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Universe
Refers to the total of all items in a field of inquiry
Population
Refers to the total of items about which
information is required for a particular study
Slide # 2
EXAMPLES
Universe Population
Slide # 3
POPULATION
Slide # 5
Types of population
Target population : is the set of individuals or
objects for which the researcher wishes to
generalize findings.
The accessible population: is the portion of the
target population that is available to researcher.
Sample: it is the subset of population drawn
from the accessible population.
SAMPLING
Slide # 7
SAMPLE
Slide # 8
INTRODUCTION
Chances of bias
Difficulty in getting representative supply
Need for specialized knowledge:
Changeability of units
Impossibility of sampling:
CHARACTERISTICS OF A
GOOD SAMPLE
Representative: A good sample is one, which within
restriction imposed by its size will reproduce the
characteristics of the population with the greatest
possible accuracy.
Free from bias and error: It should be free from
error due to bias or due to deliberate selection of
the unit of the sample.
It should be free from random sampling error.
Contin…
No substitution and incompleteness :There should
not suffer from incomplete coverage of the units
selected unit by some other more convenient in any
way.
Appropriate sample size: Relatively small sample
properly selected may be much more reliable than
large samples poorly selected. But at same time, it is
very essential that the sample is adequate in size so
that it can become more really reliable.
Contin…..
In the sample, only such units should be included,
which as far as possible, are independent.
While constructing a sample, it is important that
measurable or known probability sample techniques
are used.
THE SAMPLING PROCESS
Define the population (Target population)
Specify sampling frame (Accessible population)
Specify sampling unit (Inclusion & Exclusion
criteria)
Specify sampling method of
measurement(Probability or non probability)
Determine sample size
Specify sampling plan
Select the sample
METHODS OF SAMPLING
Probability Non-Probability
Sampling Sampling
Every individual has an In this method the
equal chance of being Researcher uses whatever
chosen for study Subjects are available or
considered significant
Example: Example:
Random Sampling Purposive Sampling
Systematic Sampling Convenience Sampling
Slide # 18
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
2. Systematic sampling
Selecting every nth case
3. Stratified sampling
Sampling within groups of the population
4. Cluster sampling
Surveying whole clusters of the population
sampled at random
E.g.: All Students of a particular Class in a College
Slide # 19
NON–PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS
1. Convenience sampling
Sampling those most convenient
2. Voluntary Sampling
The sample is self – selected
3. Quota Sampling
Convenience sampling within groups of the
population
Slide # 20
NON–PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS
4. Purposive sampling
Hand – picking supposedly typical or
interesting cases
5. Snowball Sampling
Slide # 21
PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
Simple random sampling
The probability of being selected is “known
and equal” for all members of the population
Blind Draw Method (e.g. names “placed in
a hat” and then drawn randomly)
Random Numbers Method (all items in
the sampling frame given numbers,
numbers then drawn using table or
computer program)
Simple random sampling
Advantages:
Known and equal chance of selection
Easy method when there is an electronic
database
Disadvantages
Complete accounting of population needed
Cumbersome to provide unique designations
to every population member
Very inefficient when applied to skewed
population distribution
Simple random sampling
Systematic sampling
It is formed by selecting every nth item
from the universe where `n` refers to the
sampling interval
The sampling interval can be determined by
dividing the size of the universe by the size
of the sample to be chosen.
Advantages
Known and equal chance of any of the SI “clusters”
being selected
Efficiency..do not need to designate (assign a
number to) every population member, just those
early on on the list
Less expensive…faster than SRS
Disadvantages:
Small loss in sampling precision
Potential “periodicity” problems
Its not truly random
Stratified sampling
The population is separated into homogeneous
groups/segments/strata and a sample is taken from each. The
results are then combined to get the picture of the total
population.
Disadvantage:
Cluster specification error…the more homogeneous
the cluster chosen, the more imprecise the sample
results
Non-probability
Sampling Methods
Convenience samples
samples drawn at the convenience of the
interviewer. People tend to make the
selection at familiar locations and to choose
respondents who are like themselves
Advantages
Convenience sampling is the cheapest and simplest
Does no require a list of population
Disadvantages
Highly biased
Least reliable sampling method
Disadvantages
Not possible to estimate sampling error
Resources available
Nature of study
Nature of population
conclusion
Bibliography