BEDER

INTERNATIONAL
UNIVERSITY-BORAMA
Mr. Mohamed A. Abdirahman
CHAPTER SIX
SAMPLING
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AGENDA
TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

RESEARCH DESIGN
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SELECTING
RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
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HOW TO USE RESEARCH
PARTICIPANT
 In the planning phase of your research project you
need to think about how you’re going to choose your
participants.
 Unless you have sufficient budget, time and large
team of interviewers, it will be difficult to speak to
every person within your research population.
 Census : considers all observations
 Sampling: portion of the observations
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Continue…….
 In quantitative research if sample is chosen carefully using
the correct procedure, it is then possible to generalize the
results to the whole of the research population.
 In qualitative researcher, the ability to generalize their
work to the whole research population is not the goal.
Instead, they might seek to describe or explain what is
happening within a smaller group of people.
 If the sample has not been chosen carefully, the results can
be misleading.
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Probability sampling vs
purposive sampling

 In probability sampling, all people within the

research population have a specifiable chance of
being selected.
 This type of sampling is used if the researcher
wishes to explain, predict or generalize to the
whole research population.
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 Purposive sampling is used if description rather

than generalization is the goal.
 In this type of sampling, it is not possible to
specify the possibility of one person being
included in the sample.
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Sampling Terminology

 Population: all members of a specified group

 Sample: a subset of a population
 Subject (Participant): a specific individual
participating in a study
 Sampling technique: the specific method used
to select a sample from a population
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Important Issue related to

sampling
» Representation – the extent to which the sample is
representative of the population
⋄ Demographic characteristics
⋄ Personal characteristics
» Generalization – the extent to which the results of the
study can be reasonably extended from the sample to
the population
» Three fundamental steps
 Identify a population
 Define the sample size
 Select the sample
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General Rules for Sampling

 As many subjects as  The larger the population size, the smaller
possible the percentage of the population needed
to get a representative sample
 Thirty (30) subjects per  For population of less than 100, use the
group for correlational, entire population
causal-comparative, and  If the population is about 500, sample 50%
true experimental designs  If the population is about 1,500, sample
 Ten (10) to twenty (20) 20%
percent of the population  If the population is larger than 5,000,
for descriptive designs sample 400
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Probability sampling Purposive sampling

Simple random sampling Quota sampling
Cluster sampling Snow ball sampling
Stratified sampling Theoretical sampling
Systematic sampling Heterogeneous
Sampling
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Simple Random sampling

 Random sampling
 Selecting subjects so that all members of a population have
an equal and independent chance of being selected
 Advantages
 Easy to conduct
 High probability of achieving a representative sample
 Meets assumptions of many statistical procedures
 Disadvantages
 Identification of all members of the population can be
difficult
 Contacting all members of the sample can be difficult
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Stratified Sampling

» Stratified random sampling is a method of sampling

that involves the division of a population into
smaller sub-groups known as strata.
• Stratified random sampling allows researchers to
obtain a sample population that best represents the
entire population being studied.
• Stratified random sampling involves dividing the
entire population into homogeneous groups called
strata.
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Systematic Sampling
» Systematic sampling is a random probability sampling method.
» It's one of the most popular and common methods used by
researchers and analysts. 
» Example:  Let's say there's a population of 100 people in the
study. The researcher starts off with the person in the 10th spot.
They then decide to choose every seventh person thereafter.
This means the people in the following spots are chosen in the
sampling: 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, 45, and so on.
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Cluster Sampling
 Selecting subjects by using groups that have
similar characteristics and in which subjects
can be found
 Clusters are locations within which an intact
group of members of the population
can be found
 Examples
 Neighborhoods
 School districts
 Schools
 Classrooms
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Non-probability sampling

 Known as non-probability sampling

 Use of methods that do not have random sampling
at any stage
 Useful when the population cannot be described
 Three techniques
 Convenience
 Purposive
 Quota
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Convenience sampling

 Selection based on the availability of subjects

 Volunteers
 Pre-existing groups
 Concerns related to representation and
generalizability
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Purposive sampling
⋄ Selection based on the researcher’s experience and knowledge of
the individuals being sampled
⋄ Usually selected for some specific reason
⋄ Knowledge and use of a particular instructional strategy
⋄ Experience
⋄ Being in a specific setting such as a school changing to a
teacher-based decision-making process
⋄ Need for clear criteria for describing and defending the sample
⋄ Concerns related to representation and generalizability
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Quota sampling

 Selection based on the exact characteristics and

quotas of subjects in the sample when it is
impossible to list all members of the population
 Concerns with accessibility, representation, and
generalizability
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Sample size determination

 The first question new researchers tend to ask is ‘how
many people should I speak to?’.
 The sample size will depend on what you want to do
with your results and the choice of sample size is
influenced by :
⋄ Confidence needed in the data;
⋄ Margin of error that can be tolerated;
⋄ Types of analysis to be undertaken; and
⋄ Size of the sample population and distribution
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» Kracjie formula

» s.= required sample

= the table value of chi-square for 1 degree of freedom at
the desired confidence level (3.841).
N = the population size.
P = the population proportion (assumed to be .50 since this
would provide the maximum sample size).
d = the degree of accuracy expressed as a proportion (.05).
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» Yamane

n= sample required
N= population size
= level of precision
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» Kothari

n= sample size for a finite population

N= population size
p=population reliability,
e: margin of error(precision level)
Z =level of significance z is 1.96
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END
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