ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF

SHOPPING MALL

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

T.M.ANJANADEVI 170601008
S.ANURADHA 170601010
G.DHIVYA 170601026
R.HARINE 170601039

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

CHENNAI.
ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025
DECEMBER 2020
 ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “ ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF

SHOPPING MALL” is the bonafide work of “T.M.ANJANADEVI
(170601008), S.ANURADHA (170601010), G.DHIVYA (170601026),
R.HARINE (170601039)” who carried out the project work under my
supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr. A. Rose Enid Teresa, Mrs.M.Hemavathy,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Professor, Assistant professor,

Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,

Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Rajalakshmi Engineering College,

Chennai. Chennai.

Submitted for the project viva voice examination held on ______________ at

Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, Chennai-602 105.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 ABSTRACT

In this project planning, analysis and structural design

has been done for a commercial building of shopping mall
based on all Indian Standard Codes of practice. Detailing
drawings pertaining to the structural design of shopping mall
are presented.

Analysis of the structure was done using STAAD Pro V8i.

All the structural members like slabs, beams, columns

and footings are designed using Indian Standard Code IS 456-
2000, IS-875 and design aid SP-16. The structural components
are designed by limit state method.

Materials were used as specified by National Building

Code. Concrete M25 grade and Fe415 steel bars were
considered for all the design. Brick walls are worked in C.M
1:5 mix 230 mm thick.

The mall is built with almost all the amenities required for
the people to get entertained in their busy schedule. This structure
is going to be designed with the view that all the entertainment
facilities should be made available under one roof. The overall plot
area of the mall is 40,000 sq ft. and the built area is around 30,000
sq ft.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my profound gratitude to our Chair Person Dr.

THANGAM MEGANATHAN and Vice Chairman Mr. ABHAY SHANKAR

for creating an ideal environment for us to do our project. I would like to convey

my deep regards to Dr. S.N. MURUGESAN, Principal for giving us the

permission to do the project and to explore knowledge.

I would like to express my sincere and heartfelt thanks to our Dean Dr. M.

SELVAKUMAR and the Head of the Department Dr. A. ROSE ENID

TERESA for extending their exemplary guidance and constant support

throughout the project.

I would like to express my grateful thanks to Mrs. M. HEMAVATHY,

our Project Supervisor for giving valuable thoughts and ideas throughout the

project. We also thank our Project Coordinator Mrs. V.J. VEDHANAYAGHI,

Assistant Professor for his valuable comments. I would like to thank our beloved

parents for providing us the financial support to our project. We extend our

heartfelt thanks to all civil departments both Teaching and non-teaching staff

members and finally I am glad to thank our beloved friends for their support,

directly or indirectly, during the tenure of our project course.

 LIST OF SYMBOLS

A – Area
Ag – Gross section of section
As – Area of flexural steel
Asc – Area of compression steel
Ast – Area of tension Steel
Asv – Area of vertical stirrup
Av – Area of vertical stirrup
b – Width of a section
bf – Width of flange
bw – Width of web
c – Distance of neutral axis from compression surface
d – Effective depth of a section
D – Overall depth of a section
Df – Depth of flange
e – Eccentricity
E – Modulus of elasticity
fck –Compressive strength of concrete – IS 456:2000
fs – Stress in tension steel
fy – Tensile strength of steel – IS 456:2000
k – Effective length factor for columns
L – Length of a section
l – Length of column
leff – Effective length of a section
lu – Unsupported length of column
Mu – Factored moment
Mux – Moment about xx-axis
Muy – Moment about yy-axis
Pt – Percentage of steel

P – Unfactored concentrated load

Po – Axial strength of a concentrically loaded column
Pu – Factored axial load
r – Radius of gyration
St – Tie spacing
Sv – Spacing for vertical stirrups
Vus – Shear to be resisted by stirrup
Xu – Neutral axis depth
α – ratio of stiffness
β – Reinforcement ratio
ε – Strain
εt – Tensile strain
ζ – Shear stress of concrete
λ – Slenderness ratio
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG.NO DRAWINGS PAGE

NO.

1.5 LOCATION 3

2.3.1 GROUND FLOOR PLAN 8

2.3.2 FIRST FLOOR PLAN 9

2.3.3 SECOND FLOOR PLAN 9

2.4 ELEVATION 10

3.2.1 STAAD.Pro RENDERING VIEW 15

3.2.2 SHEARFORCE 16

3.2.3 BENDING MOMENT ALONG Y AXIS 17

3.2.4 BENDING MOMENT ALONG Z AXIS 18

4.2.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF SLAB 34

4.3.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF BEAM 38

4.4.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF COLUMN 42

4.5.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING DESIGN OF

46
FOOTING

4.7.3 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF LINTEL AND 54

SUNSHADE
4.8.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF STAIR CASE 59

4.9.3 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF SEPTIC TANK 62

 TABLE OF CONTENT

S. No TITLE PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 OBJECTIVES 1
1.3 SCOPE 1
1.4 SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY 2
1.5 LOCATION 2
2 PLANNING 4
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.2 REGULATIONS OF NATIONAL BUILDING 6
CODE OF INDIA
2.3 PLAN 8
2.4 ELEVATION 11
2.5 LAYOUT 12
3 ANALYSIS 14
3.1 GENERAL 14
3.2 ANALYSIS REPORT 15
4 DESIGN 27
4.1 STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS 27
4.2 SLAB 27
4.2.1 DEFINITION 28
4.2.2 TYPES OF SLAB 28
4.2.3 DESIGN 28
4.2.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF SLAB 34
4.3 BEAM 35
4.3.1 DEFINITION 35
 4.3.2 TYPES OF BEAM 35
4.3.3 DESIGN 36
4.3.4STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF BEAM 38
4.4 COLUMN 39
4.4.1 DEFINITION 39
4.4.2 DESIGN 40
4.4.3 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF 42
COLUMN
4.5 FOOTING 43
4.5.1 DEFINITION 43
4.5.2 TYPES OF FOOTING 43
4.5.3 DESIGN 43
4.5.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF 46
FOOTING
4.6 LINTEL 47
4.6.1 DEFINITION 47
4.6.1 TYPES OF LINTEL 47
4.6.2 DESIGN OF LINTEL 47
4.7 SUNSHADE 50
4.7.1 DEFINITION 50
4.7.2 DESIGN OF SUNSHADE 50
4.7.3 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF 54
LINTEL AND SUNSHADE
4.8 STAIR CASE 55
4.8.1 DEFINITION 55
4.8.2 TYPES OF STAIR CASE 55
4.8.3 DESIGN 55
4.8.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF 59
 STAIRCASE
4.9 DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK 60
4.9.1 DEFINITION 60
4.9.2 DESIGN 60
4.9.3 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF 62
SEPTIC TANK

5 ESTIMATION 63
5.1 DEFINITION 63
5.2 TYPES OF ESTIMATION 63
5.3 APPROXIMATE ESTIMATION 64

6 CONCLUSION 66
7 REFERENCE 67
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
This project deals with the design of planning, analysis and designing of a
Shopping mall. A Shopping Mall is a building designed for entertaining the
people.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
• Planning of shopping building with proper ventilation and sunlight.
• Analysis of frame by STAAD Pro.
• Designing of all structural members based on limit state method of
design.
• Designing of other miscellaneous structures like septic tank by working
stress method.
• To suggest a cost effective building.
1.3 SCOPE
• Design of slab by using limit state method.
• Preliminary design of beam and slab is done to adopt the beam and
column size for the respective designs.
• Analysis of frame is done using STAAD Pro V8i
• Design of beam is done as per IS code.
• Design of column is done according to SP-16.
• Design of footing is done by using limit state method.
• Design of dog-legged and open wall staircase.
• Design of septic tank as per NBC requirements.

1
1.4 SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY
Selection of plot is very important for building a shopping mall. Site should
be in good place where there is community and service is convenient but not so
closed that becomes a source of inconvenience or noisy. The conventional
transportation is important not only because of present needs but for the retention
of property value in future closely related to are transportation, shopping,
facilities also necessary. One should observe the road condition whether there is
indication of future development or not in case of undeveloped area.
The factor to be considered while selecting the building site are as follows:-
• Access to park & playground.
• Agriculture polytonality of the land.
• Availability of public utility services, especially water, electricity
& sewage disposal.
• Contour of land in relation to the building cost and cost of land.
• Distance from places of work.
• Ease of drainage.
• Location with respect to Shopping Mall, college & public
buildings.
• Nature of use of adjacent area.
• Transport facilities.
• Wind velocity and direction.
1.5 LOCATION:
• JAK City is a place which is suitable for construction of shopping mall.
• Its location is very close to IT park, educational institution, travel hubs, industries etc…
• The size of the area is approximately 40000 sq ft
• This city is located near Avadi.
• Avadi is one of the fastest developing locations situated about 23 km North west of
Chennai.

2
3
 CHAPTER 2

PLANNING

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

• Brunner and Mason (1968): investigated the importance of driving time
upon the preferences of consumers towards regional shopping centers.
They expressed that although it is recognized that population, purchasing
power, population density, newspaper circulation, and other factors are
influential in determining the shopping habits of consumers, a factor which
is generally overlooked is the driving time required to reach the center. In
this study, it was established that the driving time required to reach a center
is highly influential in determining consumer shopping center preferences.
The most consistent and significant driving time dimension in delineating

• Huff (1964 and 1966): concluded that the comparative size of the centers
and the convenience of access were the primary characteristics that
consumers sought when choosing a shopping center to visit.
• Cox and Cooke (1970): determined customer preference for shopping
centers and the importance of driving time. The authors concluded that
location and attractiveness are important determinants of consumer
shopping center preferences.
• Mehrabian and Russell (1974): noted that the response that store
atmosphere elicits from consumers, varies along three dimensions of
pleasantness, arousal and dominance.
• Kang and Kim (1999): also conducted surveys at three malls in San
Diego, Cleveland and Atlanta to examine the impact of ‘entertainment as
motivation for shopping.’ Their survey asked mall patrons to rate.
• ULI–the Urban Land Institute, Michael D. Beyard, Mary Beth
Corrigan, Anita Kramer, Michael Pawlukiewicz, and Alexa Bach: In
addition to having possible code problems, many building systems are not
4
 sized adequately for current demands; serviceable but aging systems have
been known. To literally fall apart when worked on extensively. Water,
gas, electrical, fire sprinkler, Sewer, and smoke-control systems may not
withstand extensive rework without overall reconstruction. It is crucial to
assess building systems and utility demands, and to work with utility
companies early many older malls predate current standards for hazardous
materials, such as asbestos. These materials can be difficult to discover
before construction starts. Hazardous-materials abatement is expensive and
time-consuming. Unfortunately, if abatement is needed, it is likely to take.
• Sonia Longjam1, S. Aravindan: As traffic congestion reaches crisis
proportions in many locations, the vaunted convenience of mall shopping
is disappearing. Most malls can be reached by only one means—the
automobile—and, in more and more metropolitan areas, this puts them at
a disadvantage in relation to locations that are walkable or linked to public
transit, and that offer more multidimensional urban environments. While
it’s probably true that most customers will always drive to the mall, their
busy lives are reducing the time they are willing to spend shopping.
2.1.1 General
A building should be planned to make it comfortable economical and to
meet all requirements. All the requirements should be taken up and the number
of alternative proposal should be prepared. On comparing its advantage and
disadvantage the best one should be adopted. Planning mainly depends upon the
climatic condition.
2.1.2 Orientation
The next step is orientation of the shopping complex building, which means
fixing the direction of the building in such a way than it derives maximum benefit
from sun, air and nature. In some places orientation of the shopping complex is
not at the choice of the designer because a limited area is only allotted.

5
2.1.3 Ventilation
Unless there are windows reaching the top of the wall and capable of being
opened, ventilators are necessary near the top of the wall. The ventilators should
be regularly distributed in the same way as windows.

2.2 REGULATIONS OF NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

The National Building code of India is a single document in which, like a
network, the information contained in various Indian Standards is woven into a
pattern of continuity and cogency with the interdependent requirements of
sections carefully analysed and fitted into make the whole document a cogent
continuous volume.
A continuous thread of ‘preplanning’ is woven which, in itself, contributes
considerably to the economies in construction particularly in building and
plumbing services.
2.2.1 Plinth Regulations
No plinth or any part of the building should be less than 30cm above the
determined level of:
• The center part of abutting street.
• The foot path of the abutting street.
• The highest part of the service lane which determines the drainage of
the premises.
• Any portion of the ground within 3m distance of such a building.
• Undulating or slopping land 1.2m above the drainage or country water
level.
2.2.2 Rest Room
• The height of the water closets measure from the surface of the floor to
the lowest point to the ceiling shall not be less than 2m.
• The area of water closet shall be 1.1m with the minimum width of 0.9m.
• It should have a ventilator opening to the shaft of open pace of area not

6
 less than 0.3m2 with side not less than 0.3m.
2.2.3 Parapet Wall
• Parapet walls and handrails provided on the edge of roof terrace shall
not be less than 1.05m and not more than 1.2m in height from finished
floor level.
2.2.4 Boundary Wall
• Except from with special permission of the authority, the maximum
height of the compound wall shall be 1.5m above the centre line of the
front street.
• Compound wall up to 2.4m height may be permitted if the top 0.9m is
of the open type, the construction of the design is to be approved by the
authority.
• In case of corner plot, the height of the boundary wall shall be restricted
to 0.75m for a length of 10m on the front and side of the intersections
and the balance height of 0.75m if required in accordance with open type
constructions and the design is to be approved by the authority.
2.2.5 Septic Tank
• Septic tank has minimum width of 75cm, a minimum depth of 1m below
the water level and the minimum liquid capacity of 1m3.
• The length of the tank shall be 3 to 4 times the width.
• The ventilation pipe shall have extend to a height on which would cause
to smell nuisance to any building in that area.
2.2.6 Stair case
• For shopping complex building the minimum width of stair case is 1.2m
• The rise should not be more than 200 mm and the tread should not be
less than 200mm.

7
2.3 PLAN:

2.3.1 GROUND FLOOR PLAN

8
2.3.2 FIRST FLOOR PLAN

2.3.3 SECOND FLOOR PLAN

9
2.4 ELEVATION

10
2. 5 LAYOUT

2.5.1 BEAM LAYOUT

11
2.5.2 COLUMN LAYOUT:

12
2.5.3 SLAB LAYOUT:

13
 CHAPTER 3
ANALYSIS

3.1 GENERAL

The analysis of the structure that is determination of the internal forces like
bending moment, shear force, etc. in the component members, for which these
members have to be designed, under the action of given external loads. This
process requires the knowledge of structural mechanics which includes
mechanics of rigid bodies (i.e. mechanics of forces), mechanics of deformable
bodies (i.e. mechanics of deformations) and the theory of structures (i.e. the
science dealing with response of structural system to external loads). A brief
review is taken of structural analysis to refresh the basic principles.

3.2 ANANLYSIS REPORT

The bending moments in the beam and columns of a substitute frame may be
computed by STAAD. Pro

3.2.1 STAAD. Pro ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

BUILDING PLAN:

14
RENDERING VIEW :
3D VIEW OF STRUCTURE:

Basic Load Cases

Number Name

15
 1 DEAD LOAD
2 LIVE LOAD

Combination Load Cases

Comb Combination L/C

Primary Primary L/C Name Factor
. Name
COMBINATION
3 1 DEAD LOAD 1.50
LOAD CASE 3
2 LIVE LOAD 1.50

SHEARFORCE DIAGRAM:

16
BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM(Y-DIRECTION):

17
BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM (Z-DIRECTION):
18
BEAM DESIGN RESULT

19
20
21
22
23
COLUMN DESIGN RESULT :

24
25
26
27
 CHAPTER 4

DESIGN

STRUCTURAL DESIGN:

Structural design is an art and science of understanding the behaviour of

structural members subjected to loads and designing them with economy and
elegance to give a safe, serviceable and durable structure

4.1 STRUCTURAL COMPONETS:

• Design of slab
• Design of beam
• Design of column
• Design of footing
• Design of staircase
• Design of lintel
• Design of sunshade
• Design of septic tank

28
 4.2 SLAB

4.2.1 DEFINITIONS
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings.
Horizontal slabs of steel reinforced concrete, typically between 100 and 500
millimeters thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while
thinner slabs are also used for exterior paving.
4.2.2 TYPES OF SLAB
1. One way slab
An one way slab is a simply a very wide beam that’s span between supports.
A rectangular reinforced concrete slab which spans a distance very much greater
in one direction than the other; under these conditions, most of the load is carried
on the shorter span.
Ly/Lx > 2
2. Two way slab
A concrete lab supported by beams along all four edges and reinforced with
steel bar arranged perpendicularly.
• A concrete floor slab in which the main reinforcement runs in two direction
• Rectangular reinforced concrete slab having a span on long side.
Ly/Lx < 2

4.2.3 DESIGN OF SLAB

GIVEN DATA:
Clear span = 4.9x 3.4 m
Wall thickness = 230 mm
Imposed load = 5 KN/m2
Weight of weathering coarse = 1 KN/m2
Use M20 and Fe415 grade steel.
SIDE RATIO:
LY/LX = 4.9/3.4 = 1.44<2

29
Hence the slab is to be designed as TWO WAY SLAB.
DEPTH REQUIRED FOR STIFFNESS:
Clear span = 3.4m
From IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1
Basic value as L/d ratio for two way slab = 28
For Fe415 steel
Assume Modification Factor = 1.2
d = Clear span
MF x BV
= 3400
1.2 x 28
= 101.2 mm say 105 mm
Minimum clear cover for slab = 15 mm
Use 10mm diameter bars as main reinforcement in both direction.
Effective cover = 15+10/2 = 20mm
Over all depth, D = 105+20 = 125 mm
dx = 125 – 20 = 105 mm
dy = 105 – 10 = 95 mm

EFFECTIVE SPAN:
Least of the follows
Shorter span:
• C/C distance of support = 3.4+0.23 = 3.63 m
• Clear span + Eff depth = 3.4+0.105 = 3.505 m
leff (x) = 3.505 m
Longer span:
• C/C distance of support = 4.9+0.23 = 5.13 m
• Clear span + Eff depth = 4.9+0.105 = 5.005 m
leff (y)= 5.005 m

30
 LOAD CALCULATION:
Imposed load = 5 KN/m2
Weight of weathering coarse = 1 KN/m2
Self weight of slab = 1x1x0.125x25 = 3.125 KN/m2
Total load = 9.125 KN/m2
Considered 1m width of slab
W = 9.125 x 1 = 9.125 KN/m
Design load (Wu) = 9.125 x 1.5 = 13.7 KN/m
SHEAR FORCE:
Shear force, Vu = Wu lx/2
= 13.7 x 3.4/2
Vu = 23.3 KN
BM CO-EFFICIENT:
ly/ lx= 5.005/3.4 = 1.47
Condition: Two adjacent edges discontinuous.
From table 26 of IS 456-200
Shorter span:
Positive BM co-efficient at mid span, αx1 = 0.0568
Negative BM co-efficient at support, αx2 = 0.0771
Longer span:
Positive BM co-efficient at mid span, αy1 = 0.035
Negative BM co-efficient at support, αy2 = 0.047
DESIGN OF BENDING MOMENT:
Shorter span:
Mux1 = αx1 wulx2= 0.054 x 13.7 x 3.5052 = 9.1 KN-m
Mux2 = αx2 wulx2= 0.073 x 13.7 x 3.5052 = 12.3 KN-m
Longer span:
Muy1 = αy1 wulx2= 0.035 x 13.7 x 3.5052 = 5.9 KN-m
Muy2 = αy2 wulx2= 0.047 x 13.7 x 3.5052 = 7.9 KN-m

31
EFFECTIVE DEPTH REQURIED FOR STRENGTH:
Max BM = Mu limit
Mux2 = 0.36 fck b xumax (d−0.416 xumax )
[ From IS 456 – 2000 xumax = 0.48d ]
12.3 x 106 = 0.36x20x1000x0.48d(d-0.416x0.48d)
d = 11.56x106/3.46x1000
=62 mm < 105 mm
Hence the section is safe.
MIDDLE STRIP REINFORCEMENT:
Width of strip:
Shorter span = ¾ x 5.005 = 3.753 m
Longer span = ¾ x 3.505 = 2.63 m
Shorter span:
Mid span reinforcement:
Mux1 = 0.87 fy Astx1 dx – fy Astx1
/fck b

9.1 x 106 = 0.87x415xAstx1 105− 415xAstx1

/25x1000
5.99Astx12 – 37910Astx1+9.1 x 106 = 0
Astx1 = 218 mm2
Support reinforcement:
Mux2 = 0.87 fy Astx2 dx – fy Astx2
/fck b

12.3 x 106 = 0.87x415xAstx2 105− 415xAstx2

/25x1000
5.99Astx22 – 37910Astx2+12.3 x 106 = 0
Astx2 = 322 mm2
Longer span:
Mid span reinforcement:
Muy1 = 0.87 fy Asty1 dy – fy Asty1/fck b
32
 5.9 x 106 = 0.87x415xAsty1 95− 415xAsty1 /
25x1000
5.99Asty12 – 37910Asty1+5.9 x 106 = 0
Asty1 = 186 mm2
Support reinforcement:
Muy2 = 0.87 fy Asty2 dy – fy Asty2
/fck b
7.9 x 106 = 0.87x415xAsty2 95− 415xAsty2/
25x1000
5.99Asty22 –37910Asty2+7.9 x 106 = 0
Asty2 = 208mm2
Ast minimum:
Ast minimum = 0.12 x 110 x 1000 = 150 mm2
100
SPACING OF BARS:
Use 10mm diameter bars as main reinforcement.
Shorter span:
S1 = π/4 x 102 x 1000 = 360 mm say 300 mm
218
S2 = π/4 x 102 x 1000 = 236 mm say 300 mm
332
Longer span:
S3 = π/4 x 102 x 1000 = 422 mm say 300 mm
186
S4 = π/4 x 102 x 1000 = 377 mm say 300 mm
208
Maximum permitted spacing:
Least of as follows
3d (or) 300 mm
3x105 = 315 mm
Provide 10 mm diameter bar at 300 mm C/C in shorter span and longer span as main
33
Reinforcement.

Astpro = π/4 x 102 x 1000 = 262 mm2

300

EDGE STRIP REINFORCEMENT:

Use 8mm diameter bar
Astmin = 150 mm2
Spacing:
S = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 335 mm
150
Maximum permitted spacing:
Least of as follows
5d (or) 450 mm
5x105 = 525 mm
Provide 8 mm diameter bar at 335 mm C/C spacing as edge strip reinforcement.
TORSIONAL REINFORCEMENT:
Length of the torsional reinforcement = 1/5xclear span
= 1/5x3.205
= 0.62 m
Area of steel required = ¾ x (Ast)short
= ¾ x262
= 196 mm2
Provide 2 layers of 8mm diameter bars as torsional reinforcement.
CHECK FOR STIFFNESS:
Astpro = 262 mm2
Percentage of steel = 262x 100/1000x105 = 0.32%

From table of IS 456-2000

FS = 0.58 x 415 x 262 = 228 N/mm2
MF = 1.6 [from graph]

34
DEPTH REQUIRED FOR STIFFNESS:
dreq = leff = 3505
BVxMF 28x1.8
= 69.55 mm < 105 mm
Hence the section is safe against stiffness.
4.2.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF SLAB

35
4.3 BEAM

4.3.1 DEFINITION
Horizontal or inclined structural member spanning a distance between
one more supports, and carrying vertical loads across its longitudinal axis as a
girder, joist, purlin, or rafter.
4.3.2TYPES OF BEAM:
• Cantilever Beam
A cantilever beam is one whose one end is fixed and the other end
carries a point or concentrated load.
• Simply Supported Beam
A simply supported beam is one which carries two reaction forces at it

two ends and a point load at its mid-point.

• Overhanging Beam

It is a type of simply supported beam which overhangs from its

supports. An overhanging beam may overhang on one side only or on both
sides of the supports.
• Rigidly Fixed or Built-In-Beam
It is a type of beam in which both ends are fixed and carries a point load
at its centre.

• Continuous Beam
It is a type of overhanging beam which consists of a numerous reaction
forces and point load

36
4.3.3 DESIGN OF BEAM
SIZE OF BEAM:
Assume breadth of beam, b = 300 mm
Depth of beam, d = 4850 = 404 mm
12
Clear span = 4.6 m
Wall thickness = 230 mm
Effective cover = 20+20/2 = 30 mm
Over all depth, D = 420 +30 = 450 mm

Use M25 and Fe415 grade steel.

EFFECTIVE SPAN:
Least of the follows
• C/C distance of support = 4.85+0.23 = 5.08 m
• Clear span +Eff depth = 4.85+0.4 = 5.25 m
leff= 5.08 m

LOAD CALCULATION:
Slab load ={4.9+1.8 x 1.55 x 12.18}
2
= 63.29 KN
Load per m length = 63.29/4.85
= 13.1 KN/m
Beam load = 0.3x0.4x25x1
= 3 KN/m
Self weight of wall =14.5KN/m
Total load = 30.7 KN/m
Factored load,Wu =46 KN/m
37
BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE:
Mu = Wl2/8
= (46x5.132)/8
= 151.2KNm
Vu = Wl/2
= (46x5.13)/2
= 118 KN

TYPE OF BEAM:
Mulim = 0.138 x fck x b x d2
= 0.138 x 25 x 300 x 4202
= 182.57KNm
Mu < Mulim
Section is said to be singly reinforced beam.

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS:
Mu = 0.87 fyAst dx – fyAst
/fck b

151.2 x 106 = 0.87x415x Ast 420 − 415xAst/

25x420x1000
5.99 Ast2 – 37910Ast+ 151.2 x 106 = 0
Ast = 1589.7 mm2
Provide 4 no’s of 20 mm diameter bars as main reinforcement.
HANGER REINFORCEMENT:
Astn = 20% of Ast provided
= (20/100)x1589.7 = 317.9mm2
Provided 12mm diameter bar.
No. of. bar = 317.9= 2.8Nos say 3 Nos
π/4x122
Provide 2 no’s of 12 mm diameter bars as hanger reinforcement.
38
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT:
𝜏v = 118 103 = 0.93 N/mm2
300X420
Ptmax = 0.856%

𝜏c = 0.583 N/mm2
𝜏v> 𝜏c
Hence provide shear reinforcement.
Vus = Vu - 𝜏cbd
= 118 x103 - (0.523x300x420)
= 52 KN
Sv = 333 mm
Spacing limit:
0.75d = 0.75x420 = 315 mm
Say 300 mm
Provided 6mm diameter 2 legged vertical stirrups @ 300 mm C/C distance as a shear
Reinforcement.
4.3.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF BEAM

39
4.4 COLUMN

4.4.1 DEFINITION

A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a vertical

structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure
above to other structural elements below.

Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the

upper parts of walls or ceilings rest. In architecture, “column” refers to such a
structural element that also has certain proportional and decorative features.

TYPES

• Uniaxial column:
The column having axial lad acted in such a way that it is eccentric about
one axis of the plane column then it is called uni-axial column

• Biaxial column:
If the load is eccentric about both the axes in the plane of column then it
is called biaxial column

40
4.4.2 DESIGN OF COLUMN
DESIGN UNIAXIAL COLUMN

B = 300 mm

D = 500 mm

Pu = 909 x 103 kN
𝑙 𝐷
emin = 500 + 30
> 20 mm

6000 500
= +
500 30

= 28.33 > 20 mm

Hence it is a uniaxial column

Depth ratio :

Take cover d1 = 40 mm
𝑑 40
=
𝐷 500

= 0.08

Moment :

Mu = pu x e min

= (909 x 103) x 28.33

= 25.7 x 106 Nmm

Load factor:
pu 909 x 103
= 25 x 300 x 500
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑

= 0.303

Moment factor :
Mu 25.7 x 106
=
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑 2 25 x 300 x 5002

41
 = 0.017

Area of steel :

Mu = 0.017kNm

pu = 0.303kN
𝑝
= 0.10
𝑓𝑐𝑘

P = 0.10 x 20= 2% of steel

𝐴𝑠𝑐
p= 100 x
𝑏𝑑

𝐴𝑠𝑐
2 = 100 x 300 x 500

Asc = 3000 mm2

Take 25 mm ∅ bars
𝜋
Aφ = 4 x 252 = 490.87 mm2
𝐴sc 3000
No. of. bars= 𝐴φ = = 490.87 = 7 nos

Provide 10 nos 25 mm ∅ longitudinal bars at two facing

Design of lateral ties

Diameter of tie :
1 1
• φ= × 25 = 6.25 mm
4 4

• 16 mm
Adopt 8 mm φ tie bar

Pitch of tie :

• d = 500 mm
• 16 φ mm = 16 × 25 = 400 mm
• 300 mm
Take pitch = 300mm

Provide 8 mm φ lateral tie at 300 mm c/c

42
4.4.3 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF COLUMN

43
 4.5 FOOTING
4.5.1 DEFINITION

In a typical structure built on ground, the part which lies below the ground
is referred to as the substructure or the foundation structure. The purpose of
foundation to effectively support the superstructure. The foundation provided for
a RC column is called as column base or a column footing reinforced concrete
footing are designed to resist the design factored moments and shear force due to
the imposed loads. The area of the footing should be such that the bearing
pressure developed at the base of footing does not exceed the safe bearing
capacity of the soil.

4.5.2 TYPES OF FOOTING

• Isolated footing
• Combined footing
• Wall footing
• Spread footing
• Raft or mat footing
• Strap footing
• Cantilever footing
• Pile footing

4.5.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN FOOTING

GIVEN DATA:
Size of column = 300x450 mm
Safe bearing capacity of soil = 300 KN/m2
Use M25 and Fe415 steel.
LOAD CALCULATION:
44
 Load = 852 KN
Add 10% of load for self weight of footing = 10 x 852 = 85.2 KN
100
Total load = 852+85.2
= 937.2 KN
SIZE OF FOOTING:
Area of footing = 937.2
200x1.5
B2 = 3.2 m2
B = 1.76 m say 1.8 m
Size of footing = 1.8x1.8 m
TO FIND BM:
Net upward soil pressure = 572 = 289.3 KN/m2
1.8x1.8
Projection of footing from the face of column = 1.8 – 0.3 = 0.75 m
2
BENDING MOMENT:
Mx = My = Pul2/2 = 289x0.752 = 81.28 KNm
2
EFFECTIVE DEPTH REQUIRED:
Shear force per meter width, Vu1 = 255(0.60-d)
Ʈc = 255(0.6-d)
1000xd
d = 250 mm
Provide 16 mm diameter bars with cover of 50 mm
D = 250+(16/2)+50
D = 310 mm
TO FIND Astreq:
81.28 x 106 = 0.87x415x Ast 250(1− (415Ast /
25x250x1000))
5.99 Ast2 – 37910 Ast+81.28 x 106 = 0
Ast = 1150 mm2
45
 Provide 16 mm diameter bars,
Spacing = 315 mm
Provide 7 no’s of 16 mm diameter bars @ c/c spacing of 315 mm.
TO FIND Astmin:
Ast min = 0.12x1000x310 = 372 mm2
100
Provide 12 mm diameter bar,
No. of bar = 372 = 3.281 Nos say 4Nos
π/4 x 12 2

Provide 4 no’s of 12mm diameter bars in both direction.

CHECK FOR SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL :
Soil pressure = Load acting on the footing
Area of footing
= 937.2 = 289.26 KN/m2
1.8x1.8
SBC of soil = 300 KN/m2
289.26 KN/m2 < 300 KN/m
Hence safe against safe bearing capacity of soil.

46
4.5.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF FOOTING

47
 4.6 LINTEL
4.6.1 DEFINITION:
A lintel is a beam placed across the openings like doors, windows etc. in
buildings to support the load from the structure above. The width of lintel beam
is equal to the width of wall, and the ends of it is built into the wall. Lintels are
classified based on their material of construction.
4.6.2 TYPES OF LINTEL:

• Timber lintel

• Stone lintel

• Brick lintel

• R.C.C lintel

• Steel lintel

4.6.3 DESIGN OF LINTEL

DATA:
Clear opening = 1500mm.
Assume size of lintel = 300x230mm
Use M25 & Fe415 steel
EFFECTIVE DEPTH:
Overall depth, D = 230mm
Clear cover = 20mm
Using 8mm diameter bar
Effective cover, d’ = 20+8/2 = 24mm
Effective depth, d = 230-24 = 206mm
EFFECTIVE SPAN:
Least of as follows
1) C/C distance of beaming = 1.5+0.15 = 1.65m
2) Clears point effective depth = 1.5+0.206 = 1.706m
48
 leff = 1.65m
Height of wall above the lintel, h = 670mm
Height of equilateral triangle = 0.866l
= 0.866x1.65
= 1.43m
h < 0.866l
Since the height of wall above the lintel is less than the height of equilateral triangle. So,
rectangular portion of masonry loading has to be considered in the design.
LOAD CALCULATION:
Length of roof slab with in the triangular portion, a = 703mm.
Height of masonry above lintel = 0.3x0.67x1.65x19 = 6.30KN.
Self weight of lintel = 0.3x0.23x1.65x25.
= 2.85KN.
Total load = 6.15KN.
Design load(W1) = 6.15x1.5 = 9.225KN.
Load from the slab on the mid length (W2) =12kN/m.
MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT:
BM = W1l + W2 a (2l – a)
8 8
= 9.225x1.65 + 12x0.703(2x1.65-0.703)
8 8
= 1.91 + 2.75
= 4.66 KNm
EFFECTIVE DEPTH REQUIRED FOR STRENGTH:
BM = Mulimit.
4.66x106=0.36x25x300x0.48d (d-0.416x0.48d)
d = 4.66x106/1037.22
= 68mm < 206mm.
Hence ok.
TO FIND AST:
49
 BM = 0.87fy Ast(d-415Ast/25x300)
4.66x106 = 0.87x415xAst (206 − 415Ast )
25x300
Ast = 65mm2
Provide 2nos at 10mm diameter bar of bottom as main reinforcement and 2nos
of 8mm diameter bar at top as hanger reinforcement.
CHECK FOR SHEAR:
Nominal shear strength Ʈv = Vu/bd
Vu = w1 l /2 + w2 l /2
= (9.225x1.65)/2 + (12x1.65)/2
Vu = 17.51KN
Ʈv = 17.51x103/300x230
= 0.25 N/mm2
PERMISSION SHEAR STRENGTH OF CONCRETE:
Ptmax = 267.12 x 100 = 0.44%
200x206
= 0.44%
Ʈc = 0.36+[0.49-0.36/0.5-0.25]x0.23
Ʈc = 0.48
Ʈv <Ʈc
Since shear reinforcement is not necessary for the lintel beam.
CHECK FOR STIFFNESS:
dreq = leff
BVxMF
leff = 1650 mm
Basic value = 20
Ptmax = 0.44%
Fs = 0.58 x 415 x 65 = 58.57 N/mm2
267.12
Mf = 1 (From graph)
dreq = 1650 = 82.5mm < 206 mm
50
 20x1
Hence the section is safe against stiffness.

4.7 SUNSHADE:

4.7.1 DEFINITION:
A sunshade is a metal louver installed horizontally over a window and/or
vertically in front of a window to prevent the infiltration of solar heat or glare while allowing
daylight views. Initially metal sunshades were called "eyebrows" and simply added an
additional dimension to a relatively flat surface.

4.7.2 DESIGN OF SUNSHADE

GIVEN DATA:
Clear projection = 750 mm
Imposed load = 0.75 KN/m3
Weight of brick masonry = 19 KN/m3
Thickness of wall = 230 mm
Use M25 and Fe415 steel.
DEPTH REQUIRED FOR STIFFNESS:
d= clear span
BV x MF
IS 456-2000
Basic value for cantilever slab = 7
Assume Modification Factor = 1.4
d = 750 = 76.53 mm say 55 mm
7x1.4
Use 8 mm diameter bar
Effective cover = 15+8/2 = 19 mm say 20 mm
Over all depth, D = 55+20 = 75 mm
d = 75 – 20 = 55 mm
51
EFFECTIVE SPAN:
For cantilever slab leff = 0.75 m
LOAD CALCULATION:
Imposed load = 0.75 m
Self weight of slab = 1x1x0.055x25 = 0.14 KN/m2
Total load = 0.89 KN/m2
Consider per m width of slab
W = 0.89x1 = 0.89 KN/m
Design load, Wu = 0.89x1.5 = 1.34 KN/m

Design BM = 1.34x0.752 = 0.38 KNm

2
CHECK FOR ‘d’:
BM = MUlimit
0.38 x 106 = 0.36x25x1000x0.48dx(d – 0.416x0.48d)
d = 0.38x106/2.07x1000
d = 10.48 mm < 55mm
Hence ok.
CALCULATION OF Ast:
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d – fy Ast
Fck b

0.38 x 106 = 0.87x415x Ast 55− 415xAst

25x1000
7.47 Ast2 – 19858 Ast+0.38 x 106 = 0
Ast = 19.25 mm2
Ast minimum:
Astmin = 0.12 x 1000 x 75 = 90 mm2
100
Spacing:
Use 8mm diameter bar

52
 S = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 558.5 mm
90
Maximum permitted spacing:
Least as follows

• 3d (or) 300 mm

• 3x55 = 165 mm
Provide 8 mm diameter bar at 165 mm C/C as main reinforcement.

Ast provide:
Astpro = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 304.6 mm2
165
Ptmax = 304.6 x 100 = 0.55%
1000x55
DISTRIBUTION STEEL:
Use 6mm diameter bar
Astmin = 90 mm2
Spacing:
S = π/4 x 62 x 1000 = 314.2 mm
90
Maximum permitted spacing:
Least as follows

• 5d (or) 450 mm

• 5x55 = 275 mm
Provide 6 mm diameter bar at 275 mm C/C as main reinforcement.
CHECK FOR SHEAR:
Vu = wu l = 1.34x0.75 = 0.503 KN
2 2
Nominal shear force, Ʈc = Vu = 0.503 x 103 = 0.012 N/mm2
bd 750 x 55
From IS 456 – 2000
53
 Ptmax =0. 55%
Ʈc = 0.48+ 0.56 − 0.48 x 0.05 = 0.49 N/mm2
0.75 – 0.5
Ʈcmax = 2.8 N/mm2
K = 1.30
ƮcK = 0.49 x 1.3 = 0.64 N/mm2
0.018 < 0.64 < 2.8 N/mm2
Hence ok.

CHECK FOR STIFFNESS:

Ptmax = 0. 55%
Fs = 0.58 x 415 x 90 = 71.11 N/mm2
304.6
Mf = 2 (From graph)
d = 750 = 53.57 < 55 mm
7x2
Hence the section is safe against stiffness.

54
4.7. 3 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF LINTEL AND SUNSHADE

55
 4.8 STAIR CASE

4.8.1 DEFINITION:
Accessibility between various floors is afforded by various structures
such as stairs, lifts, ramps, ladders and escalators. A stair consists of a number of
steps leading from one floor to another. The main aim of providing stairs is for an
easy and quick access to different floors.
4.8.2 TYPES OF STAIR CASE

• Straight stairs
• Quarter turn stairs
• Dog legged stairs
• Three quarter stairs
• Geometrical stairs
• Bifurcated stairs
• Multiple flight stairs
Straight stairs:

In this type of stairs there is no change in direction or any flight between

successive floors. These stairs may have

• Straight run with a single flight between floors

• Straight run with a series of flights without change in direction.
Quarter turn stairs:

These types of stairs are provided when there is need for change of
direction by 90’. The change in direction may be accompanied by providing
either introducing quarter space landing or by providing winders.
Dog legged stairs:

These types of stairs are provided with change of direction through 180’.
This type of stair is called as half turn stair.

Three quarter stairs:

These type of stairs are provided with change in direction through 270’.
That is the direction is changed three times.

Geometrical stairs:
56
 These stairs have no newel post and may be of any geometrical shape.

The directional changes are a ffected by providing winders.

Bifurcated stairs:

These stairs with a wide flight. This is subdivided after the landing into two
narrow flights from either side of the landing.

Multiple flight stairs:

It is an open well type stair which has four flights each flight turn 90’. It
has an excellent view in a building.

4.9.4 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

GIVEN DATA:
Type =Dog legged
Number of steps =7
Tread, T = 300mm
Rise, R = 150mm
Width of landing = 1250mm
Use M20 and Fe415 Steel.
EFFECTIVE SPAN:
Effective span =(7x300)+230=2330mm
Thickness of waist slab=span/20=2330/20=116.5mm =125mm
Over all depth D =125mm
Effective depth d =100mm

LOAD CALCULATION:
Dead load on slab, WS = 1x0.125x25
= 3.125 KN/m
Dead load on slab on horizontal span is
W=Ws (R2+T2))1/2/T = 3.125 (1502+3002)1/2 /300 =3.6 KN/m
57
Dead load of one step=0.15x.3x25x0.5=0.53
Load of steps per meter length=0.53x103/300=1.9KN/m
Floor Finishers =0.6KN/m
Total dead load = 3.6+1.9+0.6 =6.2KN/m
Live load =5KN/m
Total service load = 6.2+5 =11.2KN/m
Factored load =16.8KN/m

BENDING MOMENT:
Maximum B.M @ center of span is M =0.125 WuL2
=0.125X16.8X2.472
=12.81KN/m
CHECK FOR DEPTH OF WAIST SLAB:
D=[Mu/(0.138 fck b d)]1/2
=[12.81x106/(0.138x25x103)]1/2
D=68.13mm<140mm provided

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS:
MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
Mu = 0.87 fy Astx dx [1– (fy Astx1
Fck b d)]

12.81 x 106 = 0.87x415x Astx1 100− 415xAstx1

100x25x1000
Astx =386mm2
Provide 12 mm diameter bars @200mm c/c
Therefore Ast = 386mm2 as main reinforcement

DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT:
Astmin = 0.12%bD
58
 = (0.12x1000x125)/100
= 150 mm2
Provide 8 mm diameter bars @ 200mm c/c

DESIGN USING SP-16

M u / b d2 =12.81x106 /(1000x1002)
=1.3
using SP-16 of table 2,Pt =0.376
Ast (Pt b d)/100 =0.376x103x100/100
=376mm2
CHECK FOR STIFFNESS:
Percentage of tension steel:
Ptmax = Ast x 100 = 1257 x 100 = 0.93 %
bd 1000x135

Fs = 0.58 x 415 x 1233 = 236 N/mm2

1257
Is 456-2000, clause 23.2.1
Mf = 1.1 (From graph)
d = 3300 = 107 mm < 135 mm
1.1x28
Hence the slab is safe against stiffness.

4.8.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF STAIRCASE

59
60
 4.9 SEPTIC TANK:
4.9.1 DEFINITION:
A septic tank is an underground chamber made of concrete, fiberglass,
or plastic through which domestic wastewater (sewage) flows for basic treatment.
Septic tank systems are a type of simple onsite sewage facility (OSSF). They can
be used in areas that are not connected to a sewerage system, such as rural areas.
DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK
4.9.2 DESIGN:
Septic tank for 100 user.
Design of septic tank:
Assume that whole quantity of water appears as sewage.
Flow of sewage per day =100 x 100 = 10m3
1000
Assume a detention period of 24 hours
24 hours tank capacity required = 10 x 24 = 10m3
24
Sludge storage at 0.0708m3 Capita = 100 x 0.0708 = 7.08 m3
For a cleaning period of 2 years
Total capacity = 10 + 7.08 = 17.08 m3
Add 25% extra for feature expansion = 25/100 x 17.08 = 4.27 m3
Total design capacity = 17.08 + 4.27
= 21.38 m3 say 21.40 m3
Let the depth of liquid be 2m plan
Area of tank = 21.40/2 = 10.7m2
Provide tank of dimension 4 x 2.7m
Plan area = 10.8 m2
Assume free board = 0.4m
Total depth of tank = 2 + 0.4 = 2.4m
The size of the tank = 4 x 2.7 x 2.4
CHECK FOR SPACE:
61
 • Sedimentation volume for a clear space of 0.03m deep
= clear space x surface area
= 0.30 x 10.8 = 3.24 m2

• Scum storage at 0.01 m3 / capita = 100 x 0.01 = 1 m3

• Sludge digestion at 0.028 m3 / capita (0.028 to 0.56 m3)

= 100 x 0.028 = 2.8 m3

• Sludge storage at 0.078 m3 / capita for two years interval (from table)

= 100 x 0.078 = 7.8 m3

Total space = 3.24 + 1 + 2.8 + 7.8
=14.84 m3 against tank capacity of 17.08 m3
Hence design safe.
Alternative from table IV for interval of sludge cleaning once 2 years
L = 4 m,
B = 2.7 m,
Liquid depth = 2m, free board = 0.4m.
Size of tank = 4m x 2.7m x 2.4m
DESIGN OF DISPERSION TRENCH:
Flow of sewage per day = 10 m3
Extra flow taken for feature = 4.27 m3
Expansion
Flow of sewage on the trench = 10 + 4.27 = 14.27 m3
Assume the width of dispersion trench = 1m
Assume a percolation rate = 0.204 m3 / day
Length of trench required = 14.27 x 1 = 69.95 m
0.204
Provide two trenches of each 35 m Length soak pit (Alternative to the Dispersion Trench)
DESIGN OF SOAK PIT:

62
Soak pit or seepage pit could be used instead of dispersion trench this is
simple in construction and would be more suitable for rural area.
Flow of sewage per day = 10 m3
Extra flow taken feature = 4.27 m3
Assume the percolation capacity of the pit as 1.25 m3/day.
Volume of the pit required = 14.27/1.25 = 11.42 m3
Assume the depth of pit as 2.5m below the invert level of the inlet pipe.
Area required = 11.42/2.5 = 4.57 m3
Diameter of the pit = 4 x 4.57/π
= 5.8m
A seepage pit of diameter 5.8 m and 2.5 m deep below the interval of the inlet
pipe may be providing.
4.9.3 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF SEPTIC TANK

63
 CHAPTER 5
ESTIMATION
5.1 DEFINITION:
One of the most crucial components of the construction process, construction
cost estimating is the process of forecasting the expense of building a physical
structure. In order to determine a project's scope and feasibility, project owners
typically use cost estimates to allocate their budget.
5.2 TYPES OF ESTIMATION
• Preliminary Cost Estimate.
• Plinth Area Cost Estimate.
• Cube Rate Cost Estimate.
• Approximate Quantity Method Cost Estimate.
• Detailed Cost Estimate.
• Revised Cost Estimate.
• Supplementary Cost Estimate.
• Annual Repair Cost Estimate.
ADVANTAGES OF ESTIMATION

1. Save Money on Projects

More accurate estimations result in smoother execution of the project. So you

are spared last minute overheads, unforeseen expenditures and blocked working capital.

2. Complete Projects Faster

The right estimation means glitch free, uninterrupted project execution. Projects

get completed faster, better.

3. Convert More Bids

The best way to inspire confidence is show correct, reliable estimations and when
64
you inspire confidence, your bid conversion ratio goes up.

4. Build Stronger Client Relationships

See your client relationships gain a strength marked by confidence and consistency

as you deliver better projects in faster time and at lesser costs.

5. Work Simple
Bid farewell to tedious, complicated and error prone methods with the clean,

user friendly interface offered by ESTIMATE.

6. Be Flexible
Accommodate sudden inputs, last minute information and ongoing developments

with a never before ease as the software brings you highly flexible provisions.

7. Work Together
The software enables collaborative processes. So people in office, at sites and

across locations can share their inputs on an ongoing basis to lend the project a

real time advantage.

TYPE OF ESTIMATION WE USED APPROXIMATE QUANTITY

METHOD COST ESTIMATE:

Before a detailed estimate of the proposed work is to be taken up, it is necessary

to prepare its approximate estimate. An approximate estimate gives an approximate

cost of the work and is prepared on the basis of cost of the similar works carried

out in the past.

65
ADVANTAGES

This estimate is more likely to be accurate and reliable than other methods because

it is based on advanced drawings. BOQ items are used in creating Measurement

Groups. This linking allows the estimate to be closer to the BOQ tender value.

PURPOSE

The primary function of approximate or preliminary estimating is to produce a

forecast of the probable cost of a future project, before the building has been

designed in detail and contract particulars prepared.

5.3 APPROXIMATE ESTIMATION :

S.NO DESCRIPTION QTY UNITS RATE/UNIT AMOUNT

1 Earthwork excavation 200 Cum 900 1,80,000
2 Sand filling 150 Cum 3000 4,50,000
3 Brick work for staircase 4 Cum 3000 12,000
4 Concrete for beam 578 Cum 3500 20,23,000
5 Concrete for column 187 Cum 3500 6,54,500
6 Concrete in foundation 985 Cum 4100 40,38,500
7 Concrete slab 1054 Cum 3500 36,89,000
8 Reinforcement of beam 3230 m 255 8,23,650
9 Reinforcement of 1470 m 255 3,74,850
column
10 Land cost 40,000 Sq ft 4500 18,00,00,000
66
 TOTAL COST 19,22,45,500
11 Engineers and worker 1,92,24,550
cost 10% OF TOTAL COST
12 Labour cost 15% OF TOTAL COST 2,88,36,825
13 Water, electricity and 2,88,36,825
other taxes 15% OF TOTAL COST
OVERALL COST 26,91,43,700

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION:
Thus, the structure has been planned using AutoCAD software. It has been
analysed by STAAD Pro and designed manually as per IS 456:2000. The results
have been verified with the STAAD Pro. From this design project, we gained
knowledge in the design of structural elements such as slab, beam, column and
footing. And also, we got to know about the planning, Analysing, designing and
detailing.

67
 CHAPTER 7

REFERENCE:
▪ Zhengquan (2020), “Investigation and analysis of indoor environment

quality of green and conventional shopping mall building based on

customer’s perception”, Building and Environment, VOL(177), Article 106851.

▪ Is 456-2000 : Plain and reinforced concrete, section 3-general design

consideration(cl:23.0-26.5,pg: 36-50), section 4-special design

requirements for structural members(cl:32.1-34.5,pg: 53-66).

▪ Harvinder Singh & Sanjeev Prashar(2013), “Factors defining shopping

experience : analytical study of Dubai ”, Asian journal of business research,

vol(3),No 1,pp.1-18.

▪ National Building Code – 2005.

▪ Design standards for urban infrastructure shopping centres and other

public urban spaces, Edition 1 Revision 0, page no: 17-4.
▪ Ten Principles for Rethinking the Mall, Page No: 6.
▪ Journal City Walk , page no: 6-8
▪ Design Standards of Shopping Mall, April 1, 2009, page no: 95
▪ IS 875 part 2, Design loads Table 26.
▪ A text book of “Limit State Design of RC Structures”, by Jain, A.K.,
Nemchad Publications, Rourkee.

68
 CE17711 CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE PROJECT

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SHOPPING MALL

Mapping of COs with POs and PSOs
Programme Outcomes: (PO)
Engineering Graduates will be able to:
PO 1:Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO 2:Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO 3:Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
PO 4:Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO 5:Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO 6:The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO 7:Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering
Solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of,
and need for sustainable development.
PO 8:Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO 9:Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member
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or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO 10:Communication:Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with

Engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.
PO 11:Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO 12:Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
On completion of the design project, students will be able to:
CO1 identify the strategies for effective planning and plan the structure or
facility for the topic identified
CO2 identify the loading conditions and the design parameters for which the
structure has to be designed
CO3 apply the theoretical concepts in the actual design and analysis of real
time structures
CO4 analyse the cost estimate of the structure and give a detailed drawing of
the designed structural components
CO5 prepare the project report with all relevant data and present the technical
aspect of the work done

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 MAPPING

CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CE17711.1 3 3 3 3 1 3 2 - 1 2 2 3
CE17711.2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 - 3 3 2 3
CE17711.3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 - 3 3 2 2
CE17711.4 3 3 3 2 - 3 1 - 2 2 1 2
CE17711.5 3 3 3 1 2 3 - - 1 3 1 2
Average 3 3 3 2.2 1.6 3 1.4 - 2 2.6 1.6 2.4

CO PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CE17711.1 3 3 -
CE17711.2 3 3 -
CE17711.3 3 2 3
CE17711.4 3 3 2
CE17711.5 3 3 -
Average 3 2.8 1.0

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