Answer Key & Explanations

1. b) Convenience Sampling
 Explanation: The researcher selects students based on ease of access rather than a
systematic or random method, which defines convenience sampling.
2. b) Stratified Sampling
 Explanation: The population is divided into distinct subgroups (strata), and
participants are randomly selected from each, making it stratified sampling.
3. c) Purposive Sampling
 Explanation: The researcher specifically chooses participants who meet a certain
characteristic (vegan diet), making it purposive sampling.
4. a) Cluster Sampling
 Explanation: Instead of selecting individuals across the country, entire provinces
(clusters) are chosen randomly, making this cluster sampling.
5. a) Systematic Sampling
 Explanation: Selecting every 10th patient follows a fixed, systematic interval, which
defines systematic sampling.
6. b) Quota Sampling
 Explanation: The researcher ensures a specific proportion of different groups based on
a pre-set quota rather than random selection.
7. b) Simple Random Sampling
 Explanation: Every student has an equal chance of being selected, which is the key
feature of simple random sampling.
8. b) Purposive Sampling
 Explanation: The selection is based on specific characteristics (rare genetic disorder),
making this purposive sampling.
9. a) Stratified sampling ensures proportional representation across groups, while
cluster sampling surveys entire groups.
 Explanation: Stratified sampling selects randomly from all subgroups, while cluster
sampling surveys everyone in selected clusters.
10. a) It does not account for students who study elsewhere.
 Explanation: The method introduces location bias by only selecting students who are
in the library, ignoring those who study at home or in other places.
11. a) The sample may not accurately reflect the population.
 Explanation: Convenience sampling leads to potential bias, as it may not include all
relevant groups.
12. a) Quota sampling uses a non-random selection process, while stratified
sampling selects randomly within groups.
 Explanation: In quota sampling, participants are chosen based on pre-set numbers,
but selection is non-random, unlike stratified sampling.
13. a) A sample is a subset of a population used to make inferences.
 Explanation: A sample is a smaller group drawn from the population to analyze trends
and make generalizations.
14. a) It increases the likelihood of a representative sample.
 Explanation: Random sampling ensures that each individual has an equal chance of
being selected, reducing selection bias.
15. a) Self-selection bias, since only motivated employees respond.
 Explanation: The voluntary nature of participation may lead to only highly engaged or
dissatisfied employees responding, introducing self-selection bias.

16. b) It ensures that all groups within the population are adequately represented.
 Explanation: Stratified sampling ensures that all relevant subgroups (e.g., year levels)
are included in the sample, which increases representativeness compared to simple
random sampling.
17. b) The list arrangement may create hidden patterns that affect randomness.
 Explanation: If the employee list follows a pattern (e.g., grouped by department),
selecting every 5th person could unintentionally exclude some groups or overrepresent
others.
18. a) The districts are chosen randomly, rather than by specific characteristics.
 Explanation: In stratified sampling, groups (strata) are formed based on
characteristics before selecting individuals randomly. In cluster sampling, entire
groups (e.g., districts) are chosen randomly.
19. a) It ensures equal probability of selection for all students.
 Explanation: Simple random sampling gives each individual an equal chance of being
selected, reducing selection bias and increasing the validity of the sample.
20. a) It may not include all perspectives within each department.
 Explanation: Even though the sampling method includes all departments, randomly
selecting 10 professors per department may not capture the full diversity of faculty
perspectives within each.
21. b) Systematic sampling follows a fixed interval, while simple random sampling
does not.
 Explanation: In systematic sampling, participants are selected using a set interval
(e.g., every 5th person). In simple random sampling, individuals are chosen entirely
by chance without a fixed pattern.
22. a) It requires fewer resources to conduct than selecting individuals randomly
from the entire population.
 Explanation: Cluster sampling is more practical when studying large populations
because it reduces travel, time, and effort compared to randomly selecting individuals
from across all cities.
23. c) Stratified Sampling
 Explanation: If the goal is to ensure proportional representation of each school
district, stratified sampling is the best method, as it divides the population into groups
(districts) and selects randomly within them.
24. a) Customers from the selected stores represent shopping behaviors of all
customers.
 Explanation: Cluster sampling assumes that the selected clusters (stores) are
representative of the entire population. However, this assumption may not always hold,
which could introduce bias.
25. a) It requires less effort while maintaining randomness.
 Explanation: Systematic sampling is often easier to implement than simple random
sampling while still maintaining a level of randomness, making it useful for large-scale
studies.

26. c) It eliminates selection bias by giving each voter an equal chance of being
chosen.
 Explanation: Simple random sampling ensures that every voter in the national
database has an equal probability of selection, reducing bias in the study.
27. b) The employee list must not follow any systematic pattern related to job roles
or shifts.
 Explanation: If employees are grouped in a structured way (e.g., all managers listed
first, then staff), systematic sampling could unintentionally overrepresent or
underrepresent certain roles.
28. a) It may include people who do not own mobile phones, affecting relevance.
 Explanation: Simple random sampling may not account for specific characteristics
needed for the study (e.g., mobile phone users), which could dilute the accuracy of
findings.
29. c) It ensures that students from all departments are included in the sample.
  Explanation: Stratified sampling ensures representation from every academic
department, which might not be guaranteed with simple random sampling.
30. b) Cluster and Stratified Sampling
 Explanation: The regions based on proximity to industrial areas act as clusters,
while random selection of individuals within those clusters follows a stratified
sampling approach to ensure diverse representation.