ELECTRIC ELEVATOR

SUMMARY

An elevator is a machine designed for vertical transportation of

people both in buildings and in underground constructions.

The present project includes the processes of mechanical design, calculation and
dimensions necessary for the execution of an elevator for two
passengers in a 6-story building. The load, the route, the speed and
The characteristics of the building are the points that have been taken as a starting point.

A market study has been included, both at the national level and
international, an economic study that has allowed to set a price of
sale and establish the feasibility of the elevator and a study of the impact
environmental. Finally, the plans have been arranged in an Annex.
mechanics.

The final result is an efficient machine that offers good

services with a competitive price.

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CHAPTER 1:
OBJECTIVES OF
PROJECTED

The objective of this project is to carry out the mechanical design of a

two-passenger elevator for a residential building with 6 floors. The
priorities have always been the following:
Offer good features and comfort for the user.
Reduce the number of components and their dimensions to achieve
a compact machine suitable for buildings with a shaft
reduced and without space for the machine room.

Achieve the maximum possible energy efficiency.

Ensure maximum safety in any work situation.

The idea is not to introduce a completely new product into the market but to
to employ various solutions that have emerged in the lifting sector,
They have generally been applied in elevators for between 6 and 10 passengers.

CHAPTER 2:
THE ELEVATOR AS

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MEANS OF TRANSPORT

The elevator is defined as a vertical transport system designed to

mobilize people and/or materials between defined floors, both in direction
ascending as descending, in buildings or in constructions
underground. It integrates mechanical, electrical, and electronic components.

Currently, it is the second global transport in terms of volume of

passengers after the car and the first for safety. Their
development fundamentally began in the early 19th century and has
allowed vertical building configuring the cities as they
we know today and greatly facilitating the movement of people.

2.1 HISTORY
The first reference to an elevator appears in the works
of thearchitectRomanVitruvius, who argues that Archimedes (ca. 287 B.C.

C. – ca. 212 A.D.) had probably built the first elevator in the
Year 236 BC. Later literary sources mention
elevators made of cabins supported by hemp rope and
manually operated or by animals. It is estimated that elevators of that type
they were installed in themonasteryfrom Sinai, in Egypt.
About the year1000in the Book of Secrets written byIbn Khalaf al-
Muradi, from the Islamic Spain it describes the use of an elevator as
lifting device, in order to raise a heavy weight to strike and destroy
a fortress.2
In theseventeenth centuryThere were elevator prototypes in some buildings
English and French palaces.
Old and medieval elevators used traction systems.
based on the crane mechanism. The invention of another system based
in the screw transmission, it was perhaps the most important step in the
elevator technology since ancient times, which ultimately led to the
creation of modern passenger elevators. The first model was
built byIvan Kulibin and installed in theWinter Palace in 1793,
while several years later, another Kulibin elevator was installed
inArkhangelsk, nearMoscow. In 1823a "booth of
ascension in London.

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2.2 BASIC TYPES OF ELEVATORS

The types of elevators are described below in a general manner.
citing yours main components and characteristics and
including a table with the advantages and disadvantages for each
one. For a more detailed description, you can consult the
Preliminary project completed.

2.2.1. ELECTRIC ELEVATOR

The electric elevator is the most common type of vertical transportation.

both by people and materials. Its use extends to buildings
of any height and type (residential, commercial, industrial,
hospitals, etc.) with a wide range of loads and speeds (0.5-
7.5 m/s

They are basically made up of a cabin and a counterweight whose

guided movement is achieved through a motor
electric (characteristic that establishes the designation of the type)
coupled to a traction pulley or to a winding drum a 2
through a pinion-gear reducer or directly
depending on their characteristics. For traction and suspension of
The cabin and the counterweight use steel metal cabling.

Currently, alternating current motors are predominantly used.

asynchronous with one or two speeds, capable of incorporating a control
electronic through frequency converter which provides numerous advantages.
Recently, alternating engines are also being introduced.
synchronous while the use of direct current motors has
experienced a gradual decline in recent years. To
at the same time a reduction in the costs of the products
electronics has allowed for a constant improvement in control of the
electric motors.

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Historically, the so-called systems have also been used.

Ward-Leonard regulation for DC motors although currently
they can be considered outdated.

In general, the installation can be divided into the following parts:

Traction circuit: Composed of the motor, a brake

electromechanical, a reduction gear if necessary and the pulley of
traction or winding drum.

• Elevator circuit: Composed of the cabin, the counterweight and

the suspension wiring (along with the rerouting system) and
compensation if the height of the building requires it.

Safety circuit: Comprised of the speed limiter along

with its tension pulley if included, the steering system and the mechanism
parachute.

The fixed part of the installation includes the guides, the dampers,
shaft, the access doors to the floors and the machine room.

The mentioned safety circuit is responsible for stopping the cabin in case of
that it detects a certain speed higher than the nominal.
In general, elevators incorporate a large number of devices.
of security that in combination with the strict regulations in force it
they become the safest transport that exists. The principles
The advantages of electric elevators are that they have no limitations.
of height being able to reach great loads and speeds at a cost
They are also facilities with a very general efficiency.
favorable. The following figure shows the main components of a
installation type of an electric elevator.

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Finally, a table is provided showing the main ones.

advantages and disadvantages of this type of elevators:

2.2.2. HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR

In hydraulic elevators, the movement of the cabin is achieved
by means of a piston that is in turn moved by the force transmitted to it
a pressurized oil that drives a hydraulic group. Since the fluid
What they use is an oil; it would be more appropriate to call them oil elevators.
hydraulic however for the historical reasons mentioned (initially
the term hydraulic is still accepted.

The hydraulic group is the most characteristic element of these elevators and
it is equivalent to the traction group in electric elevators.
It is made up of an asynchronous alternating current electric motor that

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activate a hydraulic pump that can be gear-driven or piston-driven

rotary or screw depending on performance and noise level
desired and by a valve block in charge of safety and the
maneuver.

The main elements that together with the hydraulic group form
A hydraulic elevator consists of the cabin and the cylinder. The cabin
it only presents differences compared to that of an electric elevator
on its frame that must be adapted so that the pulling force is
exerted from below by one or more pistons and not from the upper area
by a cable. The cylinder is a steel tube that is always installed
vertically through whose base the entry and exit of the fluid is made
allows the movement of the piston that contains in sense
ascending or descending respectively. The piston is made of
cold drawn steel and has a perfectly machined surface,
rectified, polished, and burnished. The ascent of the cabin is achieved
when the pump sends the oil under pressure through the valves
and is carried by the pipes to the cylinder whose piston at
to extend begins the movement. The descent occurs by gravity
through discharge valves that evacuate the oil from the piston.
On the other hand, the shot can be central or lateral depending on whether the piston is connected.
to the cabin frame through the center or its sides. The former allows
an optimal use of space while the second
allows for greater heights and loads at the cost of a price and space
necessary superiors. Although the side shot is usually performed through
two cylinders are sometimes used, but only one is used for
very short routes due to the eccentricity of the load. The
The transportation of oil is carried out through rigid pipes made of
drawn steel without welds and with threaded joints with one or two
interleaved elastic mangas to cut vibrations. The circuit
hydraulic is closed so it is completed with a tank or
return tank made of steel sheet.

There are two types of hydraulic elevators depending on how the fluid
drives the cabin movement:

Direct drive (1:1 suspension): The piston is directly coupled to

the cabin laterally or centered underneath it. It is used
generally in low-rise elevators (around 4
meters) or higher if a well is built below the level of the
pit to house the cylinder.

Differential drive (suspension 2:1): The piston is coupled to a

pulley system that is responsible for transmitting movement
to the cabin allowing for higher speeds and travel heights.

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The choice of one of these solutions is strictly technical and depends

of the number of stops, the route of the elevator and the features
that are required for load and speed. Regardless of whether the
actuation can be direct or differential, the pistons can be simple or
telescopic, that is, being composed of two or more sections
concentric. The latter allow for greater routes, a
shortening in the cylinders with equal travel regarding the
simple and higher speeds.

As a disadvantage, they present a more complex construction.

more expensive, there are more frictions produced in them and also the
The risk of leaks is greater due to the larger number of joints and seals.

They are flexible facilities since the location of the machine room
can be at a certain distance from the opening (up to about 12 meters in
if necessary) and at different levels. However, it is advisable that this
contained sea since the pressure losses in the pipes
they will directly impact the overall performance of the installation. If
This feature is complemented by the fact that they do not require a counterweight the result.
It is a machine with a very good space-to-occupied ratio. The
The advantages and disadvantages of these elevators are as follows:

In summary, the advantages of these elevators are found in their

flexibility, in the comfort it provides to the user thanks to a
smooth and low-noise movement and the great safety they offer
regarding that the cabin cannot fall.

Within the framework of this project, the most important advantage it would provide
a hydraulic elevator is related to the space occupied however
the 6-floor (18 meters) route seems somewhat excessive. In
a higher purchase cost, a greater energy consumption
elevated 3, the need for greater maintenance and usage of
Lubricants that can be avoided are the main drawbacks.

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2.3 SOLUTION
ADOPTED AND ELEVATOR SPECIFICATIONS
The characteristics of the building in terms of the dimensions of the opening and
the length of the journey is alongside the goal of achieving a good
efficiency the main factors that determine the solution that
should adopt. Therefore, and according to the prior study conducted in the
The preliminary project has opted for an electric type elevator.
First of all, the rack and pinion traction elevator is
totally discarded since they have a higher consumption
energetic, they take up a lot of space and require lubrication in the
rack and pinion system. In addition, they are not precise and produce a high
noise levels since they are not intended for use in residences
except in construction, industrial buildings, applications that require the
heavy load movement, high-rise port cranes, etc.
Despite this, it has been deemed appropriate to carry out its description.
since they constitute a type of elevator by themselves.
The reasons that justify choosing an electric elevator over one
hydraulic with the following:
The building has 6 floors with a total distance of 18 meters.
what seems slightly excessive for a hydraulic elevator.
The installed power required is less so that in
this aspect will have an improvement in efficiency since the
energy consumption will be lower.
Less complex maintenance and therefore more economical.
It is a lower-cost installation in terms of its purchase and
assembly.
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The need for lubricating oils is greatly reduced by

what reduces the environmental impact by facilitating management
of the elevator materials once they reach the end of their useful life.

On the other hand, some of the traditional disadvantages of the

electric elevators versus hydraulic ones (less smoothness in the
start and in the stop, in the precision of the leveling and in the
space needs) will be addressed by carrying out a careful
selection of the machine components and making use of the control
motor electronic. On the other hand, they can undoubtedly be reached
same levels of security. Basically, the objective is the realization of
a lift in which the safety and comfort of the user can be
satisfying oneself while maintaining a commitment to the environment
improving efficiency, using easily recyclable materials and
limiting the use of certain substances such as lubricating oils.
will always seek the best possible financial adjustment but
considering that certain solutions may behave in some way
additional cost that will be considered necessary if it achieves compliance with
the established objectives.
The following specifications are established based on which
will develop the entire project:

The nominal speed value is the only specification that has been
modified concerning the Preliminary Project (it has increased from 0.8 m/s to 1
m/s) since, assuming a slight increase in engine power
necessary, reduces travel times greatly valued
by the user.

CHAPTER 3:
MECHANICAL DESIGN OF
ELEVATOR
Throughout this Chapter, the main components are described.
mechanisms that configure the elevator, the options are described

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possible for each case and concrete solutions are provided

chosen by justifying them properly.

Likewise, at the end of each section, a table is included that summarizes

the characteristics of the chosen solution or component. The components
dimensioned and/or selected are the following:

Elevator cabin.

Cabin and counterweight frame.

Cabin and counterweight dampers.

Cabin and counterweight guides.

Components of the suspension system.

Electric traction or lifting motor.

Electromechanical brake.

Forwarding system.

Support structure of tractor group.

Support structure of the forwarding system.

The processes of calculation, sizing, and selection of these

components can be found in Annex A contained in the
second volume of the project.

3.1. ELEVATOR CABIN

The cabin is the load-bearing element of the elevator, it is made up of
two main elements: the frame and the box. The box is the area
from the cabin designated for passengers and/or cargo that make use of the
elevator while the frame is the load-bearing structure that must
support it and on which the suspension cables are fixed, the mechanism
parachute and the rest of the elements (see fig. 5.1).

In what follows, unless otherwise indicated, the term will be used

cabin to designate the box and frame to designate the set
of elements that make up the aforementioned load-bearing structure. Currently
The advances in cabins and frames are focusing on development.
of modular constructions in plastic materials and structure
sandwiches that are lighter, stronger, and stiffer so that
they imply a lower maintenance cost. Despite that, the materials
currently employees are basically structural and stainless steel
and aluminum.

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3.1.1. CABIN
The cabin must be completely enclosed by walls, floor, and ceiling.
of continuous surface except for its access. The materials used
they will preferably be metallic or other materials of mechanical resistance
equivalent that are also non-flammable and do not produce gases or
smoke in case of fire.

The European directive 95/16/EC states that the cabin must be designed
and manufactured in such a way that its space and strength correspond to the
maximum number of people and the rated load of the elevator set
by the installer (see table 5.1).

De acuerdo a la misma normativa la cabina estará provista de un equipo de

bidirectional communication with the outside will ensure ventilation
sufficient for the occupants even in the event of a prolonged stop and
will have sufficient lighting, including emergency lighting
powered by an auxiliary energy source in case of interruption in the
electric supply.

Its roof must be able to support the weight of two men without
to break or deform permanently (load fixed at 2000 N)
have a minimum free surface of 0.12 m2 (with one of
its dimensions of 0.25 m at a minimum) and provide the possibility of installing
a safety railing for maintenance work.

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The M-02 cabin from the manufacturer SaveraGroup is installed; made with
galvanized sheet metal sheets covered with melamine and joined with
satin finish AISI 304 stainless steel street sings.
moldings, the lintel and the framing (decorative profiles and bases
superior and inferior) are also made of AISI 304.

It has a half-body mirror of 1112 mm with polished edges of 4.

mm thickness. The ceiling is equipped with a foldable grille of
black plastic-coated sheet (skinplate) with white oval methacrylate behind the
where the lighting is located. On the ground a black carpet of
textured rubber helps prevent falls and improve appearance
general of the cabin.

The cabin installs a button panel with square buttons with a register.
by memory through light and marked braille. The information of the floor and
The address is provided by a blue LCD screen.

3.1.2. CABIN FRAME

The frame is the sturdy structure on which the box rests.
like the rest of the elements that make up the cabin. The beams
superior and inferior along with the vertical posts that connect them
they constitute their main elements (fig. 5.3).

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The frame has a great responsibility for its design.

a safety coefficient of 5 is incorporated, which is the minimum allowed
by the Standard EN 81-1.

La estructura deberá diseñarse para ser capaz de soportar los esfuerzos

that they appear without breaking any of their parts or
permanent deformations that compromise proper functioning
from the machine. The work situations that must be considered are:

Normal operating operation: The elevator operates without

any incidence of the movement of people and/or cargo between the
building plants.

Operation of the parachute mechanism: When the elevator,

having reached a certain speed greater than a predefined value,
it must be stopped through the mentioned security mechanism.

Impact of the cabin against the shock absorbers: When for

serious incident or any other circumstance the stopping of the elevator
it must be carried out by the installed damping system.

For each of the previously described situations, the chassis

must offer a warranty total safety for the occupants of the
elevator and for the machine itself.

For both the upper and lower girders as well as for the posts,
opt for normalized UPE profiles made of structural steel not
random S355 J0 according to EN 10025-2 designation, which offers a limit
elasticity of 355 MPa and a minimum tensile strength of 470
MPa 5. The additional symbol J0 indicates the weldability grade and provides information.
of the minimum resilience value of the material at a temperature of 0º C.

Specifically, each beam is configured using two UPE 80 profiles and

each post by a UPE 180 arranged as shown in figure 5.3 and
united by multiple metric 12 bolts with washers of
Grower security to prevent loosening.

The frame set is completed with three omega profiles made of

unalloyed structural steel S275 J0 that supports on the bottom beam
perpendicular to it. Three are fixed in each of them.
silent blocks for compression work model 521652 from the manufacturer
PAULSTRA supports the sheet that ultimately constitutes the
cabin floor.

The suspension strip fastener is attached to the upper beam and

two rollers that serve as a link and support between the cabin and the
guides; on the lower parachute mechanism, the steering system and two
rollers more.

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The results obtained from the process of sizing the frame of

The booths made in Annex A.4 are presented in the following table.
All measurements provided are in millimeters.

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3.1.3. CABIN AND FLOOR DOORS

The cabin doors are automatic, with two leaves and opening.
They provide a free passage of 600 mm with a height of 2000 mm.
What are the minimum dimensions allowed by the regulations.

The VVF 1.1 model from the manufacturer FERMATOR is chosen. The operation of
The opening and closing is done by an electric motor, electronically controlled.
through the switchboard and provided with the appropriate protections
electric, in a time of 1.22 s. The total weight of the set is 52.5 kg.

The installed floor doors are model 10.1 from the same manufacturer. They are
of semi-automatic type, with a sight and a metal lever for opening it. Its
the total height is 2030 mm, its clear opening is 600 mm and the
Electromechanical enclosures are according to regulatory prescriptions.

3.2. COUNTERWEIGHT
The counterweight is the element of the elevator whose function is to
to offset the total weight of the cabin and part of its nominal load.
The usual practice is that its design is carried out in a way that balances the
50% of said load in addition to the weight of the suspension wiring if the
The elevator travel is greater than 35 meters.

Since the elevator for this project is designed for a building of

low height (6 floors with a total of 18 m of travel) the weight
The wiring is disregarded and the total mass to be compensated is 330 kg.

The reduction of the weight that the tractor group must pull allows for powers
minors for the elevation of the cabin. The possibility of installing a motor.
less powerful means a better fit in purchase costs and
of later energy consumption. Additionally, the dimensions of
motors will be smaller so space limitations may
be more easily resolved.

Basically, the counterweight is made up of a series of blocks of

concrete or casting arranged on a steel frame to which also
The four rollers that act as a link with the guides are fixed.
the cable suspension tie system.

The frame consists of 4 UPE 80 profiles for the beams (2 in the

superior and others in 2 the lower) and 2 HE 100A for the poles (1 on each side),
hot rolled and made of non-alloy structural steel S355 J0
according to designation EN 10025-2 as in the case of the cabin frame.

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In the same way, the union of these structural elements is carried out
using metric 12 bolts with Grower washers.

Since the structure has a great responsibility in its sizing,

it has also used a safety coefficient of 5 as indicated in
The EN 81-1 standard; in any case, will be able to withstand the stresses.
derived from the different work situations that may arise:

Normal operating procedure.

Impact against the shock absorbers.

In Annex A.4, the corresponding calculations can be consulted.

dimensioning of the profiles that have been made based on the analysis of
the loads and stresses in the cited work situations. About this
16 blocks of gray cast iron FG15 are installed on the frame according to the standard.
UNE 36.111 whose mass is capable of balancing the entire load by itself.
The blocks could also be made of concrete but in this
case is not the most suitable option since the casting
it has the following advantages:

By having a lower comparative density, the volume occupied

is reduced, adapting better to the limited existing space.

Its cost is low while that of concrete can

vary considerably based on its characteristics
(resistance, aggregate size, consistency, etc.).

Each of the blocks has a thickness of 35 millimeters being its

geometría y dimensiones las que se muestran en la figura siguiente (todas
the measurements are in millimeters:

En sus dimensiones se ha tenido en cuenta que exista una holgura de 5

with the profiles of the frame to facilitate its positioning and in anticipation
of the expansion phenomena that may occur. The mass per block is
it has been limited so that handling is not cumbersome in the same way
that it has been sought for the width in the central section to be the
sufficient.

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Finally, the presence of sharp edges is avoided by using a finish on each edge.
a small 45º chamfer of 3 mm. In summary, the characteristics
The counterweight values are shown in Table 5.3 on the following page.

3.3. DAMPING SYSTEM

Elevators must be equipped with dampers to stop
the cabin or the counterweight if necessary according to current regulations.
These must be able to convert the kinetic energy of the cabin.
or of the counterweight in heat and in potential energy due to its decrease
height at the moment of impact, without causing excessive decelerations that
could pose a risk to the occupants or cause damage
important materials in the machine.

Se sitúan generalmente en el foso al final del recorrido de la cabina y del

counterweight but they can also be mounted on the bottom of your
respective backstage. In addition, in case the elevator's traction
due to rolling (see section 5.5), the EN 81-1 standard prescribes the
use of dampers also on the roof of the cabin that act
when those at the bottom of the counterweight are fully
tablets.

The shock absorbers constitute such relative to the safety of the

machine of this Memory the latest braking system of
elevator emergency.

3.3.1. CLASSIFICATION OF DAMPERS

Shock absorbers can be classified into the following types:

• Elastics: They are made of a cylinder of rubber or polyurethane. Their use

it is limited to low-speed elevators, not exceeding 0.6
m/s, and for forklifts.

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Of springs or energy accumulation: They are the most used,

they are made of a wire or metal bar with a circular section or
square rolled in a helical shape, its returning movement
it can be damped. They allow cabin speeds of up to 1.75 m/s.

Hydraulics: Hydraulic dampers are made up of a

piston adjusted to a cylinder that forms the body of the shock absorber. The
the interior cylinder contains an oil that the piston descends by action of
an external load is required to move to the outside at
through adjustable section openings that determine the
descent speed. A spring that compresses when the piston descends is
the person responsible for recovering the system's initial position in absence
of loads. The stopping is done progressively and smoothly
able to be designed to induce a constant force during the
braking maneuver. They are suitable for elevators of any
speed but they are more complex, costly, and require greater
maintenance than the previous types.

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On the other hand, the EN 81-1 standard establishes the following classification for the
shock absorbers

• Energy storage dampers are included in this

group the elastic bands and the spring ones. They cannot be used for
a nominal speed greater than 1 m/s (0.6 m/s in the case of the
elastic).

Energy accumulation dampers with damping

the return movement: Spring dampers, allow
cabin speeds of up to 1.6 m/s.

Energy dissipation dampers: Group formed by

Hydraulic shock absorbers allow any nominal speed.

The EN 81-1 standard establishes the minimum travel that each type must have.
of shock absorber. For those of energy accumulation, the possible stroke
it will be twice the stopping distance due to gravity with speed of
115% of the nominal speed while for those of dissipation
energy will be at once the stopping distance due to gravity with the same
speed relationship. Under no circumstances will a race lower than 65 be accepted.
mm.

The maximum deceleration is only regulated in the

hydraulic shock absorbers being 2.5 times that of gravity during
1/25 seconds in the case of the cabin occupied by a single person. For

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another part establishes that when the cabin is at its lower stop the
the minimum distance with the dampers 6 will be 80 mm for the
adhesion elevators and 16 mm for those of wrapping. We
they establish the same distances between the counterweight and its dampers
when the cabin is at the upper stop.

3.3.2. SELECTION OF THE DAMPERS

The nominal speed of the elevator is the main design criterion.
what determines the type of damping that can be installed. Being this
At 1 m/s, it will be possible to use accumulation dampers.
non-elastic energy (whose use is not allowed for speeds
greater than 0.6 m/s) or energy dissipation.

The load and speed of the elevator are not high, so it is ruled out.
the use of energy dissipation dampers that imply a greater
cost, require higher maintenance and involve unnecessary use
of lubricants. The choice is then made for the accumulation dampers.
energy without damped return motion.

Specifically, two helical springs with coils are installed in parallel.

circular section for the cabin suspension and one for the
counterweight. The material used is steel 51CrV4 according to
symbolic designation in Standard EN 10083-1 for the shaping
hot and subsequent bonification of large helical springs
dimensions (spiral diameter ranging between 18 and 60 mm) and
torsion bars heavily stressed to a maximum temperature
of service at 220ºC. The characteristics of the type of steel used are
you can find in Annex D.1.2.

En la tabla siguiente se disponen las características principales de los

springs that will be installed as a cushioning in the elevator
free length without load, total number of turns, spring diameter and
espira):

The maximum travel for both shock absorbers is 135 mm calculated from
according to the provisions established by the Standard EN 81-1 (Art. 10.4.1.1). The
maximum deceleration in case of impact is 7.16 m/s² value that
situated within the admissible interval.

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Para facilitar su fijación cada resorte es soldado sobre una placa

square base of 5 mm thickness made of structural steel not
S235 J0 steel according to designation EN 10025-2. The dimensions in
the thickness of the plates is in millimeters:

- Cabina: 260x260

Counterweight: 314x314

In the same way, each of them also has a plate of

identical dimensions and thickness welded at the top whose function
it is to receive the blow in case of impact against the cabin or the
counterweight transmitting to them the forces in the most
uniform possible to their respective frames.

The base plates are anchored using chemical anchoring on pedestals of

concrete located in the elevator shaft whose height is such that,
with the cushioning fully compressed (whether from the cabin or
(of the counterweight) the free height still available is 500 mm, enough for
that the maintenance staff working in the pit could
to take shelter in case of emergency (Art. 5.7.3.3 of the EN 81-1). Being the
traction of the elevator by adhesion the distance between the cabin in its
the lowest stop and the dampers in their extended position will be 80
Hmm. The same distance will separate the counterweight from its damper.
when the cabin is at the upper stop.

No additional elements are required to prevent buckling.

the springs since this does not come to be produced for the
established conditions (dimensions and type of fixation of the springs,
magnitude of the load and the manner in which it is applied.

Both for the cabin and for the counterweight, a finish is chosen.
square and rectified for the springs since it is the one that offers
a larger contact area which allows for better
transfer of charges.

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In addition, adherence elevators must be taken into account.

according to regulations, the following routes are free of safety in case of
the shock absorbers are fully compressed:

The guided tour is still possible in the upward direction of the

The counterweight or cabin will be at least 0.135 m.

The minimum distance between the cabin ceiling and the part
The lowest exit of the cavity will be at least 1.035 m.

3.4. GUIDANCE SYSTEM

The guides are the element of the elevator responsible for guiding in its
exact trajectory the cabin and to serve as support in case of
cable breakage. According to what has been stated, its resistance must be
to adjust to the weight of the cabin plus its load if you want to guarantee
the machine's safety. Generally only in the counterweight.
they fulfill a conductive function.

In both cases, the displacement must be ensured through

rigid guides made of steel, calibrated and straightened in sections
joined using suitable plates. They can be fixed to the building
either by anchors or be suspended, which will determine
they will work in compression or tension in case of sudden braking
due to the action of the parachute mechanism.

The guides can be manufactured with different profiles:

Profiles in T.

Circular section profiles.

Inverted V-profile.

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Currently, the T profile is the most widely used as it combines a

good resistance to bending with a larger contact surface for
the parachute's shoes that enhance its braking capacity in case
of performance. Its main drawback is a higher cost than the rest of
types of guides.

The inverted V profile shows good mechanical performance.

but due to the fact that their contact surfaces are inclined, the braking does not
it is as stable as in the previous case.

The circular cross-section profile is the least recommended because

offers very little surface contact to the shoes of the
parachute what compromises the effectiveness of the braking. Despite
Hello can still be found in some facilities when the factor
economic is critical.

The breakage resistance of the guides must be sufficient as

to support without experiencing plastic deformations the following
efforts:

The horizontal thrust due to possible load eccentricities.

The braking effort that the cabin can transmit to them when being
detained due to the operation of the parachute mechanism.

The bending efforts due to the eccentricity of the

braking force.

Among the conditions established by the regulation that must be

to comply with the guidelines, the following are cited:

The cabin and counterweight must be driven by at least

two steel guides.

The selected guide profile must withstand the braking force.

by the operation of the parachute mechanism with a coefficient of
minimum security of 10.

The fixation of the guides to the building by means of brackets is

will allow for automatic or...
through simple adjustments, of the shortening of the produced work
due to the seats, and contraction of the concrete.

The maximum tolerance in the parallelism of the guides will be 5 mm,

whatever the elevator route is.

3.4.1. SELECTION OF GUIDES

Due to the good resistant response it provides to the efforts of
flexion and allows the parachute's performance to be more efficient

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It is opted to use T-profile guides, despite having a higher cost.

its use is justified by better characteristics.

The profiles T70-1/A are chosen for the cabin guides and T45/A.
for the counterweight of the manufacturer SaveraGroup made of steel,
calibrated, aligned and compliant with DIN 15311 standards.

According to standard EN 10277-2, the guides are calibrated in mushroom and

they present for a thickness between 8 and 10 millimeters the
the following mechanical characteristics:

Tensile strength: σ R = 470-840 MPa

Elastic limit: σ e = 355 MPa

The total length of the guides is 18.6 meters for the cabin and 17.2
meters for the counterweight. The exact values as well as the sections in the
that the routes have been divided for each case are specified in
table 5.5 on page 47. On the other hand, the sizing process and the
Catalogs are attached in Annexes A.3 and D.3.28 respectively.

3.4.2. SUPPORTS ON THE GUIDES

Both the cabin and the counterweight are linked with the guides through
of some supports that are fixed at the top and bottom of them
backstage.

These can be of two types: sliding or roller. The supports

sliders also known as rubbers are used for elevators
with a speed of less than 2 m/s. They consist of a metal support.
of steel or aluminum in which the lining is attached, which is the area of
contact with the guides.

The friction forces between guide and support must be reduced as much as possible.
it is possible otherwise a greater traction capacity will be needed
since there will also be greater opposition to the movement of
elevator

To achieve this, the lining must be made of a material that offers

the minimum coefficient of friction such as polyurethane, neoprene
or nylon. On the other hand, the guides must be permanently
lubricated with grease or oil, which is generally achieved through
automatic lubricators with flow regulated by an adjusting screw.
Equally important is that the material of the lining has a
high resistance to wear and lubricants, good capacity
elastic and shock-absorbing of vibrations and noises. On the surfaces of
Contact will inevitably lead to the accumulation of dirt.
dust, variations in temperature, humidity, etc. that make it impossible to

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maintain constant working conditions among the same ones and

they hinder their correct but necessary lubrication.

The supports via rollers are made up of a support

made of steel or a lightweight metal alloy that supports three
rollers that remain in permanent contact with the guide. The rollers
They are made of rubber, polyurethane, or other materials of characteristics.
similar. Generally, their use is in high elevators.
speed but its advantages justify its installation in all types of
elevators.

In terms of friction, rolling is much more efficient than

sliding means that an optimal transmission is achieved
the power. They also reduce vibrations and noise, achieving
a silent march of the elevator.

No lubrication is required on the guides, which simplifies the process.

the maintenance and prevents the accumulation of oil or grease which
reduce the risk of fire.

Some manufacturers offer variants of these types, such as rollers.

in which the rollers are angled or damped, as well as systems
mixed.

The characteristics of the two basic types of support having been exposed, a choice is made for
install rollers both in the cabin and in the counterweight since

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they adapt much better to the needs of design. They reduce

vibrations and are quieter which increases user comfort and
of the neighbors close to the gap, requires less power of
traction and eliminates the use of lubricants in guiding.

3.4.3. FIXING THE GUIDES IN THE RECESS

The fixation of the guides in the building is done through a
series of L-shaped ribbed plates made of St-378 steel (see fig.
by the elevator components supplier SaveraGroup
whose catalog is found in Annex D.4.26.

Its fixation to the hole is done using an M10 self-tapping screw for
concrete while brackets are used to hold the guide
hot-forged metal specially designed for buildings of
low height.

According to the catalogs used for the cabin, the following are installed
reinforced fixings BR1 (1), connected to each other by 4 M10 bolts and
M2 brackets (4) provided to hold the guide (3); for the counterweight
reinforced BR2 fixtures are chosen, joined by 6 M12 bolts
(since a BL2 supplement plate is required to save the
greater distance between the walls of the opening and the rollers of the
counterweight, which is 290 mm) with M1 flanges.

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3.5. SUSPENSION SYSTEM

3.5.1. DESCRIPTION AND TYPES OF SYSTEMS
SUSPENSION
Suspension refers to the elevator system formed by the pulley.
of traction, the pulley or pulleys of redirecting if the design incorporates them and
the wiring that supports and transmits the movement to the cabin and counterweight.

The way these elements are arranged constitutes the

suspension configuration. This mainly depends on the
situación del grupo tractor,de las cargas previstas y de las características
of the venue in terms of available space and its distribution.

The suspension can be of two types:

Direct suspension (type 1:1): It is used for loads of up to 2000

kg.

Differential system (type 2:1): For loads exceeding 2000 kg,

is formed by a system of multiple pulleys in such a way that it
reduce the tension in the cables but at the cost of reducing in the
the same proportion the speed of the pulleys.

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Traction can be transmitted to the cables by two methods:

Due to the adherence of the cables in the grooves of the pulley

traction.

Due to the winding of the cable on a drum that makes the motor turn.

Currently, the winding drum is an outdated procedure.

since traction by adhesion has the following advantages:

It is a less complex and more economical procedure.

2. It allows the installation of elevators of any height, limited to

about 25 meters in drum systems from which the
the drum diameter becomes excessive.

3. It provides additional security in case the devices

career final fallen. If the failure occurs in the maneuver of
The counterweight would rest on its shock absorbers and the cable.
by not having tension in one of its branches, it would lose adhesion and
the elevator would remain motionless limiting the damage to wear
additional in the grooves of the pulley due to friction with the cables. It
the same would happen on the descent but then it would be the cabin that
would support on its shock absorbers. In contrast in the
drum winding systems this stoppage does not
which entails a greater risk of breakage and danger of
accident.

The physical characteristics of the building among other factors determine

the location of the tractor group which in turn is directly
related to the suspension system. Although the group can be
installed at the top or bottom of the opening, the current trend is the
first for the following reasons:

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It is more economical due to the savings in wiring.

length is at least one third less.

The cables have a much longer lifespan because they have

fewer bends in its course and none in the opposite direction.

3. The suspension setup is less complex in

regarding the length of the wiring and number of rerouting pulleys
which is less costly to design, install, and maintain.

4. Since the suspension can be configured with a number

the smaller the number of elements, the space it will occupy will be smaller.

5. Energy is saved by being produced in the operation of the

elevator less losses due to friction and bending works in the
cables.

6. In the upper area of the cavity, there is less moisture and a

better ventilation favorable conditions for the tractor group in
general and for the electric motor in particular.

Previously, the machinery was placed at the bottom of the

enclosure because it was very noisy and thus an attenuation was achieved of
the noises are much better but currently, with engines much
less noisy, it is only done if there are construction inconveniences
unsalvageable.

3.5.2. TYPES OF LIFTING CABLES

Metallic wiring is used in elevators. A metallic cable is
constituido por una serie de alambres de acero agrupados formando
laces, which in turn wrap around a core forming a
set suitable for resisting tensile forces (see fig. 5.13).

• Wires: They are generally made of oven-drawn steel, with

tensile breaking load between 1200 MPa and 2000 MPa.

• Cords: They are coils of wires well over a core or without one.
she.

Souls: They are the cores around which the ...

wires and cords can be metallic, textile (fibers
natural or synthetic) or mixed.

• Cables: They are groups of several strands around a

secondary soul.

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The way to configure the elements that make up a cable results in

that has different characteristics of tensile strength, fatigue
or abrasion, flexibility, etc. In this sense, it should be taken into account:

The cross-sectional structure of the cords.

The cross-sectional structure of the cables.

The braiding system of the laces and cables.

In elevators, the cords are never made with wires of the

same diameter but always using the type laces
Seale (a), Warrington (b), Filler Wire (c) or Warrington-Seale.

The Seale configuration is the most commonly used since its wires
exteriors are of large diameter so they offer a great resistance to
the abrasion 10 and it is also easy to manufacture.

The Warrington configuration is used in cases where it

considers that fatigue is more important than abrasion; they are formed

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for a larger number of wires of smaller diameter than the

previous

They tend to distort in their outermost layer.

The mixed Warrington-Seale configuration is widely used in cables

of compensation in which the effort requirements are very low
since its section is very vulnerable to entrapments in the throat
from the pulley and in the absence of lubrication.

Finally, the Filler Wire type is also for traction wiring.

less employed since it presents the same inconveniences of
weakness before lock-ups and lack of lubrication that the type
Warrington-Seale. In general, the elevator industry does
a wide use of the Seale structure with 8 cords and textile core already
that offers a good contact surface with the throats of the
pulley, is flexible and therefore resistant to fatigue and has a long service life.
In addition, its price is situated at a middle term. Its main
the downside is that the breaking strength relative to the diameter is low and
that their characteristics depend heavily on the quality of the core material
and from the wire.

In low-performance elevators, in parachute cables and in

hydraulic elevators are usually chosen with the Seale configuration of 6
cords and textile soul. Its main advantages are a great resistance to
the breakage due to its large metal section and a very low price; its
disadvantages are its excessive rigidity that limits its fatigue resistance
and the little contact surface with the pulley grooves which causes
strong specific pressures.

For high-performance or high-rise elevators, the Seale type is used.

of 8 cords and mixed soul (metal plus fiber) of better
características que los anteriores pero de montaje más complejo y precio
higher. Most installations consist of cables with
winding in the opposite direction as it avoids the tendency to
unrolling under load, is simpler to manufacture and assemble in addition to
more economical.

In elevators, the resistance of the material of the wire is situated between the
1600 to 2000 MPa although the trend is to use the upper range
since this reduces the diameters of the pulleys. Most
cables have a textile core except in high elevators
benefits, elevated heights, and hydraulic. The fibers can be
natural (like sisal or jute) or synthetic (like polypropylene or the
aramid), its characteristics are related to its absorption capacity
of the lubricant (which determines the maximum percentage of lubricant
possible), its resistance to pressure as well as its vulnerability to
temperature and humidity among others.

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3.5.3. SELECTED SUSPENSION AND CONFIGURATION OF

ITS ELEMENTS
A direct or 1:1 suspension system is chosen.
que la carga es inferior a 2000 kg. La tracción se realiza por adherencia
given the advantages that its use entails in terms of security and cost.

The available space is established in the present Project as one of the

main factors to consider since it is small and not
There is no area where a machine room can be located.
Therefore, the tractor group is positioned at the top of the gap on two
UPE steel profiles being a more economical solution and with
lower maintenance and space requirements compared to
any other situation. Moreover, it is more durable and efficient in terms
energetics.

The system is configured using the drive pulley, a redirecting pulley.

and the flexible element that circulates through them and connects the cabin and counterweight.
The redirect pulley is located 500 mm below the traction one. This
the difference in height is explained by the ability to transmit
the traction by adherence of a pulley to the wiring is greater the more
contact arch exists between them; if it is not sufficient,
it will result in cable skating on the pulley preventing everything
elevator movement. This configuration achieves
increase the contact angle from the 90º that would be at equality
up to 145º in height and with that the adhesion at 53.45%.

Both pulleys have a diameter of 240 mm, the driving one is

incorporated in the electric motor itself while that of forwarding
It is made of gray cast iron FG15 according to UNE 36111 standard.

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3.5.4. SELECTED CABLING

Although in lifting systems for heavy loads, it is used
only metallic wiring in the elevator industry has
new solutions have appeared that are gradually being implemented
in a very satisfactory manner.

The suspension tapes made of high-strength drawn steel wires

resistance and reduced diameter contained in a cross-sectional matrix
rectangular non-metallic material such as polyurethane are the main
example.

These present a series of advantages over wiring.

conventional very significant that constitute the main reason that
has led to the decision in the current design to opt for its
use. The following stand out:

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Eliminates vibrations, providing smoother operation.

smooth and silent, which translates into greater comfort for the
user.

They offer an equivalent or superior resistance regarding the

conventional wiring but with greater flexibility. This
It means being able to install smaller diameter pulleys, which reduces the
rotational inertia and ultimately the necessary engine power.

3. Allows for a more compact traction system reducing the

need to have an area to locate the room of
machines.

4. The use of lubricants on the tapes is not necessary so

maintenance tasks are simplified and contribute to the
environmental protection [33].

Its greater lightness (up to 20% higher) and its coating

From polyurethane ensure less wear in their contact with the
pulleys, and therefore a lifespan of up to double or triple compared to the
conventional steel cables [38].

6. Costs related to maintenance tasks are reduced.

The advantage mentioned in point 3 is especially suited to this design.

since, as has already been stated, space is an aspect
critical.

In any case, the advantages of choosing this type of wiring could

summarized in a more compact, eco-friendly suspension system,
economic and comfortable for the user, justifying it extensively
employment.

Specifically, the elevator wiring will consist of two tapes.

model XXHS plans from the manufacturer Continental designed to support
cabin and counterweight with a safety coefficient of 16 according to the
Standard EN 81-1. The table provided below presents the
main characteristics of the suspension system:

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3.6. FORWARDING SYSTEM

The forwarding system consists of a pulley connected by a key to
a steel axle that in turn rests on two ball bearings in
its ends (see fig. 5.17).

Its inclusion in the installation is necessary for two reasons:

The distance between the anchoring points of the suspension belt in

The cabin and the counterweight is larger than the diameter of the pulley.
traction.

2. Increase the contact angle between the suspension strips and the
traction pulley allowing the adhesion between both to be the
sufficient.

The idler pulley has a diameter of 240 mm, a thickness of 128 mm and
It is made of gray cast iron FG15 according to UNE Standard 36.111. It is equipped with
of two rectangular section channels in which the tapes are introduced.

The drive shaft is stepped or of variable diameter, it has a length

of 306 mm and is made of alloy steel for bonification
34CrMo4 according to Standard EN 10083-1 for heavily loaded shafts
with a maximum diameter of 250 mm. Its sizing has been carried out applying
a safety factor of 1.5 and considering both loads
static as dynamic (fatigue calculation) so that their life is
infinite 11.

The reason for designing the axis with a non-constant diameter is due to
mainly two facts: the intensity of the efforts to which it is subjected
subjected varies along its length and the moment of inertia must be
the least possible. Ultimately, an optimal use is sought
of the material, avoiding areas of the axis where the oversizing
be excessive, and that the negative effects of inertia have the
less impact on the calculation of engine power. It rests on two
single row deep groove ball bearings model YAR 204-2F with
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SYK 504 supports from the manufacturer SKF whose characteristics can be
find in the catalog included in Annex D.4.29. Your selection has been
carried out in such a way that its replacement is not necessary throughout its useful life
of the elevator, which is estimated at 20 years. Pulley and sheave are
united by a parallel key of rectangular section 10x6x25
according to DIN standard 6885 which guarantees movement at all times
solidarity between the two elements.

The assembly sits via 2 M10 metric bolts with washers.

of safety on each bearing support on two UPE profiles
located on the walls of the upper area of the void.

Finally, the following table shows the components that make up.
the forwarding system:

3.7. TRACTION MOTOR. TYPES AND SELECTION.

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The motor is the component of the traction circuit 12 responsible for

supply the necessary power for the movement of the elevator.
nominal speed of the elevator as well as the type of service it should provide
provide (number of passengers, frequency of departures, type of building,
height of it, etc.) and location possibilities are the factors
main factors that determine their selection, which is why it must be
careful.

Given the characteristics of the machine, it is necessary for the motor

can work at different speeds, allowing to the extent of
the possible starts, approaches to the ground, and not too abrupt stops
as well as precise leveling. All of this directly impacts the
user comfort and ultimately about the final quality of the product
conditioning their business options.

The electric motors used in elevators can be classified as:

DC motors.

Asynchronous alternating current motors:

Of a single speed.

Of two speeds.

Controlled by frequency inverter.

Synchronous alternating current motors.

Ward-Leonard systems.

Together, the type of engine installed as well as its location imply

variations in the installation of the elevator (in the suspension system, in
the type of reducer, etc.) that can translate into improvements in efficiency
energy of more than 40 percent [31].

A qualitative description of each type will be presented next.

the engine in which the components that make it up will be included and the
operating principle that governs them in addition to a relationship of
advantages and disadvantages for each case.

In the bibliographic source [8], a more detailed description can be found.

detailed information of each type of engine regarding construction aspects
and operating principle as well as a series of prescriptions
applicable to all types of electric machines according to current regulations.

3.7.1. DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS

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The DC motor is a rotating machine that achieves conversion.

of electrical energy in mechanics based on the phenomena of
electromagnetic induction, specifically in Faraday's Law.

In this type of motors, both the stator winding and the

a rotary is supplied with a current from an external source
direct current signal electric. It is a reversible machine that can operate
as a generator (dynamo) and whose characteristics have made it
were widely used in applications where it was required
precision and control in the rotation regime (speed) or a strong torque
start.

It is mainly composed of the following elements (fig. 5.18):

The stator, made of ferromagnetic material arranged in sheets

isolated from each other and stacked forming a cylinder, it is the fixed part. It has
some radially arranged projections placed in a regular manner in a number
sometimes referred to as poles whose ends (expansions
polars are manufactured in such a way that they are as close as possible
possible to the rotor and cover the largest surface for efficiency reasons.

At the poles is the inductor winding capable of generating a

stationary magnetic field when a current is supplied
continue.

The rotor is the moving part of the motor, it is also made of

with ferromagnetic materials arranged in the same way as in the
stator. It is connected by a key to a shaft that rests on two
bearings. It houses the induced windings on its periphery to which
it is also powered by a direct current.

- A characteristic and indispensable component in every DC motor is the

called a slip ring collector that allows the connection between the rotor
and the external circuit responsible for providing it with electrical energy.
It is made up of a series of flat copper pieces insulated from each other.
yes and of the machine that rotate together with the rotor in such a way that they go
making contact about some fixed pieces, usually made of graphite,
brush calls. The function of the collector is essential in that
it allows the rotor's power supply signal to be appropriate for
that the machine can operate in an optimal way and without reaching
a situation of equilibrium in which it would come to a halt.

Another important component is the switching poles that have for

object to carry out the compensation of the reaction magnetic field
induced so that there are no deviations between the axis of the field
resulting magnetic and that of the wedges that may cause sparks in the
collector.

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When a direct current flows through the stator windings, a

stationary magnetic field 14 that passes through the rotor whose windings
They are also traversed by a direct electric current. In these
circumstances, there is a flow of charges (intensity in the
conductors of the induced winding) located inside a
magnetic field (inductor or statoric field) as it is therefore
in the Law of Laplace a pair of forces originates in the
rotor drivers that cause its rotational movement.

On the other hand, it should be taken into account that as stator and rotor
they are both excited is generated in each of them the
consequent magnetic field that, when superimposed, originates the field
resultant magnetic in the air gap.

The speed regulation in this type of motors is simple and sufficient.

by affecting the current of the inductor, the induced or both.
This feature is the main advantage of DC motors over
other types of electric motors and it is the one that has made them
practically irreplaceable in certain applications such as in machinery
of elevation, in machine tools or in any other where it
requires precision and good speed control. Another advantage that
they have is that they can

offer a high starting pair that makes them suitable in

machines where the initial traction must be large as is the case with the
trains.

In summary, the advantages of a DC motor are:

Simple control of your speed regime.

High starting pair.

The investment in the direction of rotation is made by changing the polarity of the
wound inductor or preferably of the induced while keeping the other fixed.

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Depending on how the windings of the inductor are connected to each other and
from the induced to the supply network, it is possible to differentiate between motors with
independent excitation, in derivation or shunt, in series and compound.

Despite what has been presented, they exhibit a series of inconveniences regarding
the alternating current motors that will be studied in the next section
what are:

At equal power, they are more expensive, larger in size and

heavier which makes them inappropriate for applications where
lightness is required or the space is limited.

They are more complex machines that demand more

maintenance due largely to the presence of elements
rozantes (collector of delgas) thereby increasing the cost in this.
concept.

The dell collector can generate sparks which makes them

more dangerous inadequate for certain things
applications or job positions where the atmosphere can be
explosive.

During the startup, the only existing resistance is that of the

developed what can cause high intensities that provoke a
engine overheating, potentially leading to damage.

3.7.2. ASYNCHRONOUS ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS

(INDUCTION MOTOR)
As in the case of DC motors, the operation of the motors
asynchronous alternating current is based on induction phenomena
electromagnetic described by Faraday's Law. Its characteristics have
converted into the most widely used electromagnetic machine in the
engineering being the most widely used engine in the industry. As its
The name indicates that its feeding is done through alternating current.
three-phase (for low powers, systems are also used)
single-phase) with a frequency of 50 or 60 Hz depending on the region of the globe.

The two main parts that make up an induction motor are:

The stator or inductor is the fixed part, it is made of a

stacking of insulated ferromagnetic material sheets
forming a cylinder that houses some windings that are out of phase with each other
120º electric. As they are powered by an alternating current
three-phase systems generate the rotating magnetic field responsible for the
appearance of a variable magnetic flux in the air gap 15. Its
Coils can be connected to the network in a star or triangle configuration.

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The rotor is also a cylindrical body made in the same way.

for ferromagnetic material arranged in electrically insulated sheets between each other

about which the induced winding is arranged, which when traversed

due to the variable magnetic flow, it is also traversed by a
electric current that generates the pair of forces that makes it spin
solidarity to an axis from which mechanical power is obtained. The rotor
It can be wound or squirrel-cage.

The previously described parts must be supplemented by the axis that is

a key through the rotor, the bearings on which it
supports the cooling fan (if necessary), the board of
connection of the windings and the housing or head which is the body
cylindrical hollow on which all the components are supported
motor and that incorporates the legs or similar that allow for the fixation of
the machine as well as the fasteners for its handling and transport.

They are called asynchronous motors because the rotational speed of the
the rotor will always be lower although close to that of the field rotation
inductive magnetic. If not, the inducing field would cease to be variable.
regarding the rotor (there would be no relative movement between them) therefore
the induced electromotive force (e.m.f.), the current and
with her the pair of rotation.

The startup in these motors can be done directly,

by star-delta connection, by stator resistances or by
autotransformer. Each of them has its characteristics and is
suitable for certain powers but its description
detailed is beyond the scope of the present project.

In any case, the power circuit responsible for providing the supply
electric from the grid to the motor must include the corresponding
electrical safety components (fuses and magnetic relays)
thermal) and the contactors controlled by a control circuit.

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The most significant advantages of induction motors

son

They are easy-to-manufacture engines, which allows for low costs.

low production that leads to very market prices
competitive.

They are durable and relatively simple engines that require

a low maintenance that reduces costs in this
aspect.

At equal power, they have a smaller size and weight than

the direct current motors a very desirable quality in the
current situation where the trend is to create lightweight designs and/or
with an optimal use of space.

They do not include the set formed by the delgas collector and
the brushes that, being rubbing elements, can generate sparks.

The starting pair they provide is high since in the

initial instant very high currents are induced in the rotor
(on the order of hundreds of amperes) that generate large forces
mechanics.

They do not present stability problems before variations.

load shocks since when they occur,
change the conditions of relative movement between the field
rotating and the rotor, a new emf is induced that balances the
by motor with the resistant torque.

These points can be summarized as being an engine with a low cost.

purchase and maintenance, lightweight and offers a good feature
of power and torque while being compact. They, however, present the
following inconveniences:

At the moment of startup, the strong current induced in the rotor

results in a current consumption in the stator (mains current)
also very high, on the order of 3 to 6 times the nominal current of
motor.

It presents difficulties in regulating its work speed since it

it only depends on the number of poles with which they are built
the windings in the stator and the supply frequency.

In elevators, manufacturers use asynchronous AC motors with rotor of

squirrel cages that can be of three types: single speed, double speed
speeds or controlled by frequency inverter. The motors of a
speed is only used in low-speed elevators, up to 0.70

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m/s, being those that offer the least comfort since their curve
The characteristic does not allow for variation in speed. Its applications
most common are in heavy-duty industrial elevators and for
residential elevators for 4 passengers in which the factor
economic is the most important.

Two-speed motors, much more commonly used than the previous ones
positions that offer greater comfort and better braking. They
installed in low-load elevators and in freight elevators
raised to speeds of 1 m/s. They have a fast speed and another
strips obtained through switchable poles controlled by the circuit of
maneuver.

Frequency-controlled motors are the trend in

current situation for both new installations and renovations of
the outdated ones. As previously stated, the control of the
regime speed is complex, this problem has been the main
reason that has limited its use in the lifting sector in general and of
elevator in particular where speed control is a factor
determinant in terms of safety, comfort, and lifespan of the machinery.
It is known that in alternating current motors the speed depends solely on
of the number of poles and the frequency of the power supply current. The
the number of poles is a constructive characteristic that establishes the
manufacturer and which must be limited since the greater the number, the greater the...

costs, weight, size

etc. This means that the best way to influence practice on

the rotation regime is to do it on the frequency which can
to get oneself to through an electronic device called
frequency inverter (see section 5.7.6).

Until a few years ago, these devices had a very high cost.
so its use was generally discarded but nowadays
the great evolution experienced by the electronics sector
It allows the manufacturing of variators at increasingly competitive prices.

Ultimately, the association of an induction motor to a variable speed drive results

in a machine with all the mentioned advantages that must be added
greater safety, some starts and approaches to the floor
progressive and an excellent leveling thanks to the control over its regime
of turn.

3.7.3. SYNCHRONOUS ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS

They combine the use of permanent nature magnetic fields and
induced magnetic fields produced by the current of
external excitation that runs through the windings of the stator. This

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The power supply can be alternating or direct current, with a preference for the latter.
first for being more efficient in terms of energy conversion
and for its greater ease of maintenance.

As their name suggests, in these engines the speed remains

constant in synchronization regardless of the load
to exceed the maximum possible pair in which case it is out of the
synchronization and the engine stops.

It is known that elevators require motor operation.

at different speeds, making the incorporation of a
frequency inverter that allows it, also its use is necessary
during the startup phase.

The main drawback of synchronous motors is cost.

superior to the previous ones, however, it has a series of
advantages that may make it preferable:

The intensities required for its start-up are lower than

what entails energy saving.

They develop a very high power factor (p.f.) with the possibility of
regulation that allows to drag the mechanical load and compensate
reactive current of the network. They have excellent performance.

Absence of sliding losses 16 and decrease

of those associated with engine cooling.

It allows for the elimination of the pinion-gear reduction system. This

it means a greater efficiency of the installation, a reduction of the
occupied space and an energy saving that can reach up to a
60%.

It allows for instant torque control, which means a

extraordinarily precise control of speed, times of
reduced responses, minimal errors in positioning, etc.

How to minimize the number of components

mechanics achieve optimal comfort due to the absence of noise, which
it can be positioned around 25% below a team
traditional, and of vibrations so that the useful life of the
elevator

This type of engines represents the latest innovation in terms of systems.

of electric traction in the lift sector followed by the
asynchronous motors also controlled by frequency converter.

3.7.4. WARD-LEONARD SYSTEMS

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The Ward-Leonard system constitutes a regulation scheme of the

speed for direct current motors with excitation
independent.

It is composed of a three-phase asynchronous motor coupled to a generator of

C.C. of independent excitation whose adjustment allows obtaining
different voltage outputs at the brushes. This generator
feeds the armature of the DC motor. The necessary voltage for
the inductors (of the generator and the DC motor) are obtained from a
small generator in derivation (excitation) coupled to the same shaft of the
AC motor. The voltage provided by the generator and the exciter.
it is controlled by rheostats (variable resistor) that
they regulate the excitation currents.

The polarity of the inductor of the main generator can be inverted.

in order to proceed with changing the direction of rotation of the engine
continue.

These machines can be used together with a reducer in elevators.

of up to 2 m/s in speed or directly coupled for
higher speeds. They are a system currently outdated by their
complexity, volume, and high cost although historically they have
has had great importance. Modern technique prefers the use of
static current converters for motor control
electric motors achieving much better performance.

3.7.5. SELECTION OF THE ENGINE

Once the existing options in the market have been described regarding
electric motors for elevators, it is chosen to install a direct current motor

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synchronous alternating of permanent magnets controlled by inverter

of frequency.

Despite being a more expensive machine compared to the options

traditional their use is fully justified by the advantages it brings,
some of which make it particularly suitable for this project:

1. Building characteristics: It is a compact system that

minimize the number of mechanical elements in the system of
traction that facilitates its location in the building, which not only does not
it has a facility enabled for the machine room but it has
a very small gap.

2. Ecological commitment: High performance involves savings

energy-efficient and on the other hand eliminates the need for the reducer
together with the lubricants that its use requires.

3. Comfort: Excellent accuracy, speed control and

noise reduction of around 25% guarantees the greatest
comfort for both users and the attached houses.

4. Machine lifespan: It improves significantly since

they reduce vibrations. Based on the calculations developed in
Annex A.6 it is obtained that the requirements of torque and power in the
the worst-case scenario corresponding to the moment of startup is:

For more detailed information on the characteristics, shape

The constructive details and dimensions of the engine can be found in the catalog.

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from the manufacturer included in digital format in the folder “07_Tables and
"Catalogs" on the Project CD.

The manufacturer itself incorporates an electromechanical brake into the engine.

friction according to the EN 81-1 standard capable of developing a torque
braking of 450 N-m (2x225 N-m). It is a static brake, it is
It will apply pressure on the friction disc as long as its circuit
electric is not powered (for this reason the safety circuits of
elevators that interrupt the power to the motor also cut it off
simultaneously to the brake). From dynamic braking (progressive reduction of
the speed of the elevator) is handled by the motor itself; despite that
the braking pair calculation carried out in Annex A.7 included both the
as static as the dynamic being the resultant of 212.61 N-m because
that the engine brake completely ensures safety during stops
emergency, interruptions in the power supply, etc.

The set is located in the upper area of the cavity, at a

regulatory distance of 1.313 m above the cabin roof
when it is at its highest point, over some UPE profiles
of steel fixed to the walls of the opening (see section 5.8).

3.7.6. FREQUENCY VARIATOR

A frequency converter is a static electronic converter that
allows control of the rotational speed of AC motors.
as well as its progressive starting through control of its frequency
nutrition.

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It consists of a controlled rectifier, a DC intermediate circuit,

a wave inverter or forced commutation inverter and a control unit. The
controlled rectifier transforms the three-phase alternating voltage (of frequency
50 or 60 Hz) from the grid into a determined direct current value and
independent of the load that reaches through an intermediate stage to
the inverter that produces again a three-phase voltage
whose frequency depends on the sequence of pulses that are applied
at the gates of its thyristors, this way a signal reaches the motor
variable in frequency and tension.

Although this scheme is the usual one, there are other configurations in
those where, for example, the rectifier is fixed and the voltage control
intermediate cut is made using a cutter or chopper
(DC/DC converter) that from a direct current voltage of
the input returns another continuous voltage of variable magnitude.

The intermediate L-C circuit (inductor-capacitor) that appears in the

Figure 5.21 is a filter to smooth the direct current obtained from the
output of the rectifier.
The variable frequency drive operates on the motor in such a way that the maximum torque

can remain constant for any frequency. To do this the

the variator maintains the magnetic flow in the air gap constant
What is achieved by keeping the U/f ratio constant.
(where You are the supply voltage and f the frequency of
nutrition). However, it should be taken into account that:

To maintain torque at low speeds means to increase the

current consumption up to dangerous levels for the motor.

For low frequencies, it would be necessary to excessively decrease

the tension and the motor would eventually stop.

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For frequencies higher than the nominal, it would be necessary to

Higher tensions than those supplied by the network, which cannot be.

The modulation of the output signal of the inverter can be carried out through
PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) or PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) techniques.

In the first, the modulation of the signal is performed by varying the amplitude of the
pulse while in the second it focuses on the pulse width.
This last one is spreading more and more as it receives signals.
sine wave output and reduces the content of harmonic orders
superior in the waves.

The diagram shown in figure 5.21 must be completed with a unit.

of control so the variator will operate in closed loop. The
actual operating conditions of the engine are collected for
each moment (mainly its rotation regime taken by an encoder)
and compared with reference values in the control unit
which in turn returns output signals to affect the
rectifier and the inverter in such a way that the discrepancies between the
real values and reference values are minimal. Basically, its function is
adjust the voltage and frequency levels of the motor so that
this works optimally according to the load conditions and
speed required at each moment.

The engine can also operate in regenerative mode if desired.

(in electric braking) returning energy to the grid if it is incorporated with a
additional inverter connected in anti-parallel to the controlled rectifier.

In summary, the variator achieves a functioning

smooth and precise from the machine and allows for energy savings. In addition
protects the general mechanics of the elevator by preventing maneuvers from being
abrupt.

As has been stated in recent years, the cost of these devices

has decreased which has allowed its use to gradually
extended. In this case, a Zetadyn 3C model variator is installed.
from the same manufacturer as the engine.

3.7. ENGINE AND SYSTEM BENCHES

RESEND
The building for which the elevator is being designed does not have any
enabled area or space where a machine room can be located.
This means that for the towing group, the forwarding system and the limiter
Alternative situations must be found for speed.

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The solutions that in this aspect are provided by the different

manufacturers can be various (motor at the top of the gap, in the
bottom or on the frame of the cabin itself). As has already been
In this case, it has been decided to place these elements in the area
upper part of the hole. It is dismissed to do it on the cabin since the
the space available in it is very limited and should also
modify its chassis and suspension system configuration. On the other hand
break the rotation inertias that directly intervene in the selection
of the electric motor, would also change (see Annex A.6). On the other hand the
location in the lower area of the cavity is not considered from a
given the series of disadvantages that it entails according to the
exposed in section 5.5.1 of this chapter (p. 52). The group
tractor (composed of the electric motor, the traction pulley, and the brake)
just as the forwarding system and the limiter are supported by some
normalized UPE profiles made of non-alloy structural steel S275 J0
on cantilever. Since the loads are not high and to the
there is no problem securing in reduced dimensions of the gap
the cantilevered beams instead of embedded.

The sizing presented in Annex A.9 has been carried out by checking
in any case the resistance and the maximum deformations with a coefficient
of security 2. The obtained results are as follows:

- Tractor group: Two UPE 140 profiles, 621 mm long

Reinforcement system: Two UPE 80 profiles of length 380 mm

Speed limiter: Two UPE 80 profiles of length 250 mm

Each of these beams is fixed onto angular profiles.

L100x100x10 using M12 bolts in the case of the tractor group and M10
in the other two provided with Grower safety washers for
finally fixing to the walls of the hole using chemical anchoring of
M12.

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The lengths of the angular profiles are:

Tractor group: Two UPE 140 profiles of length 275 mm

Reinforcement system: Two UPE 80 profiles of length 315 mm

Speed limiter: Two UPE 80 profiles of 140 mm length

CHAPTER 4:
SECURITY
Due to its characteristics, the elevator is a means of transportation.
in which an accident can have fatal consequences for its
users, for this reason security is always an essential aspect
in machinery becomes even more critical.

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This is guaranteed through a design in very mechanical terms.

studied that incorporates appropriate safety coefficients to the
high responsibility required, with mechanical mechanisms for the
emergency brake of the elevator (speed limiting circuit)
with a strong presence of safety electrical series (collector plus
electrical cutting device) and with strong electronic control. In addition,
this requires adding very strict regulations that cover both
constructive aspects such as the performance of tests prior to implementation
in service as well as the description of maintenance tasks
which must be carried out.

Of course, the user actively intervenes in security of the

elevator and must make correct and responsible use of the machine in
relationship to its operating rules.

4.1. LIMITADOR DE VELOCIDAD

The European directive 95/16/EC states that elevators must have
a device that limits speeding

The speed limiter is the device responsible for detecting

any excess speed of the elevator and starting the sequence
emergency braking if it reaches a certain value
fixed. It is made up of a pulley generally located at the part
superior of the hole on which a locking system and a pulley operate
tension in the moat of the enclosure.

A steel cable runs through its channels, with its ends tied to
the steering of the parachute mechanism forming a closed circuit.

However, although the usual configuration is the described one (pulley

from the limiter at the top of the opening and tension pulley at the bottom
(inferior), various manufacturers currently offer other solutions in
for example, the limiting pulley is not fixed but moves
solidarity to the cabin.

The principle of operation is that if the belts break

of suspension or any other circumstance results in an acceleration
from the cabin to a certain speed above the nominal, one
it produces the blockage of the limiter pulley and its cable, which causes
a pull in the steering gear that activates the parachute mechanism causing
at the same time, the immediate stop of the elevator.

There are two types of speed limiters based on the system of

employee blockage on the pulley:

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Oscillating speed limiter (fig. 7.1.a).

Centrifugal speed limiter (fig. 7.1.b).

In the first one, the arrest occurs when a swinging trigger (4)
is unable to continue describing a movement along the profile of
a wheel (2) that spins connected to the pulley of the limiter (1). In this way
once a certain speed is reached, the trigger locks into one of the
grooves made in the wheel for that purpose (3) which causes the
action of the parachute mechanism and the consequent stop of
elevator emergency.

In the centrifugal speed limiter, the pulley (1) is attached to two.

counterweights (2) that rotate with it and maintain a distance between each other
regulated by a spring (3) constituting the centrifugal system. When
there is an excess of speed in the pulley the centripetal force
it increases until a point is reached where it overcomes the resistance of the spring,
separating the counterweights that latch against the frame of the
limiter (4) producing its blockage and the subsequent stop of the
elevator

The response time of the limiter must be short enough to

to prevent the cabin from reaching a dangerous speed in its fall
which makes braking difficult or causes decelerations not
allowed during the parachute's operation.

In Standard EN 81-1 it is established that the minimum effort that must be

pull the cable over the parachute control system to be double the
necessary for it to act effectively without ever being less than
300 N. On the other hand, the direction of rotation of the corresponding pulley
the parachute performance must be marked on it.

According to the same standard in the inspection prior to the deployment of

elevator service must verify the firing speed in the
sense of descent of the cabin and in both directions the device
safety electrical (mandatory installation) responsible for interrupting
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the power supply to the motor and the electromechanical brake in case of
it is necessary. A centrifugal type limiter is chosen since its
operation is quieter at any speed regime
the elevator reduces noise pollution and therefore improves
the user's comfort.

The limiter model LBD-200 is installed along with the tension pulley TEN-200.
from the manufacturer Dynatech. The configuration is the conventional one with the
limiter in the upper area of the opening on two steel UPE 80 profiles
and pulley in the pit fixed to the guide by means of flanges.

The limiter incorporates an overspeed contact (fig. 7.2.a) that acts

cutting the current of the electric motor safety series and brake
in case a speed higher than nominal but lower is reached
to the lock. The rearming of this device must be done
manually and by qualified personnel.

The cable is of type Warrington 19 6x19+1 made of steel and with

an initial tension set at 500 N. In case of reducing a contact
from the tensioning device arranged in the tensioning pulley (fig. 7.2. b) and connected
in series in the elevator safety line will also cut the
current supply to the motor and to the brake.

The adjustment of the firing rate of the limiter is done through a

power screw (1) that increases or decreases the tension of the spring
of the centrifugal system. This regulation is done at the factory and is
seal to prevent later modifications that could compromise
the machine's safety.

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Although the regulations do not require it for the limiter pulley, it is

recommended that this be protected with a cover by
security against bodily harm and to prevent the entry of bodies
strangers (see fig. 7.2).

A plate will be placed on the frame that will inform at least about the

manufacturer, of the approval control, firing speed and of the

type and diameter of the steel cable used.

The cut in the power supply circuit of the motor and brake will occur at one
once the speed of 1.25 m/s is reached and the acting of the
limiter (start of braking operation) to 1.40 m/s. On the other hand,
in no case will mechanical intervention occur nor
electric limiter before the speed is 115% of the
nominal (1.15 m/s in this case). The rest of the construction characteristics,
techniques and the instructions for use and maintenance can be consulted
in Annex D.4.8.

4.2. PARACHUTE MECHANISM

The parachute is a mechanism that allows the stopping of the cabin by
friction against the guides in case it acquires a certain one
speed greater than the nominal (previously regulated in the
limiter) whether due to cable breakage, the tractor group, or due to
any other incident.

The principle of operation consists in that when the limiter

If the speed is blocked, the cable is also blocked and produces a pull on it.

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lever system called steering gear to which it is tied and that to

in turn causes the parachute to act.

The parachutes are basically made up of a shell that is fixed in

the frame of the cabin (or of the counterweight according to the design) and an element
mobile or mechanically linked shoe to the steering gear whose
guided movement causes emergency braking by contact or
minting against the guides.

They are built in two types:

Instant action parachute.

Progressive action parachute.

In instant action parachutes, the pull of the cable over the

timonería leads to a vertical movement of the shoes due to
some inclined planes made in the casing and oriented towards the
guide in such a way that they are approaching and pressing with
increasingly more force the guide until producing the elevator's stop.

The footings can be wedge-shaped with their contact surface.

striped or toothed or with knurled rollers, in both cases the
The surface finish has the same purpose of increasing grip and therefore
improve the braking effectiveness.

The roller brakes produce a somewhat smoother braking than the

of wedge made that is reflected in the EN 81-1 standard through the
calculation model that provides for the effort that must be sustained by the
guides in braking adopting an increase coefficient of 25 for
wedge and 15 for rollers. Despite this, the wedge shoes are
more the most used.

The braking effort in this type of parachute is very high.

since the force grows very rapidly absorbing kinetic energy
from the masses in motion in a short space 20, in fact the
stop may be considered due to the impact of the cabin against a
slightly elastic obstacle.

The effects of this shock are not only negative for the integrity of the
materials but also for the user, which is why the use of this
The type of parachute is limited for small elevators.
speed (up to 0.8 m/s). However, if there is any availability of some
buffer device, which will generally be placed between the ground of the
the cabin and the frame, a speed of up to 1 m/s is allowed. In
In no case are decelerations exceeding 2.5 times allowed.
gravity.

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In progressive action parachutes, the cabin braking is

apply a controlled magnitude force on the guides to
through the foundations. They can be of various types, with the most
used the following:

From the spindle: The pull of the limiter cable causes displacement.
axial of a spindle fixed to the brake shoes so that they
they are pressing on the guides and causing the stop
controlled.

- Of spring: The principle of operation is identical, only that

In this case, it is the compression of a spring that allows for control.
of the force that the bases exert on the guides.

Aside from the aforementioned, the market offers other construction solutions that
resulting in a progressive elevator shutdown.

This type of parachute is designed so that the braking force

grows progressively until, once the force of
friction of the pads on the elevator guides exceeds the
the adhesion force of the limiter cable on its pulley occurs
a slip of the same and the braking pressure stops increasing
staying constant. In any case, both for the snapshots
for the progressives, the stop of the cabin occurs when the
work done by the braking force (product of the force of
friction from the vertical displacement) equals the kinetic energy
of the moving system. This work corresponds to the shaded area
in the diagrams arranged in figure 7.5 for a parachute
instant (a) and a progressive (b).

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The above figure clearly shows that in instant parachutes

the force grows very quickly and with it the work done by the
same while in the progressive ones this process is slower due to the
It is to be expected that the stopping distances will also be greater.

The EN 81-1 standard sets an interval for the deceleration of the cabin.
nominal load in free fall that is between 0.2—g and 2.5—g while
what other regulations, such as American regulations,
they do the same with the braking distances.

Thus in high-performance elevators where the load, speed and

the route is long, only progressive parachutes are used because
they are capable of limiting decelerations and braking distances
they can be greater (the abruptness of one instant would imply a
risk for the occupants and possible material damage). The elevator that
designed for two passengers and for a short distance of 18 m at a
speed of 1 m/s, which is why a parachute of action is chosen
snapshot through rollers.

Provides better braking than wedge brakes and compared to progressive ones.
it is a less complex, more economical, and easier to assemble mechanism
easier.

The damping effect required by Standard EN 81-1 for being the

nominal speed above 0.8 m/s is achieved through 9 silentblocks
for work at compression located under the cabin (see page 38). It is chosen
the IN-3000 parachute model from Dynatech combined with the
T-1 extensible steering system from the same manufacturer (fig. 7.6).
detailed information about both components can be found in
their respective catalogs in Annex D.

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Its operation will be solely in a downward direction and at the

speed of 1.40 m/s according to the limiter regulation.
posterior unlocking of the elevator must be possible with the simple
upward displacement of the cabin or counterweight and furthermore
mechanically the parachute will have to be in conditions to
function normally. The commissioning of the elevator will require
also intervene on the control circuit that will be open
after the incident.

4.3. DAMPING SYSTEM

The cushioning system is energy accumulation without movement.
of damped return, formed by two helical cylindrical springs
of circular section in parallel for the cabin and one for the
counterweight. Its detailed description can be found in section 3
from Chapter 5.

Damping is considered the last safety system of a

elevator since their intervention only occurs if the rest of
security measures failed. Thus, in case the electromechanical brake and
the fallen parachute mechanism, the damping must be able
to stop the cabin without excessive deceleration or any risk
for its occupants, while also minimizing possible material damage.

On the other hand, the final position of the cabin or counterweight once stopped
a safety distance with the bottom of the pit sufficient must be allowed
so that in case of danger the personnel could take shelter during tasks of
maintenance.

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4.4. CAPTURERS
The elevator incorporates different sensors or detectors that
they provide the necessary information to the maneuver module/-s
so that the service can be performed under conditions of total
safety. This section will briefly describe those
especially important or more representative.

The situation of the cabin in the cavity is permanently known by the

control module or PLC through an absolute encoder that incorporates the
traction motor. An absolute encoder is a position transducer
and speed whose operating principle is based on a disk with
zonas transparentes y opacas dispuestas en bandas concéntricas (las
which encode a Grey code that is subsequently transformed to
binary) that rotates in such a way that it interrupts a beam of light directed at some
photoreceptors that transform light impulses into a signal
digital electric 21. Unlike the incremental encoder, the absolute one does not
it loses the real position when the power is cut off, that is to say the
the position is updated and available without needing to perform the search
from point zero.

Although the encoder does not perform a safety function in a

In a strict sense, its absence or failure implies that the control program does not
you will be able to locate the position of the cabin and the service will remain

interrupted by security and by the inability to send the signals of

adequate exit.

The electric motor is protected against overloads by means of a

series of positive temperature coefficient thermistors or PTC
A PTC thermistor is a semiconductor made from titanate.
material that varies its electrical resistance depending on the temperature. It
they are installed in such a way that if the temperature of the stator windings of the
the motor rises sharply to a certain value also does so the
resistance of the thermistor until it interrupts the current flow and produces
that a relay cuts off the power to the motor and the brake.

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Thermistors are a good solution for protection.

the engines as well as for other applications since they are small, not
they suffer significant mechanical wear and have a rapid response.

The elevator incorporates a weight measurement system or

commonly called a hoist, which is an electromechanical device
whose function is to prevent the elevator from starting moving in case
to exceed a certain predefined value the nominal load. It
it is considered that there will be an overload in the cabin if it exceeds a
10% of the nominal load or a minimum of 75 kg. Generally, its
operation is based on the measurement of deformations that
they experience the silent blocks of the cabin, which is usually located
under the cabin near or in contact with its floor. The market offers without
various options are offered according to the needs that are required.

Excess weight detected in the cabin, the weight scale sends a signal to the
control module(s) that prevents the start of the march at the same time as
a buzzer acoustically informs the user/s of the circumstance
(if desired, the corresponding indication can also be added
visual in the cabin).

As long as these conditions are not modified, the elevator doors and the
floor must remain completely open; in the event that this
the last manual will have to be unlocked as is the case.
another part the load balancer will have to be able to filter the deformations
punctual issues that may arise from vibrations and occasional startups
or sudden braking to avoid false signals.

A reduced hysteresis will be ensured in the sensor to minimize

el tiempo en que el servicio se restablece de nuevo una vez la carga
decrease to permitted values thus avoiding delays
unnecessary. It must be indicated that in addition to contributing to the improvement of
safety is an indirect protection for the electric motor
do not work with the slightest overload and contribute to the improvement of the
traffic management in the elevator since it prevents in case of
overload starts the movement and the interruption occurs in the middle
during the journey wasting a lot of time.

It is decided to install the ECO model freight scale from Dynatech shown in the
figure 7.9 on the next page.

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The end-of-travel devices allow controlling the position

of a movable element, generally used in all machines
that they follow a fixed straight-line trajectory back and forth as is the case of
an elevator. They can be of three types: Mechanical, magnetic of
screen and magnetic magnets.

They are manufactured by a body (fig. 7.10.b) that contains a normally open switch.
the NC responsible for modifying the status of a circuit when activated
mechanically by a lever (fig. 7.10.a) upon occurring the
contact between this and the controlled movable element. It is worth noting that
It can have more than one switch inside.

The elevator will carry mechanical end-of-travel devices model ENK.

Type A of the company Forn Valls located in the extreme positions
on its route through mechanical linkage with the guides (2 for the cabin and
two others for the counterweight). Each of them has a switch
NC (Normally Closed) which in case the cabin exceeds
certain position will stop the elevator due to interruption in the
motor and brake power circuit through a
safety contact installed in series. The normal reset.
The service must be performed by authorized personnel.

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Both the cabin doors and the floor doors are equipped with
devices that ensure its locking as long as the cabin does not
is stopped or is in an area close to floor level.
This area known as allowed enclaving includes a
maximum distance of 0.20 m above and below the floor level (art.
7.7.1 of the EN 81-1 standard.

Those previously described can be supplemented by the collectors in charge.

of the tension state control of the wiring, of the control of operation of
certain mechanical components such as the parachute or the limiter,
return of the dampers, etc.

Of course, all the information provided by these collectors

reaches the control module(s) of the maneuver (microprocessor) in
form of input signals in such a way that the start will not be initiated at
less than these perfectly fit the program reference
to execute.

4.5. ELECTRICAL SAFETY DEVICES

The applicable regulations for elevators are demanding and prescribe the use of
numerous security devices (captors) that through control
made by an electric security device are capable of preventing
the engine start or cause its immediate or scheduled stop. In
Appendix D.2.2 shows all the variables that need to be
controlled according to the EN 81-1 Standard in an elevator. Amodo
the following are cited as examples:

Cabin load control.

Control of the interlocking and door closure

cabin and floor.

Speed limiter trigger control.

Control of the parachute mechanism operation.

End of stroke devices.

Control of the tension state of the lifting wiring and of the

limiter.

Control of leveling and self-leveling of the cabin.

Switching for emergency maneuver and inspection.

Depending on the security device or sensor to be controlled

The EN 81-1 standard also establishes the type of electrical device.
that will be able to carry it out. There are three possibilities:

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Security contact of features described in the article

14.1.2.2 of the EN 81-1 Standard itself.

Security circuit for any type of installation.

Authorized security circuit in the case of installations

that need to be specially protected against risks of
humidity or explosion.

In almost all cases, control is carried out through a contact.

of security but in some the regulations offer the possibility of
choose between a contact or a security circuit. The attached table in the
Annex D.2.2 previously cited also details this information.

Los contactos de seguridad deben ser capaces de interrumpir el paso

of current by mechanical separation of its contacts if necessary
for tearing and in accordance with Standard UNE 20-119(1)-74 to be
the following categories:

AC11, if it concerns inserted security contacts in

alternating current circuits.

DC11, if it concerns security contacts inserted in

direct current circuits.

If necessary, the power supply to the machine must be cut off by

two independent contactors that are in series with the circuit of
power supply for alternating current motors that are in
direct connection to a supply network as is the case and of
according to article 12.7 of the EN 81-1 Standard. Furthermore for
ensure safety in article 14.1.2.4 of the same standard
It indicates that the electrical supply for the brake will also be cut off.

Finally, the appearance of a grounding or mass derivation in a circuit

that contains an electrical safety device must cause the stop
immediate stoppage of the machine and prevent its start except by
suitable personnel.

4.6. OTHER SECURITY ASPECTS

Aside from those described above, there are other elements that of a
more or less indirect way also contribute to the improvement of the
elevator safety. These are specified in required minimum distances,
in the arrangement of plates with important technical information, in
proper lighting, etc.

The following lists the security routes, distances or

minimum surface areas of the elevator's organs that must be respected:

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The interior clear height of the cabin must be at least

2 meters (Art. 8.1.1 of Standard EN 81-1).

The height of the access to the cabin must be at least 2 meters.

(Art. 8.1.2 of Standard EN 81-1).

The cabin ceiling must have a minimum clear surface of 0.12

square meters on which one can stand and whose largest dimension
small shall be 0.25 meters (Art. 8.13.1.b of the Standard EN 81-1)

The horizontal distance between the cabin and the counterweight will be
at least 50 millimeters (Art. 11.4 of the EN 81-1 Standard).

The distance between the cabin door threshold and the floor
It will be a maximum of 20 millimeters (Art. 11.3.1 of Standard EN 81-1).

The horizontal distance between the counterweight and the wall of the shaft
it will be at least 30 millimeters (Art. 11.4 of Standard EN 81-1).

The free passage to the cabin will be at least 600

millimeters.

The vertical distance between the cabin ceiling surface and the level
lower than the ceiling of the gap (this includes beams or other parts
outlets) must be at least 1 + 0.035 - v 2 (where v is the
nominal speed of the elevator in m/s.

When the counterweight rests completely on its dampers

compressed the guided ascent route of the
the cabin will be at least 0.1 m plus 0.035 —v 2 (where v is the
rated speed of the elevator in m/s). The same distance
It must be respected for the counterweight when it is the cabin that is.
about their shock absorbers.

When the cabin/counterweight is over its

completely compressed shock absorbers the distance between them
the lowest parts and the floor will be 0.5 m (Art. 5.7.3.3.b.1
of the Standard EN 81-1

When the cabin is on its dampers

totally compressed the free distance between the bottom of the
sliders or rollers, parachute boxes, foot guards or
The door organs must be at least 0.1 m (Art. 5.7.3.3.b.2 of
the Standard EN 81-1).

The following table summarizes the regulated distances.

previously exposed and compared with those held by the
elevator designed that can be verified in the plans:

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The foot protector is a metal plate that is fixed to protect the entire width.
from the cabin doors in front of the threshold of the floor doors against
falls and shearing. It consists of a vertical part of no less than 0.75 m
that extends downwards through a chamfer whose angle
the horizontal must be equal to or greater than 60º and also provide a
horizontal protection not less than 20 mm.

On the other hand, as previously stated, the ceiling of the cabin must be
It is possible to install a railing that protects against falling from a different level.
All plates, warnings, markings, and maneuvering instructions
They must be indelible, legible, and easy to understand. They must be
unalterable, made of durable material, prominently displayed and written in
the language of the country where the elevator is installed. There must be
emergency stop devices controlled by contactor or circuit of
security in the following areas:

About the cabin roof.

In the pulley room (if there is one).

In the ditch.

These must produce the stopping of the elevator including the

puertas automáticas de manera que su nueva puesta en servicio no pueda
resulting consequence of an involuntary action.

In any case, the EN 81-1 standard requires that the user has a
emergency request device to the outside in the cabin, easily
recognizable which will be powered by the emergency source of the circuit
of the lighting. It may be an acoustic alarm, an intercom,
a phone or another with equivalent characteristics. In this case, one opts for
for a permanent two-way communication system connected to
a rescue service control center.

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4.7. SAFETY STANDARDS FOR THE USER

How safety in the elevator is completed by the user.
through their knowledge of safety regulations and usage
responsible and appropriate. The following can be cited:

Do not use the elevator in case of fire, earthquake, or

water entry in the hole.

Do not exceed the maximum capacity of load or passengers of

elevator

Do not jump or make sudden movements inside the cabin.

Do not stop the elevator by opening the cabin door.

Do not activate the stop button or switch, nor the bell button.
of alarm, except in cases of emergencies.

Do not turn off the cabin light.

Do not register unnecessary calls on the cabin control panel.

will save electricity and prevent premature wear.

Do not attempt to leave the cabin on your own if the elevator

stops between floors. Stay calm, use the device of
emergency and wait for the specialized personnel that the company will send
of maintenance.

Do not force the doors open until it is completely

elevator stopped.

Do not stop at the threshold of the cabin even if both are there.
doors.
Do not allow children to travel alone and keep them away from the doors as much as possible.
like the cabins on the floors.

Do not throw waste or cigarette butts into the hole of the

elevators that can cause fires.

Do not force the cabin to stop by trying to open the doors.

Do not repeatedly press the floor button when the call has
is registered. In case of double button (up-down), press
only the one that corresponds.

Do not manipulate the machine components in any case nor

I tried to access the control panels.

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Have patience during the times of journeys and waits

regulatory.

CHAPTER 5:
MAINTENANCE

Maintenance is defined as the set of technical actions

(checks, measurements, replacements, adjustments, and repairs) and
administrative tasks that aim to maintain functionality and
efficiency required for the elevator ensuring complete safety. It
difference between two types of basic maintenance:

Preventive maintenance.

Corrective maintenance.

It also includes the implementation of an inspection and a series

of tests whenever there is an important transformation in the
elevator or an accident has occurred (article 16.1.4. EN 81-1).

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5.1. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

Preventive maintenance is a scheduled activity of inspections,
both in terms of operation and safety, adjustments, repairs,
analysis, cleaning, lubrication, and calibration that must be carried out
periodically based on an established plan.

The objective is the early identification of future incidents or defects.

in the materials, in the structure or in any other way that they can
to be corrected quickly to maintain functionality and the
high levels of security, comfort, and efficiency that are required. A
correct preventive maintenance means reducing costs in the
repairs, the service interruption times, increases the useful life
from the installation and allows detecting what the repetitive failures are
so that better designs can be made in the future that provide
place to more competitive products.

EN 81-1 provides for the following preventive maintenance tasks:

Monthly reviews carried out by a Conservative Company

hired by the owner or tenant in accordance with the prescribed terms
in article 11 of the Regulation on Lifting Equipment and
Maintenance.

• Periodic inspections every four years for installed elevators

in buildings with more than twenty dwellings or more than four floors
according to what is prescribed in article 19 of the Equipment Regulation
of Elevation and Maintenance.

Annex E.1 of Standard EN 81-1 details what elements of the installation

they must be checked during periodic inspections:

Mechanical condition of the floor doors and closure guarantee

and subsequent conviction.

− The interlocking devices.

The cables, tapes, or chains.

The electromechanical brake.

The speed limiter.

The parachute mechanism, tested with an empty cabin and at

reduced speed 24.

The dampers tested with an empty cabin and at speed

reduced.

The emergency call device.

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Additionally, a series of reviews have been planned by

part of the conservative company that includes multiple tasks based on
of a timing (monthly, quarterly, yearly or according to regulations).
The complete list of these tasks as well as the rest of the information
related to maintenance can be found in section 8 of the Specification
Technicianof

Conditions included in Annex B. Made the tasks of

preventive maintenance will require a report called
Inspection report that will include the following information:

Identification and basic characteristics of the elevator (building in the

who is found, owner, manufacturer, installation date
load, distance, nominal speed, etc.

Identification of the conservative company and the technical staff that

has carried out

Date, start time and end time of the scheduled activities

carried out during the monthly review or periodic inspection as well as
those that have arisen at the moment. Information related to the
inspection deadlines as well as the dates of the previous execution
review and the next scheduled.

Information regarding the materials and spare parts that may exist
are necessary to perform the tasks.

Observations that the technician can make regarding

unsatisfactory points establishing their importance (slight, serious or
critical) and the maximum correction time. In case there is a risk
imminent direct or indirect for people will stop the
elevator.

This document may be issued with a favorable opinion (without defects or

minor defects), conditioned (serious defects) or negative (defects
critics). In this last case, the Control Organism will communicate it
immediately to the Provincial Delegation in writing and the Company
the conservator will immediately interrupt the service until the
the problem has been resolved.

For those non-critical defects that have not been resolved

during the relevant review or inspection, a period will be established
maximum time in which they must be resolved through a second
visit of staff for maintenance tasks.

5.2. CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE

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Corrective maintenance consists of major repairs or

less importance that must be carried out in the face of a functioning
incorrect, deficient or incomplete that could not have been noticed
with time during preventive inspections or that due to their
nature cannot be foreseen.

These actions do not imply functional changes but correct defects.

technicians understood as such as a difference or deviation between
the specifications of the machine and its actual operation.

The conservative company must provide coverage for damage 24 hours a day.
the 365 days of the year through a contact phone for calls of
emergency. As in the previous case, all intervention must be
strictly documented.

5.3. INSPECTIONS AND TESTS AFTER

A TRANSFORMATION IMPORTANT O
ACCIDENT
They must to be carried out inspections y tests later of
important transformations or after an accident to ensure
that the elevator is always in compliance with the regulations.

The following are considered significant transformations:

Changes in speed and/or nominal load.

Changes in the route.

Changes in the placement of the cabin doors or the

locking devices of the same.

Replacement of guides, doors, machine, limiter of

speed, shock absorbers or parachutes for others of a different type.

The tests will be, at most, those required for the elements
originals before the elevator was put into service. The documents
related to the transformation and the necessary information must be
sent to the person or Organization in charge of the inspection and

the tests to assess if it is necessary to conduct tests in

the modified or substituted elements.
On the other hand, in case of an accident, the authorities will be notified immediately.
Competent bodies of the Public Administration and the Company
insurance company of the conservator so that actions can begin
relevant that correspond.

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CHAPTER 6:
Benefits

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The machine has been designed so that the service life is around
20 years as long as the prescriptions of
maintenance and conservation indicated.

CHAPTER 7:
REALIZATION OF
MODEL
7.1 PROTOTYPE:

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CONCLUSIONS
The objective of a Final Year Project is to allow the student to apply in
practices some knowledge that has been exposed throughout the studies
in a theoretical way and help him develop a practical vision of work,
in terms of a proper organization and a clear presentation of it. In
These aspects my conclusion is undoubtedly positive.

As a negative point, I would like to highlight above all the lack of information, or
the difficulty in accessing it, which occurs more or less frequently
I have found myself and that at times has meant a much greater advancement.
slower than I would have wished. Another problem, which on a personal level
I have found it has often been the difficulty of reconciling the
time appropriately with other activities I perform.

In direct relation to the object of this Project, it could be concluded that

the design cannot be considered completely finished, especially in a market
so competitive. It is imperative that a continuous study is carried out
for the introduction of improvements and/or reduction in product costs,
for this same reason, an annual cost was added to the budget that
I took into account.

Although it is easy that with these improvements the main goal is sought
benefit for the company and/or the buyer should also
it is intended that they take into account aspects such as the environment
improvements in efficiency, reduction in noise pollution,
greater use of easily recyclable materials, etc.).

It can be concluded that the designed elevator is a product with

great possibilities in the market because there is a large number of
buildings with a reduced opening without elevator or with outdated equipment and
because thanks to the adjustment of prices a price has been achieved
attractive. On the other hand, the provision of significant subsidies
public for the acquisition or renewal of elevators as well as the
existence of a smaller number of similar products in the range of
two passengers compared to four, six or eight also improves the
expectations.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Bibliographic references

[1] ALCALDE SAN MIGUEL,P., Electrotecnia. Thomson Editores Spain

Paraninfo, S.A., Spain 2008

CALDUCH, EDUARD. "Notes on elements of actuation and

mechanical transmission” EUETIB 200X

[3] CERVERA RUIZ, M., BLANCO DÍAZ, E., Mecánica de estructuras Libro 1.
Materials resistance. UPC Editions, Barcelona 2001.

[4] CERVERA RUIZ, M., BLANCO DÍAZ, E., Mecánica de estructuras Libro 2.
Analysis methods. Edicions UPC, Barcelona 2001.

CONTINENTAL. Commercial catalog of flat polyurethane belts

with internal steel wiring.

DYNATECH, S.L. Catalog of speed limiter model LBD-200.

FAIRES, VIRGIN MORING. Design of machine elements. Ed.

Limusa, cop. Mexico City, 1994

[8] FRAILE MORA, J., Máquinas eléctricas. McGRAW-HILL/ INTERAMERICANA

DE ESPALA, S.A.U., Spain 2003

JANOVSKY, L. Elevator Mechanical Design. Ed. Ellis Horwood Series in

Mechanical Engineering 1993

[10] MARTÍNEZ GONZÁLEZ, E. “Apuntes de Diseño de máquinas” EUETIB

200X.

MACLA. Commercial catalog of components for elevators.

MIRAVETE A., LARRODÉ E., Vertical transport. Ed. Service of

publications, Higher Polytechnic Center of Zaragoza.

MOTT, ROBERT L. Machine Element Design Prentice Hall Ed.

Mexico 2006

NORTON, ROBERT L. Machine Design. Prentice-Hall Ed.

Hispanoamericana, Mexico 1999

OPAC S.L. Commercial catalog of stainless steel wedges and

carbon

OTIS GEN 2., Ecological study and comfort in elevators

carried out by the company Otis

RIBA ROMEVA, C. Machine Design IV. Material Selection

UPC Editions, Barcelona 1997.

[18] RIBA ROMEVA C. Disseny i càlcul de molles. Edicions UPC, Barcelona

1995.

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SAVERA EMSA. Commercial catalog of elevator cabins.

SAVERAGROUP. Catalog of lift guide brackets.

SAVERAGROUP. Elevator guide fastening catalog.

SAVERAGROUP. Elevator guide catalog.

SKF. Commercial catalog of single row ball bearings.

WEB PAGES
[26] [http://www.ascensoresingar.Company
national elevator manufacturer.

Page dedicated
to the dissemination in the area of electronics.

http://www.dynatech-elevation.com September 2009: Manufacturer of

safety components for elevators

[31] [http://www.electronicafacil.net October 2009]: Page dedicated to the

dissemination in the field of electronics.

[32] [http://elevatorbooks.stores.yahoo.net/bestsellers.html, October

2007]: Images of various elevator components.

Renewable energy. September 2009: Portal

de energías renovables del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia.

http://www.espiralia.com/ October 2009]: Spring manufacturer and

springs.

http://www.facingyconst.blogspot.com/ October 2007]: Blog in the

that features information about innovation in elevators.

Company that
markets components for automation and security in
machines.

October
2009]: Bearing selection guide.

[38] [http://www.kalipedia.com/, October 2009]: Encyclopedic website.

Steel profile manufacturer

laminates in cold.

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Page of
Otis related to environmental advances in the sector of
elevation.

Manufacturer's page
electric products for elevators.

http://www.saltec.es/ November 2009]: Manufacturer's page of

construction equipment.

http://www.schindler.Manufacturer of all kinds

of elevators worldwide.

http://www.vibrachoc.es/ October 2009: Manufacturer of silent blocks

Blog
dedicated to business productivity.

[46] [http://www.tornilleria.com/, May 2010: Screw prices

September 2009
Website dedicated to information about technology and machines
electric

Manufacturer of
deceleration components (shock absorbers and brakes) for applications
industrial.

SAN PEDRO UNIVERSITY Page 98