嘉中物理讀書會講義 (一)

嘉義高中第 14 屆科學班
許幃程、林宥余、黃泓穎

March 31, 2025

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 前言

這是嘉義高中物理讀書會講義系列的第一部分，內容包括物奧初選及學科能力競
賽的內容：力學、流體力學與熱學，包含一些物奧複選可能出現的考題形式及內容。
本講義的形式為：重點整理、例題解說以及大量的練習題。若讀者能完整讀熟本講義
並了解所有練習體的解法，相信能輕易通過物奧初選及學科能力競賽校內初賽。另外，
本講義僅提供重點整理，最主要是大量練習題，若有讀到不懂的部分，請搭配普通物
理或是選訓教材使用。本講義全由學生自行編輯，若有錯誤、缺漏或是難度不適合的
部分，請讀者不吝指教。

許幃程、林宥余、黃泓穎
March 31, 2025

參考文獻：
1. Halliday
Halliday and Resnick’s principles
principles of physics
2. 物理學大題典
3. 國家物奧培訓教材

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 Contents

Contents 3

1 微積分 5
1.1 函數與極限 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 微分 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 微積分定理 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 積分技巧 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 微積分表 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.6 微分方程 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.7 偏微分與梯度、散度、旋度 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 剛體移動 7
2.1 常見移動 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 練習題 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3 剛體轉動 13
3.1 轉動介紹 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 角量 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3 轉動慣量 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.4 練習題 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

4 剛體平衡 15
4.1 練習題 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5 剛體振動 17
5.1 練習題 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

6 流體 19
6.1 練習題 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

7 熱學 21
7.1 溫度、熱與第零定律 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
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25

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8.2 剛體移動 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Di spl ay pe rsonal i z ed ads bas ed on your navigati on and your pro l e
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
8.3
Pe rsonal i z e our edi toria 剛體轉動
l c onte nt based on your . .[Link]. [Link]. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
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8.6 熱學 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
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3
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 Chapter 1

微積
1.1 函數與極限
1.1.1 收斂與發散
1.1.2 極限值
1.1.3 介值定理
1.1.4 ϵ − δ 理論
1.2 微分
1.2.1 微分定義
1.2.2 鏈鎖律
1.2.3 常見函數微分

1.3 微積分定理
1.4 積分技巧
1.5 微積分表
1.6 微分方程

We a
1.7 偏微分與梯度 散度 旋度
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We a nd our 31 IAB TCF partne rs store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice f or the f ollowing purpose s: store and/or acce ss inf ormation on a de vice, adve rtising and c onte nt
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 Chapter 2

體移動
2.1 常見移動
物體的運動並不僅取決於瞬間的受得淨力 Fnet ，而與起始條件、以及 Fnet 與位置、速度、時間的關係，
−−→ −−→
−−→
因此可以形成 Fnet 所滿足運動方程式 (Equation of Motion)，透過解運動方程式，得到各個剛體物理量
以時間為參數的表示式。

2.1.1 維移動
首先由定義，我們知道在運動的瞬間，質點的運動參數 x、v 、t、皆滿足下列運動方程
dx
=v ([Link].1)
dt
dv
=a ([Link].2)
dt
上述二式可分別透過變數分離描寫為 
∆x = vdt ([Link].3)

∆v =
 adt ([Link].4)

注意到這是不定積分的形式，而透過給定的初始條件 (例如：初始速度及初始位置) 可以寫成帶有常數的

式子

[Link] 等加速度運動
今有一質點以 v0 為初速度，以 x0 為起始點，並以加速度 a 持續運動，定運動起始時時間 t = 0 單位皆
為 SI 制。
由關於 v 的運動方程
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透過分離變數得到
Pe ca i

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dv = adt
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que nce, you may not see re le vant ads or pe rsonaliz ed c onte nt. v0 ，時間的下界為 0
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v (T )   T
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v = at
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展開後移項得到
r
Thi d Pa rtie s v (T ) = v 0 + aT ([Link].1)

我們得到 v (T ) 以時間為參數的表示式了，
C ustomize Your Ch oices
接著我們觀察 x 的形式，由關於 x 的運動方程
dx
=v
Accept All
dt

Reject All 7
 透過分離變數得到
dx = vdt
vd t
對兩邊同取積分，注意定積分的邊界條件，其中位置的下界為 x0 ，時間的下界為 0，
 x(T )  T  T
dx = vdt = (v0 + at) dt
x0 0 0

x
 x(T )
=
 1
v0 t + at2
 T

x0 2 0

展開後移項得到

x(T ) = x 0 + v0 T +
1 2
aT
 ([Link].2)
2

[Link] 無阻自由落體
如同剛剛的手法設重力場強度 g 、剛體的質量 m 定向下為正、初始位置和速度分別為 x0 和 v0 ，由無阻
的自由落體其淨力為向下的重力 Fnet = mg
dv F
a= = =g
dt m
  dv = gdt

v (T ) + C1 = gT
g T + C2
其中 C1 、C2 是積分常數，透過初始條件我們可以寫出 v 以時間為參數的表示式

v (T ) = v 0 + gT ([Link].1)

又由關於 x 的運動方程
dx
v=
dt
得到   
dx = vdt = (v0 + gt ) dt

1 2
x = x 0 + v0 T + gT ([Link].2)
2
其中當 v0 = 0 且 x0 = 0 時，我們有 x 以時間為參數的表示式
1 2
x= gT ([Link].3)
2
這樣的手法其實是透過一個 v 的參數來推導 x 與 t 的關係，當然 v 也是討論項目之一，但其實自由落體
運動可更簡化為一運動方程式
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[Link] ay store and acce ss i nf ormati on on your de vice such as IP addre ss and de vice charac te ri stic s . Our IAB TCF Partne rs may proce ss thi s

pe rsonal data on the basis of legitimate inte re st, or with your c onse nt. You may change or withdraw your prefe re nce s at any time by c lic king on the c ookie ic on or link;
這裡考慮的所謂線性空氣阻力 (Linear Air Drag Force) 是與速度成正比關係的，可以描寫為
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其中 b 為一常量，又由上式可得到
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Fnet
−−→ = −⃗vb +m
⃗g ([Link].2)
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令 v0 = 0 及 x0 =0，考慮此關於 v 的運動方程
Se nd you adve rti s i ng bas ed on your locati on

dv Fnet
− bv
Priv ac y Polic y

r
Thi d Pa rtie s = =g ([Link].3)
dt m m

首先進行分離變數，將有關 v 的項移項，得到
C ustomize Your Ch oices

1
bv pt All
Acce
dv = dt
g − m

Reject All 8
 對兩邊做積分
v (T ) T
1
 dv =
 dt
bv
0 g − m 0
bv
這裡我們需要變數變換，不妨令 u = g − m
，則由 dv = −bm du，而上下界分別以 u 表示，得到

v (T ) u(T )
1 −m 1
 dv =
 du
bv b u
0 g − m u(0)

展開得到
m u(T )
− b (ln u) =T
 u(0)

再把剛剛的 v 換回來
bv (T )
T =
−m ln g − m
b g
兩邊同取指數 e 得
−bv(T ) = −g + ge −b
m
T
m
整理後得到 v 以時間為參數的表示式

v (T ) =
−mg −1 + e  −b
m
T
 ([Link].4)
b

接著考慮關於 x 的運動方程
v=
dx
=
−mg −1 + e −b
m
T
([Link].5)
dt b
透過簡易的變數分離，得到
 
T
x
X (T )
=
 −mg −1 + e
  −b
m
t
dt
0 0 b
−mg
     T T
−b
t
= − dt + e m dt
b 0 0

=
−mg − − t
  m −
e m
b
t
+
b T

b b m 0

整理後得到 x 以時間為參數的表示式

x(T ) =
−mg −T − m   e
−b
m
T
−1
 ([Link].6)
b b

此外，我們討論這個運動的極端情形：隨著落下更多的時間，速度會趨近於一個值 (稱之為終端速度)

We a nd our 31 IAB TCF partne rs store and acce ss inf ormation on your
lim
−mg −
de vice f or the f ollowi ng purpos e s : store a
v (T ) = lim 1 + e mnd/
 −b

Tor acce ss i nf ormati on on a de vice, adve rti si ng and c onte nt
([Link].7)
T →∞ T →∞ b
measure me nt, audie nce re search, and se rvice s de ve lopme nt, pe rsonalised adve rtising, and pe rsonalised c onte nt.
mg
Pe rsonal data may be proce ssed to do the f ollowing: use precise ge olocation da=
ta and ac tive ly scan de vice charac te ristic s f or ide nti t on.
ca i ([Link].8)
b
O ur third party IAB TCF partne rs may store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice such as IP addre ss and de vice charac te ristic s. Our IAB TCF Partne rs may proce ss this
pe rsonal data on the這個結果亦可以用力學觀點來解釋：當接近終端速度時，
bas i s of l egi ti mate i nte re st, or wi th your c ons e nt. You may change or wi thdraw your
=0故F = 0，得 F + m ⃗g = 0 展開得 net
−→
dv prefe re nce s at any ti me by c lic ki ng on the c ookie ic on or li nk;
d
dt
howe ve r, as a c onsebv
que=
nce, mgyou may not see re le vant ads or pe rsonaliz ed c onte nt.
，移項得
Our webs i te may us e the s e c ookie s to: mg
v= ([Link].9)
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Di spl ay pe rsonal i z ed ads bas ed on your navigati on and your pro l e

Pe rsonal i z e our edi 次阻力

torial c onte nt ba
[Link] sed on your navigation
Allow you to s hare c onte nt on social ne tworks or pl atf orms pre s e nt on our webs i te

真實流體尤其在高速下的空氣阻力不是線性的，形式如下
Se nd you adve rti s i ng bas ed on your locati on

1
Cd ρv 2 A
Priv ac y Polic y
Fd =
r
Thi d Pa rtie s 2

其中 C ustomize Your Ch oices

Cd 是阻力係數
ρ 是流體密度
v 為剛體相對於流體的流速 Accept All

Reject All 9
 A 為受阻力之面積
我們可以將其簡化為
k v2
Fd = kv
其中 k 為一常量，又由上式可得到
−F−→ = −kvv
net v̂ˆv 2 + m
⃗g ([Link].1)
以純量來描寫 Fnet 即是
Fnet = mg − kv 2
即得到關於 v 的微分方程
dv Fnet mg − kv 2
= = ([Link].2)
dt m m
2.1.2 維移動
[Link] 等速率圓周運動
我們以直角坐標單位向量 ˆîi 和 ˆj 表示質點 P 的位矢⃗r 、速度⃗v 及加速度⃗a 。定原點為圓周運動中心，質
點 P 以等速率 v 繞其作半徑為 r 的圓周運動。

首先考慮 P 的位矢
x = r cos θˆîi + r sin θˆ
⃗ j ([Link].1)
y x
由於 sin θ = r
且 cos θ = r
，將上述二式帶入 ([Link].1) 得到
x = xˆîi + y ˆ
⃗ j ([Link].2)
同時對兩邊對 t 微分得
x˙
⃗v =⃗
dx ˆ dy ˆ
= îi + j
dt dt

注意到位矢分量與速度分量的關係：dy dt =⃗vy = v sin θ 且 dx dt =⃗vx = v cos θ ，帶入 ([Link].3) 得

We a nd our 31 IAB TCF partne rs store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice f or the f ollowing purpose s: store and/or acce ss inf ormation on a de vice, adve rtising and c onte nt
⃗v = v sin θˆîi + v sin θˆ j ([Link].3)
m sur m nt u n r s r
ea e e , a n s rv s v lopm nt p rson l s
die ce e ea ch, a v rt s n
d e n p rson l s
ice de e ont nt e , e a i ed ad e i i g, a d e a i ed c e .

vy vx
Person l t m y a pro ss to o t
da a a be ollow n us pr s
ce olo t on =t n ˆ
ed d îi +t v ly sˆ
he f j n v
i g: r t r st s or
e eci nt t on
e ge ([Link].4)
ca i da a a d ac i e ca de ice cha ac e i ic f ide i ca i .

Our t r p rty
hi d p rtn rs m y stor n
a IAB TCF ss n orm t on on your v
a e a su
r e as
r
d accer ss n vi fr t r st s ur
a i rtn rs m y pro ss t s
de ice ch a IP add e a d de ice cha ac e i ic . O IAB TCF Pa e a ce hi

p rson l t on t
e a
以同樣的手法再對
da a he ba
t 微分並整理得：
s s o l t m t nt r st or w t your ons nt ou m y
i f egi i n or w t r w your pr
a e i e e , r n s t ny t m y l k n on t
i h c e . Yook on or l nk
a cha ge i hd a efe e ce a a i e b c ic i g he c ie ic i ;

how v r s e ons qu n
e , a you m y not s r l v nt s or p rson l z ⃗
a c e e ce,
a ont
a ˙
=⃗vnt ee e e a ad e a i
([Link].5)
ed c e .

O ur website may use the se c ookie s to:

ˆîi + ˆj v dy v dx
Mea sure the audie nce of the adve rtising on our website, without pro ling = ([Link].6)
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r dt r dt
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v2 v2
= cos θˆîi + sin θˆj ([Link].7)
Allow you to s hare c onte nt on social ne tworks or pl atf orms pre s e nt on our websr
i te r
Se nd you adve rti s i ng bas ed on your locati on
所以
Priv ac y Polic y v2
Thi d Par rtie s ||
⃗a = sin2 θ + cos2 θ ([Link].8)
r

= v2
C ustomize Your Ch oices
 ([Link].9)
r
這是很常使用的結論，單純建立在運動方程的理論上而非牛頓運動定律，對於任何的運動軌跡，我們可
Accept All
以將其曲線部分近似為圓的極小段弧，進而求出其曲率半徑。 aa

Reject All 10
 [Link] 平拋運動
一質點以初速 0 水平向右拋出，定起始位置 r0 為 (0,0)。向下向右為正，所有單位均為 SI 制，重力場強
度為 g ，我們可以將運動行為分做水平向漢鉛直向討論：

dvx
=0
dt
dvy
=g
dt
對兩邊同作積分並考慮初始條件得

vx = v 0 ([Link].1)
vy = gT
gT ([Link].2)

即
⃗v = v 0ˆîi + gT ˆ
j ([Link].3)
在對兩邊同作積分並考慮初始條件得

rx = v 0 T ([Link].4)
1 2
ry = gT ([Link].5)
2
即
1 2ˆ
r (T ) = v 0 T ˆîi+ =
⃗ gT j ([Link].6)
2

考慮

[Link] 斜拋運動
[Link] 考慮阻力的拋體運動
[Link] 斜面滑動
[Link] 拉繩問題

2.1.3 相對運動

2.2 練習題
1. 題目
有一質點的運動行為滿足
v = At − Bv
其中 t = 0 時 x = 0 且 v = 0，求 a、v 、a 以時間表示的一般式。
We a nd our 31 IAB TCF partne rs store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice f or the f ollowing purpose s: store and/or acce ss inf ormation on a de vice, adve rtising and c onte nt
measure me nt, audie nce re search, and se rvice s de ve lopme nt, pe rsonalised adve rtising, and pe rsonalised c onte nt.
【書籍】
Pe rsonal data may be proce ssed to do the f ollowing: use precise ge olocation data and ac tive ly scan de vice charac te ristic s f or ide nti t on.
ca i

O ur third party IAB TCF p2.

artne rs may store and acce ss i nf ormati on on your de vice such as IP addre ss and de vice charac te ri stic s . Our IAB TCF Partne rs may proce ss thi s
題目
pe rsonal data on the basis o有一條表面光滑且具有彈性的繩子，其長度為
f l egi ti mate i nte re st, or wi th your c ons e nt. You may change or wi thdraw your prefe re nce s at any ti me by c l ic ki ng on the c ookie ic on or l i nk;
L，兩端分別為 A 與 B，其中 A 端固定於桌面上，
howe ve r, as a c onse que nce,且繩子恆為直的，一隻恐恐龍由 端向
you may not see re le vant ads or pe rsonaliz edAc onte nt. B 端以相對於繩子速率 v 爬行在繩子上，而 B 端有另外

Our website may use the se 一隻恐龍龍以速率

c ookie s to:
u 相對於桌面拉著繩子一端往同方向拉長，已知繩子伸長均勻，試問當恐恐龍
Mea sure the audie nce of 抵達 the advB 端時，經歷多少 t?
e rti s i ng on our webs i te, wi thout pro l i ng

Display pe rsonaliz ed ads based on your navigation and your pro le

Pe rsonal i z e our edi torial c onte nt bas ed on your navigati on
【書籍】
Allow you to s hare c onte nt on social ne tworks or pl atf orms pre s e nt on our webs i te

Se nd you adve rti s i ng bas ed on your locati on

3. 題目
Priv ac y Polic y
一物體在半徑固定為 r 的圓周上以速率 v 逆時針圓周運動? 當 t = 0 時開始運動，定原點座標為
r
Thi d Pa rtie s (r, 0)，且速率滿足
3 2
v (Tiz)e=Your
C ustom + bt
at Ch +sct
oice

請求出 v (t) 以時間表示的向量式。

Accept All
【自編】

11
Reject All
 4. 題目
一質點沿正 x 軸做直線運動，其速率 v 可表示為

v (x) = A x
√
其中 A 為一常數，x 為該質點與座標原點的距離，請問下列敘述何者正確 ?
(A) 該質點的加速度 a 量值為 a(x) = √Ax
(B) 該質點的加速度 a 量值為 a(x) = A2
√
(C) 該質點由原點運動至 x = L 處，所需時間為 s AL
L
該質點由原點運動至 x L 處，所需時間為
(D) = 2 A

【物奧初選 2025】

5. 題目
如右圖，有一艘船浮於水上被一岸上定滑輪所拖拉，已知岸上
固定長度的繩子一端以同向加速度 a0 及速度 v0 向左拉，繫住
船的繩子與水平面夾角 θ ，假設重力場強度為 g，已知所有接
觸面皆無摩擦力產生，問水面上的船以何種速度及加速度運
動？

【書籍】
6. 題目
如右圖，有一艘船在水上，透過定滑輪拖拉一個岸上的貨櫃，
船的速度為 v 向右，t = 0 時繩子鉛錘於地面且貨櫃恰位於地
面，假設重力場強度為 g，已知所有接觸面皆無摩擦力產生，
請問過了多少時間後貨櫃上升高度 h?

【書籍】

7. 題目
如右圖，在一架高裝置中，有一坡道可以透過轉軸以隨意俯角
擺放，令坡道與鉛直夾角為 θ，坡道表面光滑，定轉軸點為
(0, 0)，向下和向右為正，將一物體由靜止於轉軸處釋放，假設
重力場強度為 g ，已知將坡道調整至任意俯角 θ，物體在同一
特定時間 t 時的位置皆在一個特定圓形上，試以 t 和直角坐標
為參數描述這個圓形的圓方程式。

【書籍】
We a nd our 31 IAB TCF p8.
artne rs store and acce ss i nf ormati on on your de vice f or the f ollowi ng purpos e s : store and/or acce ss i nf ormati on on a de vice, adve rti s i ng and c onte nt
題目
measure me nt, audie nce re search, and se rvice s de ve lopme nt, pe rsonalised adve rtising, and pe rsonalised c onte nt.
Pe rsonal data may be proce ssed to do the f ollowing: use precise ge olocation data and ac tive ly scan de vice charac te ristic s f or ide nti t on.
ca i

O ur third party IAB TCF p rtn如右圖，一斜面與水平夾

a rs m y stor n
e a e a on角，在其上方有一物以一仰角為
ss n orm t θ
d acceon your v
i f sua is r ss n v ϕ r
de ice ch a IP add e a d de t r stic s. Our IAB TCF Partne rs may proce ss this
ice cha ac e i

pe rsonal data on the ba i

的出速度
f egi i
v 拋出，落至斜面後與起始位置在斜面上距離為
s s o l t m t nt 0r st or w t your ons nt ou m y
a e i e e , i h n or w t r w your pr
c e . Y
l，
r n s
a cha ge i hd a efe e ce at any time by c lic king on the c ookie ic on or link;
howe ve r, as a c onse e ce,
qu n
假設重力場強度為 g ，欲使 l 最大，則請問
you m y not s r l v nt s or p rson l z
a ee e e a adont nt
ϕ 應取多少?
e a i ed c e .

Our website may use the se c ookie s to:

sure the audie nce of the adve rtising on our website, without pro ling
Mea
【自編】
Display pe rsonaliz ed ads based on your navigation and your pro le
Pe rsonal i z e our edi torial c onte nt bas ed on your navigati on

Allow you to s hare c onte nt on social ne tworks or pl atf orms pre s e nt on our webs i te

Se nd you adve rti s i ng bas ed on your locati on

Priv ac y Polic y

r
Thi d Pa rtie s

C ustomize Your Ch oices

Accept All

12
Reject All
 Chapter 3

體轉動
3.1 轉動介紹
3.2 角量
3.3 轉動慣量
3.4 練習題

We a nd our 31 IAB TCF partne rs store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice f or the f ollowing purpose s: store and/or acce ss inf ormation on a de vice, adve rtising and c onte nt
measure me nt, audie nce re search, and se rvice s de ve lopme nt, pe rsonalised adve rtising, and pe rsonalised c onte nt.
Pe rsonal data may be proce ssed to do the f ollowing: use precise ge olocation data and ac tive ly scan de vice charac te ristic s f or ide nti t on.
ca i

O ur third party IAB TCF partne rs may store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice such as IP addre ss and de vice charac te ristic s. Our IAB TCF Partne rs may proce ss this
pe rsonal data on the basis of legitimate inte re st, or with your c onse nt. You may change or withdraw your prefe re nce s at any time by c lic king on the c ookie ic on or link;
howe ve r, as a c onse que nce, you may not see re le vant ads or pe rsonaliz ed c onte nt.
Our website may use the se c ookie s to:
Mea sure the audie nce of the adve rtising on our website, without pro ling
Display pe rsonaliz ed ads based on your navigation and your pro le
Pe rsonal i z e our edi torial c onte nt bas ed on your navigati on

Allow you to s hare c onte nt on social ne tworks or pl atf orms pre s e nt on our webs i te

Se nd you adve rti s i ng bas ed on your locati on

Priv ac y Polic y

r
Thi d Pa rtie s

C ustomize Your Ch oices

Accept All

Reject All
13
We a nd our 31 IAB TCF partne rs store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice f or the f ollowing purpose s: store and/or acce ss inf ormation on a de vice, adve rtising and c onte nt
measure me nt, audie nce re search, and se rvice s de ve lopme nt, pe rsonalised adve rtising, and pe rsonalised c onte nt.
Pe rsonal data may be proce ssed to do the f ollowing: use precise ge olocation data and ac tive ly scan de vice charac te ristic s f or ide nti t on.
ca i

O ur third party IAB TCF partne rs may store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice such as IP addre ss and de vice charac te ristic s. Our IAB TCF Partne rs may proce ss this
pe rsonal data on the basis of legitimate inte re st, or with your c onse nt. You may change or withdraw your prefe re nce s at any time by c lic king on the c ookie ic on or link;
howe ve r, as a c onse que nce, you may not see re le vant ads or pe rsonaliz ed c onte nt.
Our website may use the se c ookie s to:
Mea sure the audie nce of the adve rtising on our website, without pro ling
Display pe rsonaliz ed ads based on your navigation and your pro le
Pe rsonal i z e our edi torial c onte nt bas ed on your navigati on

Allow you to s hare c onte nt on social ne tworks or pl atf orms pre s e nt on our webs i te

Se nd you adve rti s i ng bas ed on your locati on

Priv ac y Polic y

r
Thi d Pa rtie s

C ustomize Your Ch oices

Accept All

Reject All
14
 Chapter 4

體平衡
4.1 練習題

We a nd our 31 IAB TCF partne rs store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice f or the f ollowing purpose s: store and/or acce ss inf ormation on a de vice, adve rtising and c onte nt
measure me nt, audie nce re search, and se rvice s de ve lopme nt, pe rsonalised adve rtising, and pe rsonalised c onte nt.
Pe rsonal data may be proce ssed to do the f ollowing: use precise ge olocation data and ac tive ly scan de vice charac te ristic s f or ide nti t on.
ca i

O ur third party IAB TCF partne rs may store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice such as IP addre ss and de vice charac te ristic s. Our IAB TCF Partne rs may proce ss this
pe rsonal data on the basis of legitimate inte re st, or with your c onse nt. You may change or withdraw your prefe re nce s at any time by c lic king on the c ookie ic on or link;
howe ve r, as a c onse que nce, you may not see re le vant ads or pe rsonaliz ed c onte nt.
Our website may use the se c ookie s to:
Mea sure the audie nce of the adve rtising on our website, without pro ling
Display pe rsonaliz ed ads based on your navigation and your pro le
Pe rsonal i z e our edi torial c onte nt bas ed on your navigati on

Allow you to s hare c onte nt on social ne tworks or pl atf orms pre s e nt on our webs i te

Se nd you adve rti s i ng bas ed on your locati on

Priv ac y Polic y

r
Thi d Pa rtie s

C ustomize Your Ch oices

Accept All

Reject All
15
We a nd our 31 IAB TCF partne rs store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice f or the f ollowing purpose s: store and/or acce ss inf ormation on a de vice, adve rtising and c onte nt
measure me nt, audie nce re search, and se rvice s de ve lopme nt, pe rsonalised adve rtising, and pe rsonalised c onte nt.
Pe rsonal data may be proce ssed to do the f ollowing: use precise ge olocation data and ac tive ly scan de vice charac te ristic s f or ide nti t on.
ca i

O ur third party IAB TCF partne rs may store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice such as IP addre ss and de vice charac te ristic s. Our IAB TCF Partne rs may proce ss this
pe rsonal data on the basis of legitimate inte re st, or with your c onse nt. You may change or withdraw your prefe re nce s at any time by c lic king on the c ookie ic on or link;
howe ve r, as a c onse que nce, you may not see re le vant ads or pe rsonaliz ed c onte nt.
Our website may use the se c ookie s to:
Mea sure the audie nce of the adve rtising on our website, without pro ling
Display pe rsonaliz ed ads based on your navigation and your pro le
Pe rsonal i z e our edi torial c onte nt bas ed on your navigati on

Allow you to s hare c onte nt on social ne tworks or pl atf orms pre s e nt on our webs i te

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 Chapter 5

體振動
5.1 練習題

We a nd our 31 IAB TCF partne rs store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice f or the f ollowing purpose s: store and/or acce ss inf ormation on a de vice, adve rtising and c onte nt
measure me nt, audie nce re search, and se rvice s de ve lopme nt, pe rsonalised adve rtising, and pe rsonalised c onte nt.
Pe rsonal data may be proce ssed to do the f ollowing: use precise ge olocation data and ac tive ly scan de vice charac te ristic s f or ide nti t on.
ca i

O ur third party IAB TCF partne rs may store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice such as IP addre ss and de vice charac te ristic s. Our IAB TCF Partne rs may proce ss this
pe rsonal data on the basis of legitimate inte re st, or with your c onse nt. You may change or withdraw your prefe re nce s at any time by c lic king on the c ookie ic on or link;
howe ve r, as a c onse que nce, you may not see re le vant ads or pe rsonaliz ed c onte nt.
Our website may use the se c ookie s to:
Mea sure the audie nce of the adve rtising on our website, without pro ling
Display pe rsonaliz ed ads based on your navigation and your pro le
Pe rsonal i z e our edi torial c onte nt bas ed on your navigati on

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We a nd our 31 IAB TCF partne rs store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice f or the f ollowing purpose s: store and/or acce ss inf ormation on a de vice, adve rtising and c onte nt
measure me nt, audie nce re search, and se rvice s de ve lopme nt, pe rsonalised adve rtising, and pe rsonalised c onte nt.
Pe rsonal data may be proce ssed to do the f ollowing: use precise ge olocation data and ac tive ly scan de vice charac te ristic s f or ide nti t on.
ca i

O ur third party IAB TCF partne rs may store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice such as IP addre ss and de vice charac te ristic s. Our IAB TCF Partne rs may proce ss this
pe rsonal data on the basis of legitimate inte re st, or with your c onse nt. You may change or withdraw your prefe re nce s at any time by c lic king on the c ookie ic on or link;
howe ve r, as a c onse que nce, you may not see re le vant ads or pe rsonaliz ed c onte nt.
Our website may use the se c ookie s to:
Mea sure the audie nce of the adve rtising on our website, without pro ling
Display pe rsonaliz ed ads based on your navigation and your pro le
Pe rsonal i z e our edi torial c onte nt bas ed on your navigati on

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 Chapter 6

流體
6.1 練習題

We a nd our 31 IAB TCF partne rs store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice f or the f ollowing purpose s: store and/or acce ss inf ormation on a de vice, adve rtising and c onte nt
measure me nt, audie nce re search, and se rvice s de ve lopme nt, pe rsonalised adve rtising, and pe rsonalised c onte nt.
Pe rsonal data may be proce ssed to do the f ollowing: use precise ge olocation data and ac tive ly scan de vice charac te ristic s f or ide nti t on.
ca i

O ur third party IAB TCF partne rs may store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice such as IP addre ss and de vice charac te ristic s. Our IAB TCF Partne rs may proce ss this
pe rsonal data on the basis of legitimate inte re st, or with your c onse nt. You may change or withdraw your prefe re nce s at any time by c lic king on the c ookie ic on or link;
howe ve r, as a c onse que nce, you may not see re le vant ads or pe rsonaliz ed c onte nt.
Our website may use the se c ookie s to:
Mea sure the audie nce of the adve rtising on our website, without pro ling
Display pe rsonaliz ed ads based on your navigation and your pro le
Pe rsonal i z e our edi torial c onte nt bas ed on your navigati on

Allow you to s hare c onte nt on social ne tworks or pl atf orms pre s e nt on our webs i te

Se nd you adve rti s i ng bas ed on your locati on

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We a nd our 31 IAB TCF partne rs store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice f or the f ollowing purpose s: store and/or acce ss inf ormation on a de vice, adve rtising and c onte nt
measure me nt, audie nce re search, and se rvice s de ve lopme nt, pe rsonalised adve rtising, and pe rsonalised c onte nt.
Pe rsonal data may be proce ssed to do the f ollowing: use precise ge olocation data and ac tive ly scan de vice charac te ristic s f or ide nti t on.
ca i

O ur third party IAB TCF partne rs may store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice such as IP addre ss and de vice charac te ristic s. Our IAB TCF Partne rs may proce ss this
pe rsonal data on the basis of legitimate inte re st, or with your c onse nt. You may change or withdraw your prefe re nce s at any time by c lic king on the c ookie ic on or link;
howe ve r, as a c onse que nce, you may not see re le vant ads or pe rsonaliz ed c onte nt.
Our website may use the se c ookie s to:
Mea sure the audie nce of the adve rtising on our website, without pro ling
Display pe rsonaliz ed ads based on your navigation and your pro le
Pe rsonal i z e our edi torial c onte nt bas ed on your navigati on

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 Chapter 7

熱學

7.1 溫度 熱與第零定律
1772 年，拉
年，拉瓦節以
瓦節以實驗推
實驗推翻了當
翻了當時盛行
時盛行的的「燃素說」
「燃素 說」，自此之後，
，自此 之後，對於「熱」的本質有「物質」及
對於「熱」的本質有「物質」及「能量
「能量」」
兩種說法，直到 1845 年焦耳以熱功當量實驗才證明熱是一種能量。現今的「熱力學」更以粒子的角度出
發，研究熱的性質。

7.1.1 熱力學第零定律
第零定律的敘述：若物體 A 及 B 分別和物體 C 達成熱平衡，則 A 和 B 亦達成熱平衡。
聽起來很像廢話，但這個定律是熱力學的根本大法，這也是為何它稱為「第零」定律，因為相對其他定
律，第零定律較晚提出卻更為根本。

7.1.2 熱容量與比熱
熱容量 (Heat Capacity) 的定義為：
∆E
C= ([Link].1)
∆T
而比熱 (Specic Heat) 的定義為：
C
s= ([Link].2)
m
C 和 s 代表了一個物體接受能量後的溫度變化。

7.1.3 熱膨脹
nd our 31 IAB TCF partne rs store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice f or the f ollowing purpose s: store and/or acce ss inf ormation on a de vice, adve rtising and c onte nt
We a
熱漲冷縮是生活中常見的現象，我們可以用以下的式子描述物體熱膨脹的變化量：
measure me nt, audie nce re search, and se rvice s de ve lopme nt, pe rsonalised adve rtising, and pe rsonalised c onte nt.
長度的熱膨脹：
Pe rsonal data may be pro ss to o t
ce ed ollow n us pr s
d he f olo t on t n
i g: e t v ly s n v
eci e ge r t r st s or
ca i da a a nt d ac i e ca de ice cha ac e i ic f ide i t on.
ca i
∆L = Lα ∆T ([Link].1)
O ur third party IAB TCF partne rs may store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice such as IP addre ss and de vice charac te ristic s. Our IAB TCF Partne rs may proce ss this
pe rsonal data on the其中
bas i s o 稱為線膨脹係數，與材料有關。
αf legi timate inte re st, or with your c onse nt. You may change or withdraw your prefe re nce s at any time by c lic king on the c ookie ic on or link;
howe ve r, as a c onse體積的熱膨脹：
que nce, you may not see re le vant ads or pe rsonaliz ed c onte nt.
Our website may use the se c ookie s to:
∆V = V β ∆T ([Link].2)
Mea sure the audie nce of the adve rtising on our website, without pro ling
其中
Di spl ay pe rsonal i z ed adsβ ba稱為體膨脹係數且
sed on your navigation andβyour= pro
3α l e
Pe rsonal i z e our edi torial c onte nt bas ed on your navigati on

Allow you to s hare c onte nt on social ne tworks or pl atf orms pre s e nt on our webs i te
6.1.3 題：
Se nd you adve rti s i ng bas ed on your locati on
題目
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r
Thi d Pa rtie s 如右圖，有一個雙金屬片溫度計，溫度上升 ∆T 後彎曲，黑色金屬片
的熱膨脹係數為 α1 ，灰色金屬片的熱膨脹係數為 α2 ，金屬片的長度
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為 L，每個金屬片厚度為 h，試問彎曲後此溫度計的曲率半徑 R 為
何?
Accept All

【自編】
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21
 答案
h(2 + (α1 + α2 )∆T )
R=
2(α1 α2 )∆T −
詳解
溫度增加 ∆T 後，黑色金屬片長度為 L + ∆ L = L + Lα 1 ∆T = L (1 + α 1 ∆T )，同理灰色金屬片長度為
L(1 + α2 ∆T )，假設曲率半徑為 R 且弧的角度是 θ ，此時我們可以得到一個聯立方程式

h
(R + h2 )θ = L (1 + α1 )∆T

(R 2 )θ = L (1 + α2 )∆T
−
然後可以解出
h(2 + (α1 + α2 )∆T )
R=
2(α1 α2 )∆T −
* 現實中的雙金屬片更為複雜，其彎曲可用 Yvon Villarceau 在 1863 年研究出的公式來描述
1 1 3 ∆ϵ
− =
R R0 2a h

其中 h = h1 + h 2 , a = 1+
 (E1 h21 − E2 h22 )2
 2
4h E1 h1 E2 h2 ,
 ∆ϵ = (α1 − α2)(T − T0)，相關內容
讀者可以自行查詢。

7.2 熱的傳播
熱的傳播有三種方式：傳導、對流、輻射。

7.2.1 傳導
傳導的基本原理是原子在較高溫時的振動較強，因此將能量傳遞給周圍的其他原子。傳導的功率可以用
下面的公式來描述：

P = kA
kA
TH −T L
([Link].1)
L

其中 k 稱為導熱係數，是一種材料性質，A 代表接觸面積，L 代表導熱層的厚度。

We a 7.2.2
nd our 31 IAB TCF 多層傳導
partne rs store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice f or the f ollowing purpose s: store and/or acce ss inf ormation on a de vice, adve rtising and c onte nt
measure me nt, audie 如右圖，有一個雙層的導熱板，我們想要知道兩邊溫度差為
n r s r
ce e n s rv s v lopm nt p rson l s
ea ch, a d e ice de e v rt s n
e , e
T 時的傳導功率，
n p rson l s ∆ont nt
a i ed ad e i i g, a d e a i ed c e .

Pe rsonal data may be

令左側溫度為
pro ss to o t
ce ed
T ，右側溫度為
ollow n us pr s
d he f
T +
i
∆g:
T ，此時可另兩個板子交界處的溫度為
olo t on t n
e t v ly s n v
eci e ge ca i
T ，
r t r st s or x nt
da a a d ac i e ca de ice cha ac e i ic f ide i t on.
ca i

O
則由
ur third party IAB TCF
([Link].1)
a e
式可得
p rtn rs m y stor na ss n orm t on on your v
e a d acce i fsu s a i r ss n v r t r st s ur
de ice ch a IP add e a d de ice cha ac e i ic . O IAB TCF Pa rtne rs may proce ss this
pe rsonal data on the basis of legitimate inte re st, or with your c ons
T ent. YTou may chanTge+or∆
wiT
thdrawTyour prefe re nce s at any time by c lic king on the c ookie ic on or link;
− −
x x
howe ve r, as a c onse que nce, you may not see re le vP = k1A
ant ads or pe rsonaliz ed= k eA
c ont2 nt.
L1 L2
Our webs i te may us e the s e c ookie s to:

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ed ads bas ed on your navigati on and your pro l e
k2 L1 T + k1 L2 (T + ∆T )
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Tx =
k1 Lw
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+skite2 L1
2 eb
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代回原式可得到
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A∆T
r
Thi d Pa rtie s P = L1 L2
k1
+ k2

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我們可以將此結果推廣到更多層的導熱板：
A∆T
= pt All
P Acce  ([Link].1)
(L/k)
Reject All

22
 *(補充) 廣義的傳導公式：
現實生活中，k 值往往會隨溫度改變，因此有一個更為通用的傅立葉公式
微分形式：
⃗q = k T ∇
積分形式： ∇
∂Q ⃗ T ⃗dA
P = =k ·
∂T S

7.2.3 對流

7.3 第 定律與氣體動力論
7.4 熵與第二定律
7.5 熱機
7.6 練習題

We a nd our 31 IAB TCF partne rs store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice f or the f ollowing purpose s: store and/or acce ss inf ormation on a de vice, adve rtising and c onte nt
measure me nt, audie nce re search, and se rvice s de ve lopme nt, pe rsonalised adve rtising, and pe rsonalised c onte nt.
Pe rsonal data may be proce ssed to do the f ollowing: use precise ge olocation data and ac tive ly scan de vice charac te ristic s f or ide nti t on.
ca i

O ur third party IAB TCF partne rs may store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice such as IP addre ss and de vice charac te ristic s. Our IAB TCF Partne rs may proce ss this
pe rsonal data on the basis of legitimate inte re st, or with your c onse nt. You may change or withdraw your prefe re nce s at any time by c lic king on the c ookie ic on or link;
howe ve r, as a c onse que nce, you may not see re le vant ads or pe rsonaliz ed c onte nt.
Our website may use the se c ookie s to:
Mea sure the audie nce of the adve rtising on our website, without pro ling
Display pe rsonaliz ed ads based on your navigation and your pro le
Pe rsonal i z e our edi torial c onte nt bas ed on your navigati on

Allow you to s hare c onte nt on social ne tworks or pl atf orms pre s e nt on our webs i te

Se nd you adve rti s i ng bas ed on your locati on

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23
We a nd our 31 IAB TCF partne rs store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice f or the f ollowing purpose s: store and/or acce ss inf ormation on a de vice, adve rtising and c onte nt
measure me nt, audie nce re search, and se rvice s de ve lopme nt, pe rsonalised adve rtising, and pe rsonalised c onte nt.
Pe rsonal data may be proce ssed to do the f ollowing: use precise ge olocation data and ac tive ly scan de vice charac te ristic s f or ide nti t on.
ca i

O ur third party IAB TCF partne rs may store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice such as IP addre ss and de vice charac te ristic s. Our IAB TCF Partne rs may proce ss this
pe rsonal data on the basis of legitimate inte re st, or with your c onse nt. You may change or withdraw your prefe re nce s at any time by c lic king on the c ookie ic on or link;
howe ve r, as a c onse que nce, you may not see re le vant ads or pe rsonaliz ed c onte nt.
Our website may use the se c ookie s to:
Mea sure the audie nce of the adve rtising on our website, without pro ling
Display pe rsonaliz ed ads based on your navigation and your pro le
Pe rsonal i z e our edi torial c onte nt bas ed on your navigati on

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 Chapter 8

練習題答案
8.1 基礎微積分
8.2 剛體移動
1. B

8.3 剛體轉動
8.4 剛體振動
8.5 流體
8.6 熱學

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Pe rsonal data may be proce ssed to do the f ollowing: use precise ge olocation data and ac tive ly scan de vice charac te ristic s f or ide nti t on.
ca i

O ur third party IAB TCF partne rs may store and acce ss inf ormation on your de vice such as IP addre ss and de vice charac te ristic s. Our IAB TCF Partne rs may proce ss this
pe rsonal data on the basis of legitimate inte re st, or with your c onse nt. You may change or withdraw your prefe re nce s at any time by c lic king on the c ookie ic on or link;
howe ve r, as a c onse que nce, you may not see re le vant ads or pe rsonaliz ed c onte nt.
Our website may use the se c ookie s to:
Mea sure the audie nce of the adve rtising on our website, without pro ling
Display pe rsonaliz ed ads based on your navigation and your pro le
Pe rsonal i z e our edi torial c onte nt bas ed on your navigati on

Allow you to s hare c onte nt on social ne tworks or pl atf orms pre s e nt on our webs i te

Se nd you adve rti s i ng bas ed on your locati on

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