68; 541 19 69
173. 542 20 70; 543 21 71; 544 22 72; 545 23 73; 546 24 74; 547 25 75; 548 26 76
174. 549 27 77; 550 28 78; 551 29 79; 552 30 80; 553 31 81; 554 32 82; 555 33 83
175. 556 34 84; 557 35 85; 558 36 86; 559 37 87; 560 38 88; 561 39 89; 562 40 90
176. 563 41 91; 564 42 92; 565 43 93; 566 44 94; 567 45 95; 568 46 96; 569 47 97
177. 570 48 98; 571 49 99; 572 50 100; 573 61 111; 582 70 120; 583 71 121
178. 592 80 130; 593 81 131; 602 90 140; 603 91 141; 612 100 150; 613 111 161
179. 614 112 162; 615 113 163; 616 114 164; 617 115 165; 618 116 166; 619 117 167
180. 620 118 168; 621 119 169; 622 120 170; 623 121 171; 624 122 172; 625 123 173
181. 626 124 174; 627 125 175; 628 126 176; 629 127 177; 630 128 178; 631 129 179
182. 632 130 180; 633 131 181; 634 132 182; 635 133 183; 636 134 184; 637 135 185
183. 638 136 186; 639 137 187; 640 138 188; 641 139 189; 642 140 190; 643 141 191
184. 644 142 192; 645 143 193; 646 144 194; 647 145 195; 648 146 196; 649 147 197
47
185. 650 148 198; 651 149 199; 652 150 200; 653 161 211; 654 162 212; 655 163 213
186. 656 164 214; 657 165 215; 658 166 216; 659 167 217; 660 168 218; 661 169 219
187. 662 170 220; 663 171 221; 664 172 222; 665 173 223; 666 174 224; 667 175 225
188. 668 176 226; 669 177 227; 670 178 228; 671 179 229; 672 180 230; 673 181 231
189. 674 182 232; 675 183 233; 676 184 234; 677 185 235; 678 186 236; 679 187 237
190. 680 188 238; 681 189 239; 682 190 240; 683 191 241; 684 192 242; 685 193 243
191. 686 194 244; 687 195 245; 688 196 246; 689 197 247; 690 198 248; 691 199 249
192. 692 200 250; 693 211 261; 702 220 270; 703 221 271; 712 230 280; 713 231 281
193. 722 240 290; 723 241 291; 732 250 300; 733 261 311; 734 262 312; 735 263 313
194. 736 264 314; 737 265 315; 738 266 316; 739 267 317; 740 268 318; 741 269 319
195. 742 270 320; 743 271 321; 744 272 322; 745 273 323; 746 274 324; 747 275 325
196. 748 276 326; 749 277 327; 750 278 328; 751 279 329; 752 280 330; 753 281 331
197. 754 282 332; 755 283 333; 756 284 334; 757 285 335; 758 286 336; 759 287 337
198. 760 288 338; 761 289 339; 762 290 340; 763 291 341; 764 292 342; 765 293 343
199. 766 294 344; 767 295 345; 768 296 346; 769 297 347; 770 298 348; 771 299 349
200. 772 300 350; 789 351 352; 790 353 354; 791 351 353; 792 352 354; 793 353 196
201. 794 351 146; 795 354 197; 796 352 147
202. ELEMENT INCIDENCES SHELL
203. 773 11 20 120 111; 774 211 220 320 311; 775 111 115 215 211
204. 776 116 120 220 216; 777 21 30 130 121; 778 221 230 330 321
205. 779 121 125 225 221; 780 126 130 230 226; 781 31 40 140 131
206. 782 231 240 340 331; 783 131 135 235 231; 784 136 140 240 236
207. 785 41 50 150 141; 786 241 250 350 341; 787 141 145 245 241
208. 788 146 150 250 246; 797 351 352 354 353
209. START GROUP DEFINITION
210. MEMBER

48
 211. _BEAMS 1 TO 36 77 TO 112 153 TO 188 229 TO 232 234 TO 241 243 TO 250
-
212. 252 TO 259 261 TO 264 305 TO 340 381 TO 416 457 TO 492 533 TO 573 582
583 -
213. 592 593 602 603 612 TO 693 702 703 712 713 722 723 732 TO 772 789 TO 792
214. _COLUMN 37 TO 76 113 TO 152 189 TO 228 265 TO 304 341 TO 380 417 TO
456 493 -
215. 494 TO 532 793 TO 796
216. ELEMENT
217. _SLAB 773 TO 788 797
218. JOINT
219. _NODES 1 TO 354
220. END GROUP DEFINITION
221. ELEMENT PROPERTY
222. 773 TO 788 797 THICKNESS 0.15
223. DEFINE MATERIAL START
224. ISOTROPIC CONCRETE
225. E 2.17185E+007
226. POISSON 0.17
227. DENSITY 23.5616
228. ALPHA 1E-005
229. DAMP 0.05
230. TYPE CONCRETE
231. STRENGTH FCU 27579
232. END DEFINE MATERIAL
233. MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
234. 37 TO 76 113 TO 152 189 TO 228 265 TO 304 341 TO 380 417 TO 456 493 TO
532 -
49
 235. 793 TO 796 PRIS YD 0.35 ZD 0.35
236. 1 TO 36 77 TO 112 153 TO 188 229 TO 232 234 TO 241 243 TO 250 252 TO 259
261 -
237. 262 TO 264 305 TO 340 381 TO 416 457 TO 492 533 TO 573 582 583 592 593
602 -
238. 603 612 TO 693 702 703 712 713 722 723 732 TO 772 789 TO 791 -
239. 792 PRIS YD 0.45 ZD 0.35
240. CONSTANTS
241. MATERIAL CONCRETE ALL
242. SUPPORTS
243. 1 TO 10 51 TO 60 101 TO 110 151 TO 160 201 TO 210 251 TO 260 301 TO 310
FIXED
244. DEFINE WIND LOAD
245. TYPE 1 WIND 1
246. <! STAAD PRO GENERATED DATA DO NOT MODIFY !!!
247. ASCE-7-2010:PARAMS 39.000 M/SEC 0 1 1 0 0.000 FT 0.000 FT 0.000 FT 1 -
248. 1 12.500 M 25.800 M 34.400 M 2.000 0.010 0 -
249. 0 0 0 0 0.766 1.000 1.000 0.850 0 -
250. 0 0 0 0.833 0.800 -0.550
251. !> END GENERATED DATA BLOCK
252. INT 0.637686 0.637686 0.648744 0.658907 0.668332 0.677136 0.685408
0.693221 -
WARNING- One or more lines are too long and will be split into 2 lines.
This may not work for all commands. Please check.
253. 0.70063 0.707682 0.714417 0.720866 0.727057 0.733013 0.738755 0.711476
254. 0 -
255. 4.572 5.18185 5.79169 6.40154 7.01138 7.62123 8.23108 8.84092 9.45077
256. 10.0606 10.6705 11.2803 11.8902 12.5 12.192

50
 257. EXP 1 JOINT 1 TO 354
258. LOAD 1 LOADTYPE WIND TITLE WX
259. WIND LOAD X 1 TYPE 1 YR 2 12.5
260. WIND LOAD X -1 TYPE 1 YR 2 12.5
261. LOAD 2 LOADTYPE WIND TITLE WZ
262. WIND LOAD Z 1 TYPE 1 YR 2 12.5
263. WIND LOAD Z -1 TYPE 1 YR 2 12.5
264. LOAD 3 LOADTYPE DEAD TITLE DL
265. SELFWEIGHT Y -1 LIST 1 TO 36 77 TO 112 153 TO 188 229 TO 232 234 TO
241 243 -
266. 244 TO 250 252 TO 259 261 TO 264 305 TO 340 381 TO 416 457 TO 492 533
TO 573 -
267. 582 583 592 593 602 603 612 TO 693 702 703 712 713 722 723 732 TO 772 789
-
268. 790 TO 792
269. MEMBER LOAD
270. 1 TO 36 77 TO 112 153 TO 188 229 TO 232 234 TO 241 243 TO 250 252 TO 259
261 -
271. 262 TO 264 305 TO 340 381 TO 416 457 TO 492 533 TO 573 582 583 592 593
602 -
272. 603 612 TO 693 702 703 712 713 722 723 732 TO 772 789 TO 792 UNI GY -25
273. LOAD 4 LOADTYPE LIVE TITLE LL
274. SELFWEIGHT Y -1 LIST 773 TO 788 797
275. FLOOR LOAD
276. YRANGE 2 12.5 FLOAD -5 GY
277. LOAD COMB 5 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 1
278. 3 1.5 4 1.5
279. LOAD COMB 6 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 2

51
280. 3 1.2 4 1.2 1 1.2
281. LOAD COMB 7 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 3
282. 3 1.2 4 1.2 2 1.2
283. LOAD COMB 8 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 4
284. 3 1.2 4 1.2 1 -1.2
285. LOAD COMB 9 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 5
286. 3 1.2 4 1.2 2 -1.2
287. LOAD COMB 10 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 6
288. 3 1.2 4 1.2
289. LOAD COMB 11 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 7
290. 3 1.5 1 1.5
291. LOAD COMB 12 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 8
292. 3 1.5 2 1.5
293. LOAD COMB 13 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 9
294. 3 1.5 1 -1.5
295. LOAD COMB 14 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 10
296. 3 1.5 2 -1.5
297. LOAD COMB 15 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 11
298. 3 1.5
299. LOAD COMB 16 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 12
300. 3 0.9
301. PERFORM ANALYSIS

52
4.2 STAAD PRO OUTPUT:
STAAD PRO. REPORT:

FIG 4.1

53
BEAM ASSIGNMENT:

FIG 4.2

RENDERING VIEW:

FIG 4.3

54
MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE PLATE STRESS:

FIG 4.4

DEAD LOAD:

FIG 4.5
55
WIND LOAD:

FIG 4.6

LIVE LOAD:

FIG 4.7

56
BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM:

FIG 4.8

SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM:

FIG 4.9
57
STAAD PRO RESULT:

FIG 4.10

58
 CHAPTER 5
DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

SLAB CALCULATION
5.1 TWO WAY SLAB:(S1)

Design of slab:
5 X 6m
5000 X 6000 mm
Length of shorter span, lx = 5000 mm
Length of longer span, ly = 6000 mm
Concrete grade = M30
Steel grade = Fe 500
Wall thickness = 300mm

STEP:1 TYPE OF SLAB

Lx = 5000 mm
Ly = 6000 mm
𝑙𝑦 6000
- = 1.2 < 2
𝑙𝑥 5000

It is two way slab

STEP:2
Effective Depth
𝑙
Depth of slab is fixed based on ratio
𝑑
𝐿 𝐿
( )–( )basic
𝐷 𝐷

59
 𝐿 5000
( )-
𝐷 35 𝑋 0.8

D = 178.57 mm
D≈180mm
Overall depth, D = 180 mm
Assume clear cover = 20 mm
Effective depth along X direction
dx = D – c.c - ϕ/2
10
= 180 – 20 -
2

dx = 155 mm
Effective depth along Y direction
𝜙
dy = D – c.c -ϕ -
2
8
= 180 – 20 -10 -
2

dy = 146 mm

STEP:3 EFFECTIVE SPAN

Along shorter span
lx = 5000 + 150 = 5150 mm
lx= 5000 + 300 = 5300 mm
Effective span along X direction lx = 5020 mm
Along longer span
ly = 5120 + 150 = 5270 mm
ly = 5120 + 300 = 5420 mm
Effective span along Y direction ly = 5270 mm

STEP:4 LOAD CALCULATION

60
Self weight of slab = b X D X unit weight of concrete
= 1 X 0.175 X 25
= 4.375 Kn/m2
Total load W = L.L + Self weight + Floor finish
= 4 + 4.375 + 1
= 9.375 Kn/m2
Ultimate load, Wu = 9.375 X 1.5
Wu = 14.06 Kn/m2

STEP:5 BENDING MOMENT

Mx = αx X w X lx2
My = αy X w X lx2
𝑙𝑦 5120
= = 1.05
𝑙𝑥 4870
1.0, 0.056
1.05 = {
1.1, 0.064
Mx = αx X w X lx2
= 0.060 X 14.06 X 48702
Mx = 20.00kNm
My = 18.67 X 106 kNm

STEP:6 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

For shorter span
Mulim = 0.138 fckbd2
= 0.138 X 20 X1000 X 1502
Mulim = 62.1kNm
Mu < Mulim

61
 Under reinforced
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑋 𝑓𝑦
Mu = 0.87 X fy X Ast X d (1- )
𝑏 𝑋 𝑑 𝑋 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑋 415
20.00 X 106 = 0.87 X 415 X Ast X 150 ( 1- )
1000 𝑋 150 𝑋20

Ast = 390.37 mm2

𝜋
𝑋 102
Spacng of bar = 4
X 1000
390.37

= 201.19 mm
Provide main bar 10 mm dia @ 150 mm c/c spacing
For longer span
Mulim = 0.138 X fck X 1000 X 1412
Mulim = 54.87 kNm
Mu < Mulim
It is under reinforced
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑋 𝑓𝑦
Mu = 0.87 X fy X Ast X d (1- )
𝑏 𝑋 𝑑 𝑋 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑋 415
18.67 = 0.87 X 415 X Ast X 141 ( 1- )
1000 𝑋 141 𝑋20

Ast = 389.01mm2
𝜋
𝑋 102
Spacing of bar = 4
X 1000
389.01

=201.90 ≈ 200 mm
Provide main bar 10 mm dia @ 150 mm c/c spacing

STEP:7 CHECK FOR SHEAR

τv < k X τc
Nominal shear
𝑉𝑢
τv =
𝑏𝑋𝑑

62
Vu – shear force
𝑊𝑋𝐿
V=
2
14.06 𝑋 5.02
=
2

Vu = 35.29 kN
35.29 𝑋 103
τv =
1000 𝑋 150

= 0.23 N/mm2
Permissible shear
Overall depth = 175 mm
K= 1.25
1000 𝑋 390.37
=
1000 𝑋 150

= 0.26 %
0.25, 0.36
0.26 = {
0.5, 0.48
τc = 0.3N/mm2
τc X k = 0.36 X 1.25
= 0.455 N/mm2
τv < k X τc
0.23 < 0.455
Slab is safe in shear

STEP:8 CHECK FOR DEFLECTION

𝐿 𝐿
( )max = ( )basic X kt X kc X kf
𝐷 𝐷

Kt – 1.6
Kc – 1
Kf – 1

63
 𝑐
( )max = 35 X 1.6 X 1 X 1
𝐷

= 56
𝐿 5020
( )actual =
𝐷 150

= 33.4
𝐿 𝐿
( )max < ( )max HENCE SAFE
𝐷 𝐷

STEP:9 TORSIONAL REINFORCEMENT

3
Area of reinforcement in each four layer = X area
4
3
= X 390.37
4

= 292.78
1
Distance over which torsion reinforced provided = shorter span
5
1
= X 4870
5

= 1217.5mm
≈ 1300 mm
𝜋
𝑋 82
Spacing of bar = 4
X 1000
292.78

= 96.57
≈ 100 mm
Provide 8mm dia bar @100mm spacing c/c for length of 1300 mm at all corners in 4
layer

64
FIG 5.1

65
5.2 DESIGN OF ONE-WAY SLAB(S2):

Effective span 𝑙𝑥= 2.2 𝑚

𝑙𝑦= 4.7 𝑚

𝑙𝑦/𝑙𝑥 >2 ∴one-way continuous slab

𝑓𝑦=415 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑓𝑐K= 25 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Assuming 0.3 % steel Effective depth 𝑑=𝑙x /30=74 𝑚 [Cl.23.2.1,IS 456

-2000]

With a clear cover of 20 𝑚𝑚 𝑎nd 10 # 𝑏ars

overall thickness 𝐷=150 𝑚𝑚

Calculation of loads:

Self weight of the slab =25×0.150=3.75 𝑘N⁄𝑚2

Floor finish =1KN/m2

Live load =4 𝑘N/𝑚2

Total dead load 𝑤d=4.75 𝑘N/𝑚2

Factored dead load 𝑤ud=1.5×4.75=7.125 𝑘N/𝑚2

Total Live load 𝑤l=4𝑘N/𝑚2

Factored live load 𝑤ul=1.5×4=6 𝑘N/𝑚2

Total load 𝑤=8.75 𝑘N/𝑚2

66
Factored total load 𝑤u=1.5×8.75=13.125 𝑘N/𝑚2

Calculation of maximum bending moment:

Bending moment near middle of end span =(1/12 Wud lx2 + 1/10 wul lx2 )

=5.78 𝐾Nm

Bending moment near middle of interior span =(1/16 wud lx2+ 1/12 𝑤ul lx2 )

= 4.57 𝑘Nm

Bending moment at support next to end support =−(1/10 wud lx2+ 1/9 𝑤ul lx2)

=− 6.68 𝑘N

Bending moment at other interior supports =−(1/12 Wud lx2 + 1/19 wul lx2 )

= − 6.1 𝑘N

∴Maximum bending moment =−6.68kNm

𝑀𝑢,im= 0.36 Xumax /d (1 – 0.42 𝑋umax /d ) 𝑏d²𝑓𝑐kR

[[Annex G, IS 456-2000]

𝑋umax /d=0.48 𝑎nd 𝑏=1000mm

6.68×106 =0.36×0.48 (1 – 0.42×0.48)1000×𝑑²×25

∴𝑑𝑑=44 𝑚𝑚

Provide 𝑑=130 𝑚𝑚

∴𝐷𝐷=150𝑚𝑚

67
𝑀𝑢=0.87𝑓𝑦𝐴𝐴𝑠td(1−𝑓yAst/bd f ck )
6.68×106=0.87×415×𝐴𝑠t×130(1−415×𝐴𝑠t/1000×130×25)

=46936.5 𝐴𝑠t−5.99 𝐴st2

∴ 𝐴𝑠t= 145 m𝑚2

𝐴𝑠t,in= 0.12% 𝑏D

=0.0012×1000×150

=180 𝑚2

Assume 10 mm # bars,

Spacing, 𝑠 = (1000×𝜋𝜋×102/4) /Ast)=436 𝑚𝑚

Maximum spacing=3𝑑 or 300 𝑚𝑚 (𝑤whichever is less)

=390𝑚𝑚 𝑜r 300 𝑚𝑚

= 300𝑚𝑚

Provide 10 𝑚𝑚 # @ 300𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐/𝑐𝑐

𝐴𝑠t Provided =1000 × 78.539 / 300 =262𝑚𝑚2

Distribution bars:

𝐴𝑠t(𝑑ist)=0.0012𝑏D=180 𝑚m2

Assuming 8 mm # bars,

Spacing, 𝑠 =(1000× 𝜋𝜋×82 /4) /𝐴𝑠t=279 𝑚𝑚

Maximum spacing=5d 𝑜r 450 𝑚𝑚

68
=650𝑚𝑚 𝑜r 450 𝑚𝑚

=450𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Provide 8𝑚𝑚 # 𝑏ars @ 250𝑚m 𝑐𝑐/𝑐𝑐.

Check for deflection:

𝑃𝑡= 100 A𝑠t/bd

= 100×262/1000×130

= 0.2

𝑓𝑠= 0.58 𝑓𝑦 area of cross section of steel required /area of cross section of steel provided

= 0.58 × 415 ×180/ 262

= 165.36 𝑀Pa

Modification 𝑓actor = 2

𝑙/d allowable = 26 × 2=52

𝑙/d provided =2.2/13 = 16.92

=16.92< 52 - hence safe

Check for development length

Area of the steel available after 50% curtailment = 262/2 = 131 mm2

69
Moment of resistance of section after 50 % curtailment of steel

𝑀1𝑢=1.5×0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠t d( 1− 𝐴𝑠tfy /bd fck )=9.068 𝑘Nm

Shear force at the end =𝑉𝑢=1.5×0.5×13.125×2.2=21.65 𝑘N

𝐿0 = d or 12#, whichever is greater. ∴𝐿0=130 𝑚𝑚

𝑀1/Vu + 𝐿0=548 𝑚𝑚

Ld = 0.87 𝑓y / 4𝜏 bd = 0.87x415x10/4x1.4x1.6 =403 𝑚𝑚 < 𝑀1/Vu + 𝐿0

Hence safe.

70
FIG 5.2

71
5.3 DESIGN OF BEAM

Clear span = 300/2 + 6000 +300/2

= 6300 mm
Width of support = 300 mm
STEP:1 STRESS AND LOAD FACTOR

fck = 25 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
load factor = 1.5 for dead and live load.
STEP:2 DIMENSIONS OF BEAM

Effective depth = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/12

= 6300/12
= 525
d = 525mm
d′ = 50mm
Overall depth D = 575 mm
Assume, b = 350 mm

STEP:3 EFFECTIVE SPAN OF BEAM

Center to center of support = 6000 + 300

= 6.3 + 0.3
= 6.6 m
Clear span + effective depth = 6.0 + 0.525
= 6.525 m

72
 Leff = 6.525 m
STEP:4 LOAD CALCULATION

Self weight of beam = B × D × Unit weight of concrete

= 0.35 × 0.525 × 25
= 4.55 kN/m
Total load (w) = L.L + Self weight
= 5 + 4.55
= 9.55kN/m
Ultimate load Wu = 9.55 × 1.5
= 14.325 kN/m

STEP :5 BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE

Bending moment
𝑤𝑙 2
Mu =
8
14.325 × 6.5252
=
8

= 76.236 kNm

Shear force
𝑤𝑙
V=
2
14.325 × 6.5252
=
2

= 46.73 kN

STEP:6 CHECK FOR Mu AND Mu lim

73
 𝑋𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑋𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
Mulim = 0.36 × fck × bd2 (1-0.42 )
𝑑 𝑑

= 0.36 × 25 × 350 × 5252 × 0.48 (1-0.42 × 0.48 )

= 116.02.0 kNm
Mu < Mulim
It is under reinforced.

TENSIONAL REINFORCEMENT

1455.516 KNm

74.694 KNm

A st2 = 459.657 m * m ^ 2
A st =A st lim+A st2
=1455.48+459.657
= 19155.13 mm ^ 2
Assume Diameter of bars as 20 mm Number of Bars = 1915.13/[314.15]
= 5.87
Provide 6 bars of 20 mm diameter as tension Reinforcement.

COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT:

74
A SC = MU2 /[fsc[d-dc]]
= 118.71/[0.13\{300 - 40\}]
= 1401.38 m m ^ 2
Assume Diameter of bars as 20 mm
Number of Bars = 1401.38 /[314.15]

= 4.46

Provide 5 bars of 20 mm diameter as Compression Reinforcement.

75
FIG 5.3

76
5.4 DESIGN OF COLUMN:

Height= 3.5m

Size of column = 350 x 350mm

Fck =20

Fy =415

Ht of column(H) =3m

Factored load (Pu) =3158.48Kn

SLENDERNESS RATIO

L/D = 3500/350 = 10<12

Hence the column is designed as short column

LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT:

Gross area of the column section (Ag) = 350 X 350

= 122500 mm

Area of steel =Asc

Area of concrete Ac =(122500-Asc)mm2

Pu = 0.40 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc

3158.48 x 10^3 =0.40 x 20 (122500 – Asc ) + 0.67fy Asc

77
3158.48 x 10^3 =980000-8Asc + 278.05Asc

2438480 =980000-8Asc+278.05Asc

Asc =5400.735mm2

Main longitudinal reinforcement

Pt =2.5%
Ast =2.5 x 350 x350 /100
=3062.5 mm2

Provide 20mm dia bars

No of bars = 3062.5 x 4 /π x 20^2

=11.2

= 12nos

LATERAL TIES
Diameter of ties shall be not less than
1 ) 5mm
2 ) ¼ diameter of the larger size bar = (1/4) x 30
=7.5mm
Provide 8mm dia ties

SPACING OF LATERAL TIES

The pitch of traneverse reinforcement shall be not more than thev least of the following
distances

1 ) The least latual dimension of the compression member = 300mm

2 ) Sixteen times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied
=16 x 20 = 380mm
3) 300mm

Provide 8mm dia lateral ties @ 300mm c/c

78
FIG 5.4

79
5.5 DESIGN OF STAIR CASE:

The design of a dog legged staircases panning longitudinally is given below:

Height of floor = 3.7 m
Rise of the step = 150𝑚𝑚
Treadofthestep= 300𝑚𝑚 Width
of the step = 1.8𝑚 Live load, 𝐿𝐿
= 4𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 Finishing
load =1𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2
Effective cover = 20 𝑚𝑚

Design of flight
[Link] span calculation
Assuming200mmbearingintothewalleffectivespanAB= .1+.1+3.6+1.45
=5.3𝑚
Step2: Load calculation:
Loads on flight portion:
Dead weight of waist slab =

Self Weight of Steps=

Floor Finish = 1 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Live Load =4 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

TotalLoad=11.07𝑘𝑁
Loads on Landing portion:

80
Assuming thickness of landing +150𝑚𝑚Dead Weight of Slab=25×0.15 =3.75𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Floor Finish = 1 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Live Load=4𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2
TotalLoad=8.75𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2
Load on each flight=4.375𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2
Step3: Reactions:

Let reactions be 𝑅𝐴 and 𝑅𝐵

Taking moment about A
𝑅𝐴+𝑅𝐵=(11.075×3.7)+(4.375×1.6)
=47.98 𝑘𝑁
Moment about A =

=75.81+31.5+𝑅𝐵×5.3
5.3×𝑅𝐵=107.31
𝑅𝐵=20.247𝑘𝑁
𝑅𝐴=27.733𝑘𝑁

At max. BM, Shear force = 0

27.733 − 11.075x = 0
X=2.504 𝑚
So, SF is 0 at 2.504m from A

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 Max. moment

=37.72 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Design BM =1.5× 37.72

=56.58 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Step4: Calculation of area of steel

Use M30 and Fe415 steel

56.58×106=.36 × .48 ×(1 − .42 × .48)× 30 × 1000 × 𝑑

d=116.9mm
assuming d=130mm provide 20mm cover
𝐷=150𝑚𝑚

56.58×106=0.87 × 415× 𝐴𝑠𝑡×130×(1 − (415×𝐴𝑠𝑡)/30 × 1000 ×130)

𝐴𝑠𝑡=1381.39 𝑚𝑚2

Provide12mmdiameterasmainreinforcement

𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠= (
=12.21
=13
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑣=1000 𝑎𝑠𝑡/𝐴𝑠𝑡
=(1000× 113.097)/1381.39
=81.87

82
 Hence provide12mm bar as main reinforcement @80mm spacing For
distribution bars,

Provide 8𝑚𝑚 dia minimum distribution steel @270𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚 spacing c/c.

Step6: Check for shear:

Vu=26.62𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑢
𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠,v = bd

=1413.71𝑚𝑚2

=(100×1381.39)/(1000× 130)
=1.062
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠,c=.72𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Hence,𝑣<𝜏𝑐
Therefore, the slab is safe in shear.

Step6: Check for Development Length:

For M30 grade concrete,𝑏𝑑=1.5𝑀𝑃𝑎

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 Moment of resistance offered by 12mm diameter bar@120mm c/c
Ast provided=

Ast provided

=56.372 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Lₒ=d or 12𝛷 which is greater

Lₒ = 144

Hence the design is safe

84
FIG 5.5

85
5.6 DESIGN OF FOOTING:

Load on column = 2373.43 kN

Size of column = 0.35 x 0.35 m
SBC = 250 kN/m²
fck = 25 N/mm²
fy = 415 N/mm²
Size of footing

Unfactored load = Axial load / 1.5

= 2373.43 / 1.5
= 1582.28kN
Total load = 1582.28 + 10% of P
= 1582.28 + 158.228
=1740.5 kN
Area of footing = Load on footing / SBC
=1740.5 / 250 = 6.96 m²
Size of footing = √6.96
= 2.6 x 2.6m

Net upward pressure

Wu = Load / Area

86
 = 2373.43 / 2.6 x 2.6
= 315 kN/m²
Ultimate moment

Depth of footing = W x B = Wu kN/m

Bending moment = ( Wu.B ) (B - b)² / 8
= 315 x 2.6 ( 2.6 - 0.3 ) / 8
= 235.46 kNm
Ultimate moment = 1.5 x M
= 1.5 x 235.46
=353.19kNm
Mu = 0.138fck x b x d²
d² = 353.19 x 10⁶ / 0.138 x 25 x 2600
= 198mm
Provide a depth of 250 mm
Assume, cover = 50mm
Overall depth (D) = 300mm
Area of reinforcement

Mu = 0.87fy Ast d (1- (Ast fy / bd fck))

353.19 x 10⁶ = 0.87 x415x Ast x 250 (1- (415 Ast / 2600x 250 x 25 ))
353.19 x 10⁶ = 90262.5 Ast ( 1 – 2.5538 x 10‾⁵ Ast )
353.19 x 10⁶ =90262.5 Ast – 2.305Ast²
2.305 Ast² - 90262.5Ast + 353.19 x 10⁶ = 0
Ast = 4409.43mm²

87
 % of steel = Ast / bd
= 4409.43/ 2600 x 25
= 3.1 % ( from table 20 of IS 456 )
Using 25mm dia bars
No. of bars = 4409.43 / π(25)²/4
=8bars
Spacing = 2600 / 8
=250mm
Provide 25mm dia @ 250mm c/c spacing

Check for one-way shear

Shear force = Wu x B ( [( B - b ) / 2 ] - d )
= 353.19 x 2.6 ([(2.6 - 0.3) / 2 ] - 0.25 )
= 826.46kN
Ultimate = 1.5 x 826.46 = 1239.69 kN
From pg 72,
τv = τu / b x d
= 1239.69 / 2600 x 250
τv = 1.9 N/mm²
Shear strength,
τv = kτc
τc = 3.1
τv < kτc
Hence, safe in shear

88
Check for depth

Vu / bd = kτc
d = 1239.69 / ( 2600 x 1 x 3.1 )
= 153.8 mm
dprov > dreq
Hence ok

Check for two way shear

Width, bo = 300 + (250 / 2) + (250 / 2)

= 550 mm
Net shear force = Wu (B² - bo²)
= 353.19 (2.6² - 0.55²)
= 2280.72 kN
Fu = 1.5 x2280.72
= 3421.086 kN
from pg 57, cl 31.6.2, τv = Fu / (4 x bo x d)
= (3421.086 x 10³) / (4 x 550 x 250)
= 0.622 N/mm²
ks = 0.5 + Bc
= 0.5 + 1
= 1.5 ksmax =1
τc = 0.25√fck = 0.25 √25

89
= 1.25 N/mm²
ksτc = 1.25 x 1 = 1.25N/mm²
τv < τc
Hence, safe in two way shear

FIG 5.6

90
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

The planning and analysis of a hospital building are critical to ensuring its functionality,
safety, and durability. By utilizing advanced tools like AutoCAD and [Link], the
following outcomes were achieved:
1. Efficient Design Process: AutoCAD facilitated the creation of detailed
architectural and structural plans, ensuring the layout adhered to the required
functional and spatial standards for a hospital environment.
2. Accurate Structural Analysis: [Link] enabled precise modeling and
analysis of structural components, ensuring the building could withstand
anticipated loads, including dead, live, and environmental loads such as wind and
seismic forces.
3. Optimized Structural Elements: Through [Link], the structural design
was optimized for material efficiency, ensuring cost-effective construction
without compromising safety and performance.
4. Regulatory Compliance: The planning and analysis adhered to relevant codes
and standards, ensuring compliance with building regulations and healthcare-
specific requirements.
5. Improved Decision-Making: The integration of AutoCAD and [Link]
provided a comprehensive approach to evaluating design alternatives, enabling
better decision-making during the planning phase.
6. Sustainability Considerations: The analysis supported the incorporation of
sustainable design features, such as efficient use of resources and energy-saving
systems.
In conclusion, the integration of AutoCAD for planning and [Link] for structural
analysis provided a robust framework for designing a hospital building that meets
functional, structural, and regulatory requirements while ensuring safety, efficiency,
and sustainability. This methodology proves to be a reliable approach for addressing the
complexities involved in modern hospital construction.

91
 CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES
1. Sakthi Kumar Gupta, Lt Col Sunil Kant, R Chandrasekhar, Sidhartha Satpathy –
MODERN TRENDS IN PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF HOSPITALS Principles
and Practice.
2. Bousmaha Baiche, Nicholas Waliman, ‘Ernst and Peter Neufert Archiect’s Data-
School of Architecture, Oxford Brookes University
3. B. C. Punmia – Comprehensive RCC Design
4. B.C. Punmia – Limit state design of reinforced concrete.
5. M. Chakraborti - Estimating, costing, specification & valuation in civil engineering
6. [Link] Pillai, Devdas Menon – Reinforced concrete design
7. S. Ramamrutham – Design of reinforced concrete structures.
8. S. Ramamrutham – Theory of structures.
9. National Building Code (2005).
[Link] nadu Municipality Building Rules (2013).
[Link] public work department- Delhi schedule of rates (2014)
12.[Link]
[Link] 456:2000 - Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete
[Link] 875 (Part 1, 2, 3):1987 - Code of practice for design loads for buildings and
structures
15.1893 (Part 1):2002 - Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures.
16. IS 3370:1967 – Code of practice for concrete structures for the storage of liquids
17. IS 13920:1993 – Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to
seismic forces – Code of practice
18. SP 34:1987-Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing
19. SP 16:1980 - Design aids (for reinforced concrete) to IS 456-1978.

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