Scribd
Upload
43 views19 pages

Flow Across Cylinders-Pheres-Lecture 3

This lecture focuses on external forced convection, specifically the flow across cylinders and spheres, highlighting the influence of Reynolds number on drag and heat transfer. It discusses the effects of surface roughness on drag coefficients and presents formulas for calculating heat transfer coefficients for both cylinders and spheres. An example problem illustrates the application of these concepts in a geothermal power plant scenario.

Uploaded by

yohayassin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
43 views19 pages

Flow Across Cylinders-Pheres-Lecture 3

This lecture focuses on external forced convection, specifically the flow across cylinders and spheres, highlighting the influence of Reynolds number on drag and heat transfer. It discusses the effects of surface roughness on drag coefficients and presents formulas for calculating heat transfer coefficients for both cylinders and spheres. An example problem illustrates the application of these concepts in a geothermal power plant scenario.

Uploaded by

yohayassin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

HEAT TRANSFER

External Forced Convection


Lecture 2-Flow across
cylinders/spheres

Dr Aklilu Tesfamichael Baheta


Department of Mechanical Engineering
Lesson outcome:
At the end of the lecture the student should be
able to:
• Evaluate the drag and heat transfer associated
with flow across cylinder and sphere
Flow across cyliders/spheres
• Commonly encountered in practice
• The characteristic length is the outer diameter
• The flow may involve laminar, transition, turbulent and wake
regions. The flow depends, strongly, on the Reynolds number
and it exhibits complex pattern.
• Both friction and pressure drags can be significant
Flow across cyliders/spheres
Drag coefficient

VD
Re 

Low Re friction drag


High Re pressure drag
Intermediate  both drags
Flow across cyliders/spheres

Creeping flow, no separation Separation start at rear body

http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/~johnc/teaching/fluidmechanics4/2003-04/fluids14/image41.gif
Flow across cyliders/spheres

Laminar Turbulent
• Re < 2105 • Re  2105
• Flow separation at 80 • Flow separation at 140

where  measured from stagnation point


Flow across cyliders/spheres
Effect of surface roughness
• In flat plat, surface roughness
increase friction coefficient
• For cylinder/ sphere, surface
roughness may decrease drag
coefficient at certain Re
• Turbulent region occurs earlier at
lower Re
• Smaller drag obtained in a rough
surface cylinder as compared to
smooth surface cylinder at
identical size, velocity, and Re

http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/aerodynamics/sports/sphere-flow-comparison.jpg
Flow across cyliders/spheres
Effect of surface roughness
Flow across cyliders/spheres
Drag force Plate AN= Lw
• Once the drag coefficient is
known, the drag force can be
calculated as

V 2 Cylinder AN= LD


FD  C D AN (N)
2
• A is frontal area

Cylinder AN= D2/4


Flow across cyliders/spheres
Heat transfer coefficient
• Flow over cylinder (proposed by Churchill and
Bernstein)

  Re  
 
5/8 4/5
hD 0.62 Re Pr 1/ 2 1/ 3
Nu cyl   0.3  1    
k 1  0.4 / Pr    282000  
2 / 3 1/ 4

• Valid for Re Pr  0.2


• Fluid properties are evaluated at film temperature
Ts  T
Tf 
2
Flow across cyliders/spheres
Heat transfer coefficient
• Flow over sphere (proposed by Whitaker)

hD
 
0.4    
1/ 4

Nu sph   2  0.4 Re  0.06 Re Pr 


1/ 2 2/3

k  s 
• Valid for
3.5  Re  8 10 4 ,0.7  Pr  380,1.0    /  s   3.2
• Fluid properties are evaluated at the free stream
temperature T, except s which is evaluated at the
surface temperature Ts
Flow across cyliders/spheres
Heat transfer coefficient
• The average Nu for flow across cylinder can be
simplified compactly:
hD
Nu cyl   C Re m Pr n
k
• where C and m are constant depends on Re

• This is a simple alternative equation for flow across


cylinders based on Re number obtained
Flow across cyliders/spheres
Heat transfer coefficient
• The average Nu for flow across circular
cylinder at various Re

Fluid Range of Re Nusselt number


Gas or liquid 0.4-4 Nu = 0.989Re0.330Pr1/3
4-40 Nu = 0.911Re0.385Pr1/3
40-4000 Nu = 0.683Re0.466Pr1/3
4000-40,000 Nu = 0.193Re0.618Pr1/3
40,000-400,000 Nu = 0.027Re0.805Pr1/3
Flow across cyliders/spheres
Heat transfer coefficient
• The average Nu for flow across non circular cylinder
Flow across cyliders/spheres
Heat transfer coefficient
• The above simple relations for Nusselt number only
applicable for single cylinder
• Only for smooth surface
• It is based only on the Re
• Less accurate as compared to equation proposed by
Churchill and Bernstein
Methodology for solving problem
Ts  T
• Find properties based on film Tf 
temperature, Tf. 2

• Calculate Reynolds number Vx Vx


Re x  
 
• Identify the type of flow based
on Re obtained
• Calculate Cf/Nu by using
suitable correlations kNu
• Determine h from calculated h
L
Nu
• Use the right equations Q conv  hAs (Ts  T ) (W)
V 2
FD  C D A (N)
2
Flow across cyliders/spheres
Example
In a geothermal power plant, the used geothermal water at 80C
enters a 15 cm diameter and 400-m long uninsulated pipe at a
rate of 8.5 kg/s and leaves at 70C before being re-injected
back to the ground. Windy air at 15C flows normal to the
pipe. Neglect radiation, determine the average wind velocity?
Assumption: 1) Steady operating condition, 2) Air is an ideal gas
with constant properties, 3) Radiation effects are negligible 4)
Local atmospheric pressure is 1 atm
The average surface temperature is taken as the average
between inlet and outlet temperature, hence
Ts  T 75C  15C
Tf    45C
2 2
Flow across cyliders/spheres
At 55C and 1 atm the air properties are (Table A13):
  1.109 kg/m 3   1.750 10 5 m 2 /s
k  0.02669 W/mC Pr  0.7241
Specific heat of water at 75 C, Cp,water= 4193 J/kgK
Solution:
The rate of heat transfer from the water to pipe:
Q  m c T  8.5 kg/s 4193 J/kg  K 353 K  343 K   356400 W
p

The surface area and heat transfer coefficient


As  DL   0.15 m 400 m   188.4 m 2

h
Q

356400 W   K
As (Ts  T ) (188.5 m )348 K - 288 K 
2
31. 51 W/m 2
Flow across cyliders/spheres
The Nusselt number is
hL 31.51 W/m 2 K 0.15 m 
Nu    175.1
k 0.02699 W/mK 
Reynolds number can be calculated from Nu correlation for
cylinder
  Re  
1  0.4 / Pr  
5/8 4/5
0.62 Re 1/ 2
Pr 1/ 3
Nu cyl  0.3  1    
2 / 3 1/ 4
  282000  

0.7241   Re  
1  0.4 / 0.7241    282000 
5/8 4/5
0.62 Re 1/ 2 1/ 3
175.1  0.3  1      Re  71900
2 / 3 1/ 4

The average wind velocity

V

Re 
1.75 10 m 2 /s 71900
-5
 8.39 m/s  30.2 km/h
D 0.15 m 

You might also like