Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ratnakar Narale
PRAYER
TO THE GODDESS OF LEARNING
oaardavandnaa
oaarda sada smarNaIyaa_
BaartajananaI namanaIyaa_
sa>stavaaNaI vaNaIyaa_
Anaukmpaa id ZarNaIyaa_
saevaa manasaa krNaIyaa_
oaarda sada smarNaIyaa_
Anaukmpaa id ZarNaIyaa_
saevaa manasaa krNaIyaa_
oaarda sada smarNaIyaa_
ja@ti-kupratha@ tyajan&ya@
jaaitakpaRYaa tyajanaIyaa_
banZauBaavanaa BajanaIyaa_
AiSaLasaGtaa krNaIyaa_
ivaovae samataa BarNaIyaa_
Anaukmpaa id ZarNaIyaa_
saevaa manasaa krNaIyaa_
oaarda sada smarNaIyaa_
Anaukmpaa id ZarNaIyaa_
saevaa manasaa krNaIyaa_
oaarda sada smarNaIyaa_
pramatta-kumatir-dahan&ya@
paRmaTakmaitad|hnaIyaa_
AagatahainassahnaIyaa_
paRjaapaRitaP#a vahnaIyaa_
mayaa paRitaXaa gaRhNaIyaa_
satatasaubaui&Za|rNaIyaa_
maanasaoaui&va|rNaIyaa_
oauBaa sariNarnausarNaIyaa_
satsaGitariBaLaPaNaIyaa_
satata-subuddhir-dharan<&ya@
Anaukmpaa id ZarNaIyaa_
saevaa manasaa krNaIyaa_
oaarda sada smarNaIyaa_
ma@nasa-s{uddhir-varan<&ya@
s{ubha@ saran<i-ranusaran<&ya@
sat-san[gati-rabhilas<an<&ya@
bandhu-bha@vana@ bhajan&ya@
akhila-san[ghata@ karan<&ya@
vis{ve samat@ bharan<&ya@
a@gata-ha@ni-ssahan&ya@
praja@-pratis<t>ha@-vahan&ya@
maya@ pratijn~a grahan&ya@
-Ratna@karah<
INDEX
anukraman<ika@
AnaumaiNaka_
INTRODUCTION
paRitaP#apanama`
xii
AnauP@uBa`-Cnd:
xvii
BOOK 1
LEARN TO READ & WRITE SANSKRIT
Lesson 1 The Sanskrit Alphabet
sa>stavaNa|maaLaa
qccaara:
sa>stavaNaa|:
Vowels
svara:
Consonants
vyajanaaina
10
maaheovaraiNa saU%aaiNa
12
vyajanaaina
15
svara:
17
svaricaaina
20
Application of Vowel-signs
Anusvara and Avagraha
25
Anausvaar: AvagaRh: ca
26
27
30
sa>yauFoabda:
36
oabdantaa:
45
oaIzaRpa#nama`
47
sa>staBaaPaa
47
Ra@ma@yan<am
ramaayaNama`
49
Word endings
Lesson 9 Rapid Reading :
A Devotional Song
BaiFgaItama`
50
Maha@bha@ratam
mahaBaartama`
51
The G&ta@
gaItaa
53
I am S}iva
ioavaae~hma`
54
Obeisance to Motherland
vande maatarma`
55
gaaya%aI-man%a:
56
BOOK 2
UNDERSTAND SANSKRIT, EASY WAY
Lesson 10 Introduction to Sandhi
sainZa:
59
Compounding Vowels
svarsainZa:
59
Compounding Consonants
vyajanasainZa:
67
Flowchart of Visarga-Sandhi
ivasaga|sainZa:
70
sa>Syaa:
74
iyaapadaina
84
Lesson 13 Persons
pauwPaa:
89
Lesson 14 Numbers
vacanaaina
91
iLaGaina
96
naamaaina
98
Dictionary of Nouns
oabdkaeoa:
100
Pictorial Dictionary
ica%akaeoa:
108
Lesson 16 Pronouns
sava|naamaaina
123
La@`
126
sma
129
LaG`
136
maa sma
140
iLa@`
141
Genders
Lesson 15 Nouns
LauG`
143
maa
145
La\@`
146
Lau@`
150
LakarpaRyaaega:
154
AatmanaepadI parsmaEpadI ca
155
sakma|kma` Akma|kma` ca
160
iNajantapaRiyaa
162
santapaRiyaa
163
yaGnta-yaGLaugantapaRiyae
165
gaNaa:
167
Bvaaid:
170
Adaid:
178
jauhaetyaaid:
184
idvaaid:
189
svaaid:
194
taudaid:
198
wZaaid:
204
tanaaid:
208
210
yaaid:
215
cauraid:
220
kNDaid:
224
karkaiNa ca ivaBaFya: ca
228
paRYamaa
231
iVtaIyaa
235
ta\taIyaa
240
catauYaI|
246
pacamaI
251
PaP#I
257
saptamaI
264
sambaaeZanama`
268
paRyaaegaa:
270
kta|irpaRyaaega:
270
kma|iNapaRyaaega:
272
BaavaepaRyaaega:
275
AYaa|:
278
nakaraYa|:
278
paRonaaYa|:
280
Laae@`
282
ivaiZaiLaG`
286
AaoaIiLa|G`
289
La\G`
290
ivaoaePaNaaina dntaaina ca
292
ivaoaePaNaaina
293
tar-tama-BaavaaE
299
The Participles
dntaaina
302
302
Fvatau
304
oata\-oaanaca`
306
Potential Participle
AnaIyar`
312
314
Ktvaa, Lyapa`
317
The Infinitive
taumauna`
321
sae@` Aina@`
324
icva
326
saita-saptamaI
328
329
iyaaivaoaePaNaaina
Dictionary of Adverbs
329
333
Conjunctions
yaaEigakoabda:
346
AaEpasaiga|koabda:
349
samaasaa:
353
Lesson 32 Conversations
vaataa|Laapaa:
372
oau&IkrNama`
381
ga^pa#nama`
386
LazaukYaa:
386
oaukIoaavakaE
386
Unnecessary Advice
inarYa|k: qpadeoa:
388
jaaitasvaBaava:
390
Short Essays
LazauinabanZaa:
392
The Horse
Aova:
392
The Sun
saUya|:
393
The Knowledge
iva^a
395
sauBaaiPataaina
397
BOOK 3
SPEAK SANSKRIT
Short Stories
Poetic Sayings
sadupadeoaa:
398
Good Sayings
sauvacanaaina
400
saamaanyaXaanama`
402
vaasara:
402
maasaa:
403
The Measurements
pairmaaNaaina
404
idoa:
405
Time
samaya:
406
Relationships
sambanZaa:
409
Lesson 36 Antonyms
ivaLaaemaoabda:
411
paRtyayaantaoabda:
412
ta`paRtyayaantaoabda:
413
tai&ta-oabda:
418
naamaZaatau:
425
Auta-sa>sta-kavya-vaEBavama`
426
431
431
440
448
kta\| (/), Zaata\ (/), maata\ (/) 456; rE (]e), gaae (Aae), gLaaE (AaE) 457; naaE (AaE), oak (k`)458;
iLaSa` (Sa`), vaaca` (ca`) 459; raja` (ja`), vaiNaja` (ja`), Qja|` (ja`) 460, ja` (ja`), paRaca` (ca`) 461;
Saja` (ja`), mawta` (ta`),Bagavata` (ta`) 462; Bavata` (ta`), kva|ta` (ta`), jagata` (ta`) 463; mahta` (ta`),
sairta` (ta`) 464; saud` (d`), d` (d`), xauZa` (Za`) 465; oaioana` (na`), Baaivana`` (}na`) 466; Aatmana` (na`),
kma|na` (na`), saImana` (na`) 467; gaupa` (pa`), LaBa` (Ba`) 468; car` (r`), vaar` (r`) igar` (r`), paur` (r`) 469;
idva` (va`), naoa` (oa`), ivaoa` (oa`) 470; idoa` (oa`), icakIPa|` (Pa`), ZanauPa` (Pa`) 471; AaioaPa` (Pa`),
candRmasa` (sa`) 472; OaReyasa` (sa`), payasa` (sa`) 473; garIyasa` (sa`), pau>sa` (sa`) 474, mauh` (h`), qpaanah`
(h`) 475.
Declensions of Irregular Words
476
saiSa, paita Aisa, I 476; OaRI, BaU, ivaVsa` 477; paiYana`, jara, inaoaa 478; naaisaka, paad, dya,
qdk, maasa 479.
(iii) Declensions of Pronouns
480
Asmad`, yauPmad`, tad` (asmad, yus<mad, tad) 480; yad`, (yad) 481; ]tad`, }dma` (etad,
486
Zaatauoabdkaeoa:
490
576
617; wZa`, LaBa`, Laa 618, iLaSa`; pad`, ivaja` 619; ivad`; ivaoa` 621, va\ 622; va\ta`,
vaRja` 623; vah` 624; oauca`, oauBa` 625, oauPa`; u, sad` 626, sau; saU, sa\ja` 627, sYaa;
snaa 628, >sa`; hna` 629, hsa` 630; ha, ih>sa` 630, hu, ; Pa` 631;, I, e 632.
(viii) Chart of Participles
dntaaina
633
634
(x)
qTaraiNa
651
References
inade|oa:
657
LESSON 6
s<as<t>ah abhya@sah< PaP#: AByaasa:_
k + a = ka;
kh + a = kha ...etc.
** NOTE : You may understand these Sanskrit definations in your second reading of this
book, when you have learned the basics.
6.1
THE VOWELS
svara@h< svara:_
(shown with red background colour in the chart on the back cover)
paRtyaahara:_
1. Ak - A } q / La\ (the vowels a, i, u, r<, lr<)
2. Aca` - svara: all the vowels (A - AaE)
3. A@` - svara: (A - AaE) + ya, r, va h_ all vowels + consonants y, r, v, h
4. ANa` - svara: + ya, r La va h_
- hard consonants (k` Sa` ca` C` @` #` ta` Ya` pa` f` oa` Pa` sa`)
11 jaoa` - the third consonant from each class : g, j, d<, d, b (ga`, ja`, D`, d`, ba`)
12. Jaja` - the consonants jh, and bh (Ja`, Ba`)
13. Jar` - sibilants + class consonants - nasals (k-za`, ca`-Ja`, @`-$`, ta`-Za` pa`-Ba` + oa`, Pa`, sa`)
14. JaLa` - consonants other than semi-vowels and nasals k`-za`, ca`-Ja`, @`-$`, ta`-Za`- pa`-Ba`, ya`-h`
15. Jaoa` - the third and fourth class consonants (ga`, za`, ja`, Ja`, D`, $`, d`, Za`, ba`, Ba`)
16. JaPa` - the fourth consonant from each calss gh, jh, d<h, dh, bh` (za, Ja, $, Za, Ba)
17. yaNa`
18. yaya`
19. yar`
20. oaLa` - the u@s<ma consonants s{, s<, s, and h (oa, Pa, sa, h = QPmana` QPma, QPmaaiNa)
21. hLa`
22. hoa`
- ma\dvu yajanaaina (soft consonants ga`-G`, ja`-a`, D`-Na`, d`-na`, ba`-ma`, ya`-va`, h`)
}tyaadya: paRtyaahara:_
3
]G`
4
]eca`
5
h@`
6
7
LaNa` ama`
8
Jaja`
9
zaPa`
10 11 12
jaoa` Sava` kya`
13
oar`
14
hLa`
3rd
Ak
]ca`
yaNa`
ama`
JaPa`
AntasYaa:
5th
4th
Aca`
jaoa`
Saya`
oaLa`
1st +
nasals
2nd
Sar`
vowels
Jaoa`
hard
A@`
yaa`
jaya`
LESSON 7
saptamah< abhya@sah< saptama: AByaasa:_
COMPOUND CONSONANTS
sam~yukta-vyan~jana@na@m abhya@sah< sa>yauFvyajanaanaama` AByaasa:_
With the use of half characters such as:
k k, Sa` kh, ga` g, za` gh, G` n[,
kh
g;
G`
G
n[
n[gha
G
G
n[ka
n[ma
G
G
n[kta
n[la
G
G
n[kha
n[ks<a
G
G
n[ga
n[ks<va
h
M hma
hr<
hra
hn<a
hla
hna
H hya
hva
dyama` dyama` (hr<dayam heart), baaH baah`ya (ba@hya external), baRM ba`rh`ma (brahma
Brahma), Aaad: Aah`Laad: (a@hla@dah< joy<), ga\aita ga\h`Naaita (gr<hn<a@ti he takes), sva h`rsa`va
(hrasvah< short) icama` icah`nama` (c{ihnam sign), vai: vah`ina: (vahnih< fire), ijaa ijah`vaa
(jihva@ toung)
Character da (d`) has following common compounds
1. d + da = dda d` + d = (qeoa: uddes{ah< objective, taanama` tadda@nam that charity)
2. d + dha = ddha # d` + Za = & (yau&ma` yuddham war, baui&: buddhih< thinking)
3. d + ga = dga # d` + ga = (qma: udgamah< rise, BagavaItaa bhagavadg&ta@)
4. d + gha = dgha # d` + za = (qa@nama` udgha@t>aman inauguration)
5. d + bha = dbha # d` + Ba = (saava: sadbha@vah< goodness; qva: udbhavah< rise)
6. d + ya = dya written as : d` + ya = ^ (Aa^: a@dyah< first; ^Utama` dyu@tam, gambling)
7. d + ma = dma written as : d` + ma = (pama` padmam lotus, CI c{hadm& cunning)
8. d + va = dva written as : d` + va = V (VnV: dvandvah< dual, ivaVana` vidva@n learned)
dda
dbha
dgha
^ dya
&
ddha
dma
dga
Vdva
divine, eP#: s{res<t>hah< superior, aetaa s{rota@ listner, utama` s{rutam heard
5 t + ra (ta` + r = %a) yan%ama` yantram machine, rai%a: ra@trih< night, pa%ama` patram leaf, %aetaa
treta@ saviour, i%aZaa tridha@ in three ways, %aeZaa tredha@ in three ways.
kra
gaR
gra
%a
s{ra
tra
6. t> or d< + ra (@, D) : qP@: qPa`@`r: us<t>rah< camel, raP@: raPa`@`r: ra@s<t>rah< country, paaEND:
paaENa`D`r: paun<d<rah<
7. s + ra (sa` + r = ) sahma` sahsa`rma` sahasram thousand, ava: sa`rava: sra@vah < a flow
8. s + t + ra (sa` + ta` + r = ) I sa`ta`rI str& woman, Ama` Asa`ta`rma` astram weapon,
vama` vasa`ta`rma` vastram cloth
tra
sra
stra
arc{ana@ worship, vaataa| vaar`taa va@rta@ news, sapa|: sar`pa: sarpah< snake, kma| kr`ma karma
deed, kaya|ma` kar`yama` ka@ryam duty
rka
pa|
rpa
Ta
tta
Tva
ttva
SANDHI
nna
1. ]Pa: saUya|sya rioma: ]Pa saUya|sya rioma:_ riomarePa saUya|sya_ saUya|syaEPa rioma:_ rioma: saUya|syaEPa:_
2. saUya|sya ]k: rioma: saaemama` dIpayaita saUya|syaEkae rioma: saaema> dIpayaita_ saUya|sya dIpayatyaekae rioma:
saaemama`_ saaema> saUya|syaEkae riomaid|payaita_
3. ga\ihiBa: yaXaa: Avaoyama` krNaIyaa: ga\ihiBaya|Xaa Avaoya> krNaIyaa:_ ga\ihiBarvaoya> krNaIyaa yaXaa:_
ga\ihiBarvaoyaGrNaIyaa yaXaa:_ yaXaa ga\ihiBarvaoya> krNaIyaa:_ yaXaa ga\ihiBarvaoyaGrNaIyaa:_
4. ksmaata` deoaata` AagataaE ivaVa>saaE pauwPaaE ksmaaeoaadagataaE ivaVa>saaE pauwPaaE_ pauwPaavaagataaE
ksmaaeoaaiVVa>saaE_ ivaVa>saaE ksmaadagataaE deoaatpauwPaaE_ ivaVa>saavaagataaE ksmaaeoaatpauwPaaE_
5. riva: paRata: samayae AagacCita AagacCita paRatassamayae riva:_ rivaragacCita paRatassamayae_
6. sa: tasya qdyakaLa: }ita qcyatae sa tasyaaedyakaLa }tyaucyatae_ qcyatae sa tasyaaedyakaLa }ita_
qdyakaLastasya sa }tyaucyatae_
7. sa: saayaGaLae Astama` gacCita sa saayaGaLae~stama` gacCita_ sa saayaGaLae~staGgacCita_
saae~staGcCita saayaGaLae_ saayaGaLae~sta> gacCita sa:_ gacCtyasta> sa saayaGaLae_
8. tvayaa qdiZa: P@: na vaa tvayaaediZa|P@ae na vaa_ tvayaa P@ qdiZana| vaa_ qdiZa|P@stvayaa na vaa_
P@stvayaaediZana| vaa_ qdiZastvayaa P@ae na vaa_ tvayaa na vaaediZa|P@:_
9. tata` jaLae paitatama` AasaIta` tajjaLae paitatamaasaIta`_ tatpaitatamaasaIjjaLae_ jaLae paitata> tadasaIta`_
AasaITatpaitata> jaLae_
10. }danaIma` qdiZa> snaanaaya gacC }danaImaudiZa> snaanaaya gacC_ gacCedanaImaudiZa> snaanaaya_
gacCediZaimadanaI>> snaanaaya_
11. BaUpaita: BaUimama` rxaita BaUpaitaBaU|ima> rxaita_ rxaita BaUpaitaBaU|imama`_ BaUima> rxaita BaUpaita:_
12. tama` /iPa> ta%a Apaoyamaana: sa: rajaa taama` oakntaLaama` qvaaca tama\iPa> ta%aapaoyamaana: sa rajaa taa>
oakntaLaamauvaaca_ ta%a tama\iPamapaoyamaanastaaoakntaLaa> sa rajaaevaaca_ /iPa> tamapaoyamaanasta%a taa>
oakntaLaamauvaaca sa rajaa_ sa rajaa taa> oakntaLaamauvaaca tama\iPa> ta%aapaoyamaana:_
13. tasya yaXasya Antae rajaa doarYa: /iPa-Aoa\Gma` AbaRvaIta` tasya yaXasyaantae rajaa doarYa
/Pyaoa\GmabaRvaIta`_ yaXasyatasyaantae doarYaae rajaa~baRvaIPyaoa\Gma`_
14. paoyana` oa\Nvana` spa\oana` ijazaRna` Aonana` gacCna` svapana` ovasana` paRLapana` ivasa\jana` ga\na` qinmaoana` inaimaoana` Aipa
(G&ta@ 5.8-9) paoyaoa\Nvanspa\oaijazaRonangacCnsvapaovasanpaRLapainvasa\janga\uinmaoaimaoaipa_
LESSON 12
dva@das{ah< abhya@sah< Vadoa: AByaasa:_
laka@ra@h< Lakara:_
In Sanskrit there are over 2000 verb roots (|verb), from which all Sanskrit words
originate. Unlike English, in Sanskrit the Tenses are not grouped separately from the
Moods of the verbs.
They are organized under a single group of ten laka@ra/ (Lakara: Tense and Mood
Conjugations).
THE TEN TENSES AND MOODS OF THE VERBS
(1) lat>
La@`
Present Tense
(2) lan[g
LaG`
(3) lit>
iLa@`
(4) lun[g
LauG`
(5) lut>
Lau@`
(6) lr>t>
La\@`
(7) lot>
Laae@`
Imperative Mood
(8) vidhi>
ivaiZa
Potential Mood
(9) lin[g
iLaG`
Benedictive Mood
Conditional Mood
12.3
THE ELEVEN
CONJUGATIONAL CLASSES OF VERBS
Roots of the verbs (dha@tavah< Zaatava:), having aims of self service (a@tmanepad&
AatmanaepadI), service to others (parasmaipad& parsmaEpadI) or dual service (ubhayapad&
qBayapadI), are arranged under a group of Eleven classes of Conjugations of Verbs (gan<a@h<
gaNaa:), namely :
(1) Bvaaid
bhva@di,
(|bhu@)
|BaU
to become
(2) Adaid
ada@di,
(|ad)
|Ad`
to eat
(3) huvaaid
huva@di,
(|hu)
|hu
to sacrifice
(4) idvaaid
diva@di,
(|div)
|idva`
to shine
(5) svaaid
sva@di,
(|su)
|sau
to bathe
(6) taudaid
tuda@di,
(|tud)
|taud`
to hurt
(7) wZaaid
rudha@di,
(|rudh)
|wZa`
to oppose
(8) tanaaid
tana@di,
(|tan)
|tana`
to spread
(9) yaaid
krya@di,
(|kr&)
|I
to buy
(10) cauraid
c{ura@di,
|caur`
to steal
LESSON 14
c{aturdas{ah< abhya@sah< cataud|oa: AByaasa:_
Use of the VERB to be |as Asa` in Present Tense La@`
Person
Singular
Dual
Plural
(I) am
Aisma asmi
sva: svah<
sma: smah<
(You) are
Aisa asi
sYa: sthah>
sYa stha
(He-she-that) is
Aista asti
sta: stah<
sainta santi
1. I am
Ahma` Aisma
aham asmi
2. We two are
3. We are
vaya> sma:
vayam[ smah<
1. You are
1. He-she-that is
EXAMPLES :
(A) Singular number :
(1) Ra@ma is here. Ra@mah< atra asti. rama: A%a Aista_
(2) The crow is black. ka@kah< kr<s<n<nah< asti. kak: PNa: Aista_ (crow = ka@ka kak; black =
kr<sn
< a< PNa)
(3) The cuckoo is black also. pikah< api kr<s<n<ah< asti. ipak: Aipa PNa: Aista_ (also = api
Aipa)
NOTES :
(1) In a sentence, if two or more subjects are connected by the conjunction and (ca
c{a), then the number of their verb is chosen according to the number of the
subjects (dual or plural).
eg\ Ra@ma and S&ta@ are here. rama: saItaa ca A%a sta: ra@mah< s&ta@@ c{a atra stah<. (There are
two. VaEVe sta:_ dvaudve stah<)
Ra@ma, S&ta@ and R&ta@ are here. rama: saItaa rItaa ca A%a sainta ra@mah< s&ta@@ r&ta@ c{a atra santi.
(atra A%a = here)
(2) In a sentence, when two or more subjects of a common attribute are connected by
the conjunction and ca c{a, the number of their verb is chosen singular only.
eg\ Righteousness and purity are attained with yoga. sata`-caair%ya> paaiva%ya> ca yaaegaena isaZyatae_
1. The Final vowel (eg\ Q in BaU) and the short Medial vowel (eg\ A in gama`) take gun<a to
form a Verbal Base.
eg\ BaU # BaU + A # Baae; and bauZa` bau + A + Za` # baaeZa`_ etc\
2. Vikaran<a A is added to this verbal base before adding any tense suffix.
eg\ Baae + A = Bava_ baaeZa` + A = baaeZa_ etc.
3. This vikaran<a A becomes Aa before the tense suffixes that begin with ma` or va`_
eg\ Baae + Aa + ima = Bavaaima; Baae + Aa + ma: = Bavaama:_ baaeZa` + Aa + ima = baaeZaaima, baaeZa` + Aa
+ ma: = baaeZaama:_ etc.
4. This vikaran<a A is dropped before tense suffixes that begin with A_
eg\ Baae + A - A + Ainta = Bavainta_ baaeZa` + A - A + Ainta = baaeZainta_ etc.
Scheme of Conjugations for the First Class : Root |BaU to become
(1) Present Tense : La@` (saamaanya-vata|maanae) Parasmaipad&
Singular
Dual
Plural
Meaning
Bavaava: (Aava:)
Bavaama: (Aama:)
I become
bhava@mi
bhava@vah<
bhava@mah<
BavaYa: (Ya:)
BavaYa (Ya)
bhavathah<
bhavatha
Bavata: (ta:)
Bavainta (Ainta)
bhavati
bhavatah<
bhavanti
bhavasi
You become
He becomes
abhavam
2p\ ABava:
abhavah<
3p\ ABavata`
abhavat
Dual
Plural
Meaning
ABavaava
ABavaama
I became
abhava@va
abhava@ma
ABavatama`
ABavata
abhavatam
abhavata
ABavataama`
ABavana`
abhavata@m
abhavan
You became
He became
babhu@va
2p\ baBaUivaYa
babhu@vitha
3p\ baBaUva
babhu@va
Dual
Plural
Meaning
baBaUivava
baBaUivama
I had become
babhu@viva
babhu@vima
baBaUvaYau:
baBaUva
babhu@vathuh<
babhu@va
baBaUvatau:
baBaUvau:
babhu@vatuh<
babhu@vuh<
Dual
Plural
Meaning
1p\ ABaUvama`
ABaUva
ABaUma
I had become
abhu@va
abhu@ma
ABaUtama`
ABaUta
abhu@tam
abhu@ta
ABaUtaama`
ABaUvana`
abhu@ta@m
abhu@van
abhu@vam
2p\ ABaU:
abhu@h<
3p\ ABaUta`
abhu@t
bhavita@smi
2p\ Baivataaisa
bhavita@si
3p\ Baivataa
bhavita@
Dual
Plural
Meaning
Baivataasva:
Baivataasma:
I will become
bhavita@svah<
bhavita@smah<
BaivataasYa:
BaivataasYa
bhavita@sthah<
bhavita@stha
BaivataaraE
Baivataar:
bhavita@rau
bhavita@rah<
bhavis<ya@mi
2p\ BaivaPyaisa
bhavis<yasi
Dual
Plural
Meaning
BaivaPyaava:
BaivaPyaama:
I shall become
bhavis<ya@vah<
bhavis<ya@mah<
BaivaPyaYa:
BaivaPyaYa
bhavis<yathah< bhavis<yatha
3p\ BaivaPyaita
bhavis<yati
BaivaPyata:
BaivaPyainta
bhavis<yatah<
bhavis<yanti
He shall become
abhavis<yam
2p\ ABaivaPya:
abhavis<yah<
3p\ ABaivaPyata`
abhavis<yat
Dual
Plural
Meaning
ABaivaPyaava
ABaivaPyaama
If I become
abhavis<ya@va
abhavis<ya@ma
ABaivaPyatama`
ABaivaPyata
If you become
abhavis<yatam abhavis<yata
ABaivaPyataama`
ABaivaPyana`
If he becomes
abhavis<yata@m abhavis<yan
bhava@ni
2p\ Bava
bhava
3p\ Bavatau
bhavatu
Dual
Plural
Meaning
Bavaava
Bavaama
Should I become?
bhava@va
bhava@ma
Bavatama`
Bavata
bhavatam
bhavata
Bavataama`
Bavantau
bhavata@m
bhavantu
Please become!
He should become!
bhaveyam
2p\ Bavae:
bhaveh<
3p\ Bavaeta`
bhavet
Bavaeva
Bavaema
bhaveva
bhavema
Bavaetama`
Bavaeta
bhavetam
bhaveta
Bavaetaama`
Bavaeyau:
bhaveta@m
bhaveyuh<
I may become
You may become
He may become
bhu@ya@sam
Dual
Plural
Meaning
BaUyaasva
BaUyaasma
May I become!
bhu@ya@sva
bhu@ya@sma
2p\ BaUyaa:
bhu@ya@h<
3p\ BaUyaata`
bhu@ya@t
BaUyaastama`
BaUyaasta
bhu@ya@stam
bhu@ya@sta
BaUyaastaama`
BaUyaasau:
bhu@ya@sta@m
bhu@ya@suh<
a@tmanepad&. (pa@nini 1.3.19) jayaaima jayaava: jayaama:_ jayaisa jayaYa: jayaYa_ jayaita jayata:
jayainta_ # ivajayae ivajayaavahe ivajayaamahe_ ivajayasae ivajayaaYae ivajayaZvae_ ivajayatae ivajayatae ivajayantae_
parajayae parajayaavahe parajayaamahe_ parajayasae parajayaaYae parajayaZvae_ parajayatae parajayatae parajayantae_
ROOT |BaRma` (to wander)
In the Present (La@`), Imperfect past (LaG`), Imperative (Laae@`) and Potential (ivaiZa) tenses
(Lakara:), the |BaRma` optionally takes ya vikaran<a between the root and the tense suffix
(Lakar:). Therefore, in these four tenses two forms of verbs are optionally produced.
1. La@` - BaRmaaima BaRmaava: BaRmaama:_ BaRmaisa BaRmaYa: BaRmaYa_ BaRmaita BaRmata: BaRmainta BaRmyaaima BaRmyaava:
BaRmyaama:_ BaRmyaisa BaRmyaYa: BaRmyaYa_ BaRmyaita BaRmyata: BaRmyainta_
2. LaG` - ABaRmama` ABaRmaava ABaRmaama_ ABaRma: ABaRmatama` ABaRmata_ ABaRmata` ABaRmataama` ABaRmana`_ ABaRmyama`
ABaRmyaava ABaRmyaama_ ABaRmya: ABaRmatyama` ABaRmyata_ ABaRmyata` ABaRmyataama` ABaRmyana`_
3 Laae@` - BaRmaaiNa BaRmaava BaRmaama_ BaRma BaRmatama` BaRmata_ BaRmatau BaRmataama` BaRmantau_ BaRmyaaiNa BaRmyaava BaRmyaama_
BaRmya BaRmyatama` BaRmyata_ BaRmyatau BaRmyataama` BaRmyantau_
4 ivaiZa - BaRmaeyama` BaRmaeva BaRmaema_ BaRmae: BaRmaetama` BaRmaeta_ BaRmaeta` BaRmaetaama` BaRmaeyau:_ BaRmyaeyama` BaRmyaeva BaRmyaema_
BaRmyae: BaRmyaetama` BaRmyaeta_ BaRmyaeta` BaRmyaetaama` BaRmyaeyau:_
Same holds good for the roots |ma` KLama` BaRaoa` BLaaoa` %asa` ta\@` LaPa`_ amaita-amyaita, KLaamaita-
Dual
Plural
Meaning
AV: (va:)
A: (ma:)
I eat
admi
2p\ Aitsa (isa)
advah<
admah<
AtYa: (Ya:)
AtYa (Ya)
SAMASA CLASSIFICATION
(A) ivaoaePa-samaasa: (tatpauwPa-bahuvaRIih-V>V-AvyayaIBaavaaidsa>XaayauF: ivaoaePa-samaasa:)
(i) tatpauwPa-samaasa (paRaya: qTarpadpaRZaana: tatpauwPa-samaasa:)
(a) saamaanya-samaasa (saamaanyaWpaeNa padyaae: maZyae ivaBaF: sambanZa:)
(1) paRYamaa-tatpauwPa-samaasa (savae| AarmBaa:, savaa|rmBaa: G&ta@ 12.16)
(2) iVtaIyaa-tatpauwPa-samaasa (maavama` Aagataa:, maavamaagataa: G&ta@ 4.10)
(3) ta\taIyaa-tatpauwPa-samaasa (yaaegaena yauF:, yaaegayauF: G&ta@ 5.6)
(4) catauYaI|-tatpauwPa-samaasa (maaexaaya parayaNa:, maaexaparayaNa: G&ta@ 5.28)
(5) pa>camaI-tatpauwPa-samaasa (yaaegaata` BaRP@:, yaaegaBaRP@: G&ta@ 6.41)
(6) PaP#Ita-tpauwPa-samaasa (Zama|yauF-kma|Naa> xae%ama`, Zama|xae%ama` G&ta@ 1.1)
(7) saptamaI-tatpauwPa-samaasa (yaaegae sYa:, yaaegasYa: G&ta@ 2.48)
(b) kma|Zaarya-samaasa (samaanaaiZakrNa: tatpauwPa: kma|Zaarya-samaasa:)
(1) ivaoaePaNa-paUva|pad-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (mahana` }Pvaasaa:, mahePvaasaa: G&ta@ 1.4)
(2) ivaoaePaNaaeTarpad-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (rYaePau qTamama`, rYaaeTamama` G&ta@ 1.24)
(3) ivaoaePaNaaeBayapad-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (Aagamaa: Apaaiyana:, Aagamaapaaiyana: G&ta@ 2.14)
(4) qpamaana-paUva|pad-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (isa>hsya }va naadma`, isa>hnaadma` G&ta@ 1.12)
(5) qpamaanaaeTarpad-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (nar: pauGva: }va, narpauGva: G&ta@ 1.5)
(6) AvaZaarNaa-paUva|pad-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (Xaanama` ]va Aisa, Xaanaaisanaa G&ta@ 4.42)
(7) samBaavanaa-paUva|pad-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (sa>saar }va saagar:, sa>saarsaagarata` G&ta@ 12.7)
(8) maZyamapad-Laaepa-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (saTvaena Aatmana: sa>oaui&:, saTvasa>oaui&: G&ta@ 16.1)
(9) mayaUrvya>sakaid-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (inava\Taae inaw&ae vaa vaataae yasmaata`, inavaata G&ta@ 6.19)
(c) iVgau-samaasa (saa>Syavaacakna saubantaena samasyamaana: iVgau-samaasa:)
(1) samaahar-iVgau-samaasa (%ayaaNaa> ivaZaanaa> samaahar:, i%aivaZa G&ta@ 16.21)
(2) tai&taYa|-iVgau-samaasa (i%agauNaePau qtpaanaa> ivaPayaa:, %aEgauNyaivaPayaa: G&ta@ 2.45)
(3) qTarpad-iVgau-samaasa (Laaekanaa> %ayama`, Laaek%ayama` G&ta@ 11.20)
(d) naa`-tatpauwPa-samaasa (na Zama|:, AZama|:
G&ta@ 1.40)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
WORDS OF WISDOM
sadupades{a@h<
sadupadeoaa:_
Aivacaaya| na vaFvya> vaFvya> sauivacaairtama`_
ikca ta%aEva vaFvya> ya%aaeF safLa> Bavaeta`__101__
qpakarae~ipa naIcaanaamapakarae ih jaayatae_
paya: paana> BaujaGanaa> kvaLa> ivaPavaZa|nama`__102__
xamaaoa> kre yasya duja|na: ik kirPyaita_
Ata\Nae paitataae vai: svayamaevaaepaoaamyaita__103__
yadoaKya> na tacCKya> tacCKya> oaKyamaeva tata`_
na jaLae oak@> yaaita na ca naaEga|cCita sYaLae__104__
Atvaa parsantaapamagatvaa SaLamaindrma`_
Anautsa\jya sataa> vatma| yatsvaLpamaipa tahu__105__
ksauma> vaNa|sampa> ganZahIna> na oaaeBatae_
na oaaeBatae iyaahIna> maZaur> vacana> taYaa__106__
q^maena ih isaZyainta kayaa|iNa na manaaerYaE:_
na ih sauptasya isa>hsya paRivaoainta mauSae ma\gaa:__107__
q^ma: saahsa> ZaEya|> baui&: oaiF: parama:_
PaDetae ya%a vata|ntae ta%a dEva> paRsaIdita__108__
gacCinpapaIiLaka yaaita yaaejanaanaa> oataanyaipa_
AgacCna` vaEnataeyaae~ipa padmaek na gacCita__109__
svaga\he paUjyatae maUSa|: svagaRamae paUjyatae paRBau:_
svadeoae paUjyatae rajaa ivaVansava|%a paUjyatae__110__
sapa|dju a|nayaaema|Zyae var> sapaae| na duja|na:_
sapaae| d>oaita kaLaena duja|nastau pade pade__111__
rivaocandRae zanaa va\xaa: nadI gaavaoca sajjanaa:_
]tae paraepakaraya Bauiva dEvaena inaima|taa:_112__
RIGHTEOUS SAYINGS
suvac{ana@ni
sauvacanaaina_
(1) satyamaeva jayatae naana\tama`_ satyameva jayate na@nr>tam. (satyama` ]va jayatae, na Ana\tama`) Only the
truth wins, not the false.
(2) paraepakaraYa|ma` }d> oarIrma`_ paropaka@ra@rtham idam[ s{ar&ram. The body is for service to
others.
(3) LaaeBa: paapasya karNama`_ lobhah< pa@pasya ka@ran<am. Greed is the root of sins.
(4) jananaI janmaBaUimaoca svagaa|dipa garIyasaI_ janan& janmabhu@mis{c{a svarga@dapi gar&yas&. (jananaI
janma-BaUima: ca svagaa|ta` Aipa garIyasaI) The Mother and the Mother-earth are superior to
heaven.
(5) oaILa> par> BaUPaNama`_ s{&lam[ param[ bhu@sa< n<am. Character is the best adornment.
(6) Aita sava|%a vaja|yaeta`_ ati sarvatra varjayet. Too much should always be avoided.
(7) na ga\h> ga\ihNaIhIna> ga\ihNaI ga\hma` qcyatae_ na gr<ham[ gr<hin<&-h&nam[, gr<hin<& gr<ham[ uc{yate. It is
not a home without a lady, with a lady a house is called a home.
(8) dIza|saU%aI ivanaoyaita_ d&rghasu@tr& vinas{yati. The procastinator perishes.
(9) AaeZaena jayaeta` aeZama`_ akrodhena jayet krodham. Violence should be defeated with
peace.
(10) Aih>saa parmaae Zama|:_ ahim~sa@ paramo dharmah<. Non-violence is the greatest
righteousness.
(11) AkrNaanmandkrNa> eya: akaran<a@nmandakaran<am[ s{reyah<. (AkrNaata` mandkrNa> eya:)_
Better late than never.
(12) AnaYa|: sa>zacaairNa:_ anarthah< san[gha-c{ar@ in<ah<. Calamities occur in groups.
(13) maUSa|sya naastyaaEPaZama`_ mu@rkhasya na@si-aus<adham. (maUSa|sya naaista AaEPaZama`) You can not
cure fools. Brains are not injected.
(14) varma^ kpaaetaae na ovaae mayaUr:_ varamadya kapoto na s{vo mayu@rah<. (varma` A^ kpaaeta: na
ova: mayaUr:) A pigeon today is better than a peacock tomorrow.
(15)
For able people what is too difficult? (Nothing). For industrious people what is
inaccessible? (None). For the learned people where is there foreign land? (Nowhere).
For agreeable people who is a foreigner? (Nobody).
(16)
(taavata` Bayasya Baetavya> yaavata` Bayama` Anaagatama`_ Aagata> tau Baya> vaIxya nar: kyaa|ta` yaYaa qicatama`__)
One should fear, as long as there is no calamity. But, seeing the calamity a person
should act appropriately)
(17)
(tyajaeta` ]k kLasya AYae|, gaRamasya AYae| kLa> tyajaeta`_ gaRama> janapadsya AYae|, AatmaaYae| pa\iYavaI> tyajaeta`__)
One person may be sacrificed for the sake of the family, a family may be sacrificed for
the sake of the town, a town may be sacrificed for the sake of the country and for the
sake of soul, the earth may be left.
(18)
(AaeZaena jayaeta` &ma`, AsaaZau> saaZanaa jayaeta`_ jayaeta` kdya|> danaena, jayaeta` satyaena ca Ana\tama`__)
Violence should be won with non-violence; the unrighteous should be won being
righteous, a miser should be won over with charity; the false should be won with
truth)
RELATIONSHIPS
35.6
Bride
Brother
Brother elder
AgaRja:
Brother younger
Anauja:
Child
Apatyama`; baaLa:, baaLak:, ABa|k:, dark:, vatsa:, vatsaa, jaata:, jaataa, ioaoau:, santaana:,
santaita:
Daughter
dairka
knyaa, sautaa, duihtaa, pau%aka, pau%aI, tanayaa, Aatmajaa, saunau:, saunaU:, svajaa, AGjaa, jaataa,
Daughter-in-law
daEih%aI, paui%akasautaa
Father-in-law
ovasaur:
ipata\vyapau%aI
ipata\vyaa
ipataamah:, ipata\ipataa
ipata\svasaa
ipata\Pvasaeya:
Friend ima%ama`, banZau:, baanZava:, saud`, saSaa, saSaI, snaehI, ihta:, ivaBaava:; sahaya:, sahkarI,
sahBaaegaI, sahBaagaI, sahvataI|, samadu:SasauSa:, paRitayaaegaI, saGI, AnauragaI, paYak:
Husband paita:, svaamaI, var:, vaLLaBa:, Bataa|, vaae$a:, kanta:, diyata:, naaya:, Zava:
Husband's brother (brother-in-law)
Husband's sister (sister-in-law)
Lover (boy-friend)
Mother
devar:
Mother-in-law ovaU:
Mother's brother (uncle) maatauLa:, maata\BaRataa, maatagau:
Mother's brother's daughter (niece)
maatauLapau%aI
maatauLaI, maatauLaanaI
maataamah:, mata\ipataa
maataamahI, maata\maataa
svasaa, BaiganaI
Sister, elder
AgaRjaa
Sister, younger
Anaujaa
deva\ (devaa)
Son's son (gradnson) paaE%a:, pau%asauta:, pau%aatmaja:, sautaatmaja:, pau%aatmaja:, pau%aksauta:, naptaa, pau%apau%a:
Stranger Aagantauk:, AByaagata:, vaEdeioak:, Apairicata:, par:, parpauwPa:, paarKya:, AnaByasta:,
AXaata:, AnaiBaXa:_
Step brother vaEmaa%a:, vaEmaa%aeya:, ivamaata\ja:, Anyaaedya|:
Step daughter
Step father
sapatnaIsautaa
maatau:paita:
sapatnaIsauta:
Wife patnaI, Baayaa|, I, jaayaa, vaZaU:, ga\ihNaI, daiyataa, kantaa, vaLLaBaa, vainataa; dara (m\)
Wife's brother (brother-in-law) oyaaLa:
Wife's sister (sister-in-law) oyaaLaI, oyaaiLaka, syaaLakI, patnaIsvasaa, jaayaaBaiganaI
THE DICTIONARY
OF ALL 2200 SANSKRIT VERBS
(A) (a)
Ak 1|ak (to walk in circular motion like a snake) Akita AikPyaita Aakta` Aktau Akta` *Aikta AknaIya
Axa` 5|aks< (to occupy, pervade; to collect) AxaNaaeita AixaPyaita AxNaaetau AaxaNaaeta` AxNauyaata` *AP@ Aixa AxaNaa
Aga` 1|ag (to walk in zigzag way like a snake, to curl, wind) Agaita AigaPyaita Aagata` Agatau Agaeta` *Aigata
Aza` 10|agh (to sin, err, act improperly) Azayaita-tae AzaiyaPyaita-tae Aazayata`-ta Azayatau-taama` Azayaeta`-ta *Aizata
AG`k 1|an[k (to aim, mark, stamp; to walk crooked) AGtae AiGPyatae AaGta AGtaama` AGeta *AiGta AGnaIya
AG`k 10|an[k (to count, mark, aim) AGyaita-tae AGiyaPyaita-tae AaGyata`-ta AGyatau-taama` AGyaeta`-ta *AiGta AG
AG`Sa` 10|an[kh (to crawl, walk on knees) AGyaita-tae AGiyaPyaita-tae AaGyata`-ta AGyatau-taama` AGyaeta`-ta *AiGta
AG`ga` 1|an[g (to wander, stamp, count) AGita AiGPyaita AaGta` AGtau AGeta` *AiGta AGnaIya AiDtvaa AiGtauma`
AG`ga` 10|an[g (to circle, to mark, count) AGyaita-tae AGiyaPyaita-tae AaGyata`-ta AGyatau-taama` AGyaeta`-ta *AiGta
AG`za` 1|an[gh (to walk, start, rush, scold, blame) AGtae AiGPyatae AaGta AGtaama` AGeta *AiGta AiGtvaa
Aca` 1|ac{ (to request, honor, move) Acatae AicaPyaita-tae Aacata`-ta Acatau-taama` Acaeta`-ta *AF Aicatvaa Aicatauma`
Aja` 1|aj (to drive, go, lead, throw, cast) Ajaita AijaPyaita Aajata` Ajatau Ajaeta` *Aijata AjanaIya Aijatavya
Aca` 1|an~c{ (to worship, beg, bend) Acaita-tae AicaPyaita-tae Aacata`-ta Acatau-taama` Acaeta`-ta *Aicata, AF
Aca` 10|an~c{ (to respect, worship) Acayaita-tae AcaiyaPyaita-tae Aacayata`-ta Aacayatau-taama` Aacayaeta` *Aicata
Aja` 7|an~j (to anoint, make, show, represent) AnaiF AG`xyaita-AijaPyaita Aanak AnaF Ajyaata` *AF-AG
Aja` 10|an~j{ (to say, speak) Ajayaita-tae AjaiyaPyaita-tae Aajayata`-ta Ajayaatau-taama` Ajayaeta` *Aijata Aijatauma`
A@` 1|at> (to roam about, wander) A@ita Ai@Pyaita Aa@ A@tau A@eta` A@tae *Ai@ta A@naIya Ai@tvaa Ai@tauma`
A@`@` 1|at> (to go beyond, transgress, diminish, lessen, kill) Atae AiPyatae Aata Ataama` Aeta *Aita
A@`@` 10|at> (to despise, dishonor, reduce) Ayaita-tae AiyaPyaita-tae Aayata`-ta Ayatau-taama` Ayaeta`-ta *Aita
A#` 1|at>h (to go) A#ita-tae Ai#Pyatae Aa#ta A#taama` A#eta *Ai#ta A#ta` A#naIya Ai#tavya Ai#tvaa Ai#tauma`
AD` 1|ad> (to work, trade, try, attempt, exert) ADita AiDPyaita ADta` ADtau ADeta` *AiDta ADnaIya AiDtavya AD`
5|ad> (to spread, pervade, attain) AD`Naaeita AiDPyaita AaD`naaeta` AD`naaetau AD`nauyaata` *AiDta ADta` AiDtauma`
AD`D` 1|ad> (to attack, to meditate, argue, infer, discern) Aita AiPyaita AaDta` Atau Aeta` *Aita