CHAPTER 1
1. Article (omission)
Videō templum in agrō.
I see a temple in the field = I see the temple in the field.
I see a temple in a field = I see the temple in the field.
2. Word Order: Adjective
follows Noun:
Regina bona in insula pulchra habitat.
The good queen lives on a beautiful island.
precedes Noun (Size, Quantity, Number)
Multae feminae parvōs libr̄os portant.
Many women [Quantity] are carrying little books [Size].
COMPARE: English French
good queen bonne reine
beautiful island belle île
many women plusieurs femmes
little books petits livres
blue dress robe bleue
3. Personal Pronouns (omission) used for emphasis only
Puer in agrō est. Ludit.
The boy is in the field. <He> plays.
Puella et regina agrō sunt. Ludunt.
The girl and the queen are in the field. <They are> playing.
1. Article (omission)
2. Word Order: Adjective follows Noun
precedes Noun (size, quantity, number)
3. Personal Pronouns (omission) used for emphasis only
4. Number (Sing. / Plur.) [ex. 2]
5. Cases (Nom. / Acc. / Abl.) [ex. 3-4]
6. Expletive
7. Interrogative [ex. 1]
8. Apposition (Noun/Pronoun)
4-5.
CASES
NOMINATIVE - Subject
- Subject predicate [+ Linking Verb]
GENITIVE - Possession (‘s, of) - Limit (of)
- After some Adj. (cupidus, -a, -um) - Partitive [a ‘part’] (of):
- Subjective [‘subject’ of the noun] (of) - Objective [‘object’ of the noun] (of)
- Description [+ Adj.] (of) [espec. Size, Number]
DATIVE - Indirect Object (to) - Reference (for, to [with vidēri])
- After some Adj. (inimicus, -a, -um) ; some Verbs (favēre)
- Purpose & Double Dative - Advantage/Disadvantage
- Agent [in Periphrastic constructions] (by)
ACCUSATIVE - Direct Object [Active]
- Movement towards [prepositional: except cities/towns, islands, domus, rus] (to)
- Duration of Time (for)
ABLATIVE - Separation [prepositional or not] (out, from)
- Cause (because of)
- Means/Instrument [Active, Passive] (with, by)
- Manner (cum + Noun ; Adj. [+ cum] + Noun)
- Accompaniment [prepositional] (with)
- Agent [prepositional; Passive] (by)
- Locative [prepositional] (in, within)
- Respect [limit of Noun/Verb] (in respect to):
- Time When (on, at) / Time within which (within, in)
- Description [+ Adj.] (of) [espec. Qualities of body]
- Origin [with or without ex/de] (from)
NOMINATIVE
- Subject Cicero walks.
- Subject predicate Cicero is an orator.
VOCATIVE
- Direct address Caesar, I hate you.
GENITIVE
- Possession (‘s, of) The farmer’s daughter is sleeping.
- Limit (of) Mars is the god of war.
DATIVE
- Indirect Object (to) I gave books to you.
- Reference (for, to [with vidēri]) You are tall for me.
ACCUSATIVE
- Direct Object [Active] Cicero praises the children.
- Movement towards [prepositional] (in, into, towards) You run into the forum.
ABLATIVE
- Separation [prepositional] (out, from) You run away/out of the forum.
- Means/Instrument [Active, Passive] (with, by) He killed him with a sword.
- Manner (cum + Noun ; Adj. [+ cum] + Noun) They study with zeal.
- Accompaniment [prepositional] (with) I walk with my sister.
- Locative [prepositional] (in, within) I am standing in the house.
“To be”
1) Predicate: Femina est in templō. / In templō femina est.
The woman is in the temple.
Linking: Vir est agricola. / Vir agricola est.
The man is a farmer.
Nautae poetae non sunt. / Non poetae nautae sunt.
The sailors are not poets.
2) “Expletive”: Est femina in templō.
[Impersonal] A woman is in the temple. There is a woman in the temple.
(Non) Sunt poetae.
Poets are (not). There are (no) poets.
7. Questions
- Ubi where
Ubi est puella?
Where is the girl?
- -ne (Yes/No)
Estne puer in agrō?
Is the boy in the field?
8. Apposition
Two nouns referring to the same item:
Same Case
- My friend, the son of Marcus, is running.
- I read the books of Ovid, the work of a great poet.
- She has two daughters, Iulia and Terentia.
- You walk with the sailor, a good friend to you.
- They will visit the city [of] Rome.
