TOURISM NOTES

CHAPTER 1: Exploring the tourism phenomenon

1. Define the term tourism

Tourism refers to the activities of people traveling to and staying in places outside their
usual environment for leisure, business, or other purposes for a period of less than one
year.

2. Define the term tourist

A tourist is a person who travels to and stays in places outside their usual environment
for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, or other purposes.

3. List the sectors and sub-sectors of the tourism industry

- Accommodation: Hotels, resorts, hostels, etc.
- Transportation: Airlines, railways, car rentals, etc.
- Food and Beverage: Restaurants, cafes, bars, etc.
- Entertainment and Recreation: Theme parks, museums, sports events, etc.
- Travel Services: Travel agencies, tour operators, etc.
- Attractions: Natural and cultural sites, landmarks, etc.

4. Explain the difference between domestic and international tourism:

- Domestic tourism: Involves residents of a country traveling within the same country.
- International tourism: Involves residents of one country traveling to another country.

5. Explain the difference between outbound and inbound tourism:

- Outbound tourism: Refers to residents of a country traveling to another country.
- Inbound tourism: Refers to non-residents traveling to a particular country.

6. Explain the difference between national and internal tourism:

- National tourism: Includes both domestic and outbound tourism (residents traveling
within their own country and to other countries).
- Internal tourism: Includes domestic tourism and inbound tourism (residents and non-
residents traveling within a country).

7. Discuss the nine [9] common characteristics of tourism products:

- Intangibility: Tourism products cannot be seen or touched before purchase.
- Inseparability: Production and consumption occur simultaneously.
- Perishability: Tourism products cannot be stored for future use.
- Variability: Quality can vary depending on when and where the service is provided.
- Seasonality: Demand fluctuates with seasons.
- Heterogeneity: Services can vary from one provider to another.
- Lack of ownership: Tourists do not own the services they use.
- Interdependence: Various sectors of the tourism industry are interconnected.
- Emotional appeal: Tourism experiences often evoke strong emotions.
8. Which factors contributed to the growth of tourism:
- Economic growth and increased disposable income.
- Technological advancements in transportation.
- Globalization and cultural exchange.
- Government policies promoting tourism.
- Improved infrastructure and facilities.
- Marketing and promotional efforts.
- Social changes, such as increased leisure time.

9. List the ten [10] benefits of tourism:

- Economic growth and job creation.
- Cultural exchange and understanding.
- Infrastructure development.
- Preservation of cultural heritage.
- Environmental conservation.
- Increased foreign exchange earnings.
- Community development.
- Promotion of local crafts and industries.
- Enhanced international relations.
- Personal growth and education for travellers.

10. Name the five [5] factors that are key to a destination’s ability to grow its
tourism potential and attract large numbers of tourists:
- Attractions: Unique and appealing sites and activities.
- Accessibility: Ease of reaching the destination.
- Accommodation: Availability of quality lodging options.
- Amenities: Facilities and services that enhance the visitor experience.
- Activities: Diverse and engaging things to do for tourists.
CHAPTER 2 : Attractions

11. Define a visitor attraction:

A visitor attraction is a place of interest that tourists visit, typically for its inherent or
exhibited natural or cultural value, historical significance, natural or built beauty, offering
leisure, adventure, and amusement.

12. Why are visitor attractions important to tourists?

Visitor attractions are important to tourists because they provide unique experiences,
cultural insights, entertainment, and opportunities for relaxation and adventure. They are
often the primary reason for choosing a destination.

13. Name any five [5] famous attractions in South Africa:

- Kruger National Park
- Table Mountain
- Robben Island
- Cape of Good Hope
- Victoria & Alfred Waterfront

14. Discuss the key functions/purpose that attractions serve?

- Economic: Generate revenue and create jobs.
- Educational: Provide learning opportunities about culture, history, and nature.
- Recreational: Offer leisure and entertainment options.
- Cultural Preservation: Help preserve and promote cultural heritage.
- Social: Foster community pride and social interaction.

15. List the various attraction classifications:

- Natural attractions
- Cultural and historical attractions
- Recreational attractions
- Entertainment attractions
- Religious attractions

16. What does imagescape refer to?

Imagescape refers to the visual and perceptual image of a destination or attraction
that is created and influenced by media, marketing, and personal experiences. It shapes
tourists' expectations and perceptions.

17. For a permanent attraction, which pattern will the development process follow?
The development process for a permanent attraction typically follows a structured
pattern involving planning, design, construction, and ongoing management and
maintenance.

18. For a footloose attraction, which pattern will the development process follow?:
 A footloose attraction follows a more flexible development process, often involving
temporary or mobile setups that can be relocated or adjusted based on demand and
location suitability.

19. Discuss the four [4] different types of attractions in the attraction development
process:
- Natural Attractions: Sites of natural beauty or significance, such as national parks and
beaches.
- Cultural Attractions: Sites of historical or cultural importance, such as museums and
heritage sites.
- Recreational Attractions: Facilities designed for leisure activities, such as theme parks
and sports complexes.
- Entertainment Attractions: Venues offering entertainment options, such as theatres
and concert halls.

20. Discuss why the management of attractions are challenging:

- Sustainability: Balancing visitor numbers with environmental preservation.
- Maintenance: Ensuring facilities and sites are well-maintained.
- Visitor Satisfaction: Meeting diverse visitor expectations and needs.
- Economic Viability: Generating sufficient revenue while keeping attractions
accessible.
- Safety and Security: Ensuring the safety and security of visitors and staff.
CHAPTER 4: TRANSPORTATION

21. Importance of Transport for the Tourism Industry

Transport is a critical component of the tourism industry as it facilitates the movement of

tourists from their place of origin to their destination and within the destination itself.
Without efficient transport systems, tourism would be severely limited. Key points
include:

- Accessibility: Transport makes destinations accessible, enabling tourists to reach

remote or distant locations.

- Economic Impact: Transport contributes to the economy by creating jobs, generating

revenue, and supporting related industries like hospitality and retail.

- Convenience: Efficient transport systems enhance the tourist experience by providing

comfort, safety, and timely travel.

- Integration: Transport links various tourism services, such as accommodation,

attractions, and activities, creating a seamless experience.

- Sustainability: Modern transport systems are increasingly focusing on eco-friendly

options, which align with the growing demand for sustainable tourism.

22. Transport Terminology Definitions

a. Transport/transportation: The movement of people, goods, or services from one

location to another using various modes.

b. Transport infrastructure: The physical structures (e.g., roads, railways, airports, ports)
that support transport systems.

c. Terminal facilities: Facilities where transportation services begin or end, such as bus
stations, airports, or train stations.

d. Mode of transport: The method or means of transportation, such as air, road, rail, or
water.

e. Transportation means, type, or carrier: The specific vehicle or medium used for
transport, such as a car, airplane, or ship.

f. Transportation routes: The paths or corridors used for transportation, such as

highways, flight paths, or shipping lanes.

g. Transportation networks: The interconnected system of routes and nodes that

facilitate the movement of people and goods.

h. Tourism transport: Transport services specifically designed for tourists, such as

sightseeing buses or charter flights.
i. Signage infrastructure: Signs and signals that provide information and directions to
travellers, ensuring smooth navigation.

23. Five Components of Leiper’s Tourism System Model

1. Tourists: The people who travel and engage in tourism activities.

2. Geographical Elements:

- Traveller-generating region: The origin of tourists.

- Transit route: The path taken to reach the destination.

- Tourist destination region: The place where tourists stay and engage in activities.

3. Tourism Industry: The businesses and organizations that provide tourism-related

services.

24. Difference Between “Transport for Tourism” and “Transport as Tourism”

- Transport for Tourism: Refers to the use of transport as a means to reach a destination
or move within it (e.g., taking a flight to a holiday destination).

- Transport as Tourism: Refers to transport experiences that are themselves the main
attraction (e.g., luxury train journeys like the Orient Express or cruise vacations).

25. Advantages of Using a Car as a Form of Transport at a Destination

- Flexibility: Travelers can explore at their own pace and schedule.

- Convenience: Direct access to remote or less accessible areas.

- Cost-Effective: Can be cheaper for groups or families compared to other transport

options.

- Privacy: Offers a private and personalized travel experience.

- Comfort: Ability to carry luggage and personal items easily.

26. Difference Between a Coach and a Bus

- Coach: Typically used for longer distances, more comfortable, and often equipped with
amenities like reclining seats, air conditioning, and onboard toilets. Primarily used for
intercity or tourist travel.
- Bus: Generally used for shorter distances, public transport, and urban routes, with fewer
amenities and more frequent stops.

27. Examples of Tour Operators Using Coaches

1. Gray Line Worldwide: Offers sightseeing tours using coaches.

2. Trafalgar Tours: Provides guided coach tours across multiple destinations.

28. Three Rail Transport Categories

1. Passenger Rail: Transport of passengers (e.g., commuter trains, high-speed trains).

2. Freight Rail: Transport of goods and cargo.

3. Tourist Rail: Scenic or luxury trains designed for tourism (e.g., Glacier Express, Rocky
Mountaineer).

29. Examples of Water Transportation

1. Cruise Ships: Large vessels offering leisure travel and onboard amenities.

2. Ferries: Transport passengers and vehicles across water bodies.

3. Yachts: Private or chartered boats for leisure or luxury travel.

30. Why Cruise Ships Are Named Floating Holiday Resorts

Cruise ships are called floating holiday resorts because they offer a wide range of
amenities and activities similar to land-based resorts, including accommodation, dining,
entertainment, swimming pools, spas, and shopping, all while traveling to multiple
destinations.

31. Advantages and Disadvantages of Air Transportation

Advantages:

- Speed: Fastest mode of transport for long distances.

- Global Reach: Connects distant destinations worldwide.

- Comfort: Modern aircraft offer high levels of comfort and amenities.

Disadvantages:
- Cost: Often more expensive than other modes of transport.

- Environmental Impact: High carbon emissions contribute to climate change.

- Accessibility: Limited to areas with airports.

32. Three Airline Classifications with Examples

1. Full-Service Carriers: Offer a wide range of services, including meals, entertainment,

and multiple classes (e.g., Emirates, British Airways).

2. Low-Cost Carriers: Provide basic services at lower prices, with additional fees for extras
(e.g., Ryanair, Southwest Airlines).

3. Charter Airlines: Operate flights for specific groups or tour operators, often for leisure
travel (e.g., TUI Airways, Sunwing Airlines).

33. Four Factors Influencing a Tourist’s Choice of Transport

1. Cost: Affordability of the transport option.

2. Convenience: Ease of access and flexibility.

3. Time: Duration of the journey.

4. Comfort and Safety: Level of comfort and perceived safety of the transport mode.