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Overview
Auxiliary Power Supply System
Elements of Aux. Power System What are Faults ?
Protections
Purpose of Protection System Essential Qualities of Protection System Protection Zones Primary And Back up Protections
Motor Protections Transformer Protections Incomers & Ties Protections for LV side Relay Setting
Protection Zones
Depending on the ratings of the machines ,its location ,relative importance ,probability of faults each Power system component (Generator, Transformer Transmission lines , busbars , cables ,individual loads etc) is covered by Protection Zones. The entire system is covered by protection zones and no part is left unprotected.
Protection Zones
Back up Protections By
duplication Principle
Motor Protections
AC Motors
Almost ALL motors used in Power Plant are Three Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motors Motors Drive a variety of Equipment, viz., Pumps, Fans, Pulverizers, Blowers, Compressors, Conveyors Characteristics of Motors depend on the Driven Equipments characteristics
AC Motors
Voltage level of motors selected according to kW rating <= 200kW - LT (415V) > 200kW & <= 1500kW - HT (3.3kV) > 1500kW - HT (11kV) Type of Control selected according to duty LT Motors Breaker control for ratings >160kW LT Motors Contactor control for all duties HT Motors Contactor control for frequent StartStops HT Motors Breaker control for Other duties
Motor Faults
Electrical Faults Short-circuit Winding Faults (Phase-Phase, Inter-turn) Earth Fault Dangerous Operating Conditions Overload (Continuous & Cyclic) Stalling Single-Phasing Switching Over-voltage Under-voltage
LT Motor Protection
Transformer Protections
Transformer Characteristics
High magnetizing inrush currents Ratio mismatch with CTs aggravated by Tap- changers Phase shifts Transformers are affected by over-fluxing Affected by over-temperature
Power Transformers
Connect Systems of Different Voltage Levels Located near the Load Centres Supply Power to Switchboards which is Distributed to the Loads Ratings from few hundred kVAs to several MVAs
Transformers and generators are voltage sources.They are traditionally protected by an Over current Earth fault relay , normally mounted in the breaker panel. It should be noted that this protection alone is not adequate.
It is well established that the sum of currents at the beginning of the zone A should be equal to the sum of currents exiting the zone. Two sets of CTs are used to derive these sum of currents at the inlet and exit. A fault in the zone will result in a difference in current .
Mechanical Protection
Winding Temperature Alarm & Trip Oil Temperature Alarm & Trip Buchholz Relay Reliable Protective Device for Transformers with Conservator Incipient Faults Alarm Severe Winding Faults Trip Oil Pressure Relief Device
Incomers
Convey Power from Transformers to Switchboards Protection Scheme Over-current Instantaneous O/C Relay Earth Fault Instantaneous E/F Relay in Residual Circuit
Tie Feeders
Connect Two Switchboards of Same Voltage Level Provided to Enhance Reliability Can work both as Incomer & Outgoing according to Operational Philosophy Protection Scheme Similar to Incomer
Relay Settings
Check for Magnetizing Inrush Current (about 15 times the FLC), the Relay should not Operate
Diesel Generator
Used for Emergency Power Supply Three-Phase Three-Wire System Protection Scheme Differential Voltage Controlled Over-current (Backup) Reverse Power Overload Alarm (on One Phase) Earth Fault Alarm
Numerical Relays
Integrated protection , control and metering Flexibility to system design. Online diagnostics Remote indications and operations
Numerical Relays
The tangible benefits are
Lesser no of devices. Reduced cables and cabling. Reduced engineering time. Lesser panel size which means saving in space Less spare inventory Less operational cost
Reverse Power
50A, 50 L/R 50 N
Definite time delay for over load alarm (50A). The relay setting is continuously adjustable between 50-200% of CT secondary rated current and a time delay setting of about 2.5 to 25 seconds. The relay is Alstom type CTU-12 or equivalent. Definite time delay single pole over current relay for motor stalling protection (50 L/R) on one phase only. The relay setting is continuously adjustable between 150-600% of CT secondary rated current and a time delay setting of about 2.5 to 25 seconds. The relay is Alstom type CTU-12 or equivalent. Single pole instantaneous earth fault relay (50 N) with adjustable current setting of 10%-40% of rated secondary current of neutral CT. The relay is Alstom type CAG12 or equivalent
ANSI Codes
ANSI / IEEE Codes for Protection Functions Code Function Description Application Area
Feeders XTMR Gen Motors
Time delay 2 x Over speed 12 Impedance Relay (Distance Protectio x 21 Distance Relay - earth Fault 21G Over excitation 24 Synchronising check 25 Over / under temperature 26 x 27 / 59 Under voltage / Over Voltage - ac Annunciator 30 x Reverse Power (Directional Power) 32 Reverse Power (Directional Power) - Active 32P Reverse Power (Directional Power) - Reactiv 32Q Under Power / Under curent 37 Bearing Temperature 38 Bearing Vibration 39 Loss of field 40 Manual transfer switch 43 DC Over voltage 45 Reverse phase / phase balance curren x 46 Phase sequence / phase reversal voltage 47 Thermal Over load 49 Instantaneous Over Current 50 x Instantaneous Earth Fault 50N x 50V 51 51N 51LR 51V 52BF 59S 60 63 64 64R 64S
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x
Voltage restrained over current - Inst. Time delayed Over current x x Time delayed earth fault x x Locked Rotor Voltage restrained Over current - time delayed Breaker Failure x x Negative sequence Over Voltage x Voltage balance protection x Pressure x Restricted Earth Fault x Rotor Earth fault Stator Earth Fault
x x x x