EXPERIMENT NO:2 Title:- Testing basic connectivities Aim:- To study the basic commands Nmap,Traceroute,Route,Arp,Ping,Ifconfig Objective :- To see the

basic study related with Internet Technologies & its basic

functioning related with its features.

Theory :Nmap
Nmap is a security scanner originally written by Gordon Lyon (Fyodor). It may be used to discover computers and services on a computer network, thus creating a "map" of the network. Just like many simple port scanners, Nmap is capable of discovering passive services on a network despite the fact that such services aren't advertising themselves with a service discovery protocol. In addition Nmap may be able to determine various details about the remote computers. These include operating system, device type, uptime, software product used to run a service, exact version number of that product, presence of some firewall techniques and, on a local area network, even vendor of the remote network card. Nmap runs on Linux, Microsoft Windows, Solaris, and BSD (including OSX), and also on AmigaOS.[1] Linux is the most popular nmap platform and Windows the second most popular.[1]

Netstat
netstat (network statistics) is a command-line tool that displays network connections (both incoming and outgoing), routing tables, and a number of network interface statistics. It is available on Unix, Unix-like, and Windows NT-based operating systems.

It is used for finding problems in the network and to determine the amount of traffic on the network as a performance measurement

netstat command
The netstat command is used to show network status. Traditionally, it is used more for problem determination than for performance measurement. However, the netstat command can be used to determine the amount of traffic on the network to ascertain whether performance problems are due to network congestion. The netstat command displays information regarding traffic on the configured network interfaces, such as the following:

The address of any protocol control blocks associated with the sockets and the state of all sockets

The number of packets received, transmitted, and dropped in the communications subsystem

Cumulative statistics per interface Routes and their status

Using the netstat command

The netstat command displays the contents of various network-related data structures for active connections.

Nslookup
The nslookup command can be used in Windows and Unix to find various details relating to DNS including IP addresses of a particular computer, MX records for a domain or the NS servers of a domain - all using DNS lookups. The name means "name server lookup". The most common version of the program is included as part of the

BIND package. A more modern alternative to nslookup is the dig program, also shipping with BIND. nslookup comes with a number of subcommands to help you get more information from the specific dns servers. They are: server NAME (where NAME is the name or ip address of the dns server you wish to query). It is not always possible to query a specific dns server as often dns queries are blocked to prevent denial of service attacks set type=NAME (where NAME is the type of record you would like to look at. For example set type mx will give you the mail records)

ifconfig
The Unix command ifconfig serves to configure and control TCP/IP network interfaces from a command-line interface (CLI). The name ifconfig expresses the purpose of the command: an interface configurator. ifconfig originally appeared in 4.2BSD as part of the BSD TCP/IP suite so in effect it formed part of the original internet toolkit. Common uses for ifconfig include setting an interface's IP address and netmask, and disabling or enabling a given interface. At boot time, many UNIX-style distributions initialize their network interfaces with shell-scripts that call ifconfig. ifconfig can also virtually airwall a machine, functionally disconnecting it from a network.

Arp
ARP is used in four cases of two hosts communicating:When two hosts are on the same network and one desires to send a packet to the other When two hosts are on different networks and must use a gateway/router to reach the other host When a router needs to forward a packet for one host through another router When a router needs to forward a packet from one host to the destination host on the same network The first case is used when two hosts are on the same physical network (that is, they can directly

communicate without going through a router). The last three cases are the most used over the Internet as two computers on the internet are typically separated by more than 3 hops. In the first case, you would have two hosts, A and B, on the same LAN segment. If, for example, Host A wants to send an IPv4 packet to Host B, Host A must already have an IPv4 (network layer) address for Host B. However, in order to be able to send the packet on the LAN to Host B, Host A must also have a data link layer address, i.e. a MAC address, for Host B. If it doesn't already know that MAC address, it would send an ARP request to ask for that MAC address, in hope of getting a reply from Host B, or another host on the network, returning the required MAC address. In the second case, for the same example, hosts A and B would be on different network segments, but there would be a router, on the same LAN segment as Host A, which is either on the same network segment as Host B, or on the same network segment as another router that is on the same network segment as Host B, or on the same network segment as another router that is on the same network segment as yet another router that is on the same segment as Host B, and so on. Host A would send the IPv4 packet not to Host B, but to the first of those routers; it would look up Host B in its routing table to determine the IPv4 address of the appropriate router. It would then, if it doesn't already know the MAC address of that router, use ARP to determine that MAC address. The third case is similar to the second case; the router would look up Host B in its routing table to determine the IPv4 address of the next router to which it should send the packet and, if it doesn't already know the MAC address for the router, use ARP to determine that MAC address. The fourth case is similar to the first case; the router has determined that Host B is on the same LAN segment, and, if it doesn't already know Host B's MAC address, will use ARP to determine that MAC address.

Conclusion :These the are basic features & functions of commands like Nmap, Traceroute, Route, Arp, Ping, Ifconfig.