Slabs and types

Post Tensioning - Benefits Post Tensioning Concrete enables the Dunne Group to utilise the entire range of allowable stresses across the section depth, creating a strong , slender and efficient element. Post Tensioning is a technique of pre-loading the concrete in a manner which control stresses and deflections that are induced by the self weight and applied loads whilst the structure is in service. In Post Tensioned structures, high tensile steel strands are placed in the concrete at profiles as required to balance the dead and imposed loads. When the correct concrete transfer strength has been reached the strands are stressed to the required force and anchored at the slab edge. Through ConForce, Dunnes have a group company available to carry out design/supply/install packages for post tensioning work on concrete frames. This brings an integrated team approach for clients supplying a complete post tensioned concrete frame package and reducing interfaces. The most common application of post tensioning at present is in suspended slabs in buildings. Many contractors including Dunnes are using this as a standard construction method where the benefits (as listed below) have been clearly demonstrated.

Dunnes are able to offer, using ConForce, the MK4 Post Tensioning system. This is a comprehensive range of anchorages for bonded and unbonded tendons with a proven track record in the UK and many other countries. The MK4 PT System has European Technical Approval in accordance with ETAG 013, Post Tensioning Kits for Prestresssing of structures. Post Tensioning is also used in Civil Engineering structures for example bridges and circular tanks . Here the Multistrand system is used where tendons can comprise up to 37 strands, to provide the higher prestress forces used in these structures. These tendons can also be used in large transfer beams in buildings. The technical knowledge gained by the staff at Dunnes and ConForce is available to provide clients with fast, economic and innovative solutions for all types of structures using the many post tensioning systems and techniques that are available. Advantages of Post Tensioning Concrete 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Reduction in depth of slab (common depth/span ratios of 1:40) Reduction of depth of beams (common depth/span ratio of 1:20) Controlled cracking beneficial in car parks. Very economic and structurally efficient over 6m spans Flexibility in planning & design Deflection can be controlled and is reduced compared to r.c. Smaller quantities of reinforcement required A prestressed structure is pre-tested since a significant load is applied during post tensioning..

Compound wall
A building or buildings, especially a residence or group of residences, set off and enclosed by a barrier. An enclosed area used for confining prisoners of war.

compound - an enclosure of residences and other building (especially in the Orient) enclosure - a structure consisting of an area that has been enclosed for some purpose

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/compound
Compound when applied to a human habitat refers to a cluster of buildings in an enclosure, having a shared or associated purpose, such as the houses of an extended family (e.g. the Kennedy Compound for the Kennedy family). The enclosure may be a wall, a fence, a hedge or some other structure, or it may be formed by the buildings themselves, when they are built around an open area or joined together. In military science, a compound is a type of fortification made up of walls or fences surrounding several buildings in the center of a large piece of land. The walls can either serve the purpose of being tall, thick, and impenetrable, in which case they would be made of wood, stone, or some other like substance; or dangerous to attempt to scale, in which case they could be made of barbed wire or electrified.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(fortification)

Community risk/political risk

Landscaping
Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land, including: 1. living elements, such as flora or fauna; or what is commonly referred to as gardening, the art and craft of growing plants with a goal of creating a beautiful environment within the landscape. 2. natural elements such as landforms, terrain shape and elevation, or bodies of water; 3. human elements such as structures, buildings, fences or other material objects created and/or installed by humans; and 4. abstract elements such as the weather and lighting conditions. Landscaping is both science and art, and requires good observation and design skills. A good landscaper understands the elements of nature and construction and blends them accordingly. Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor public areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve environmental, social-behavioral, or aesthetic outcomes. It involves the systematic investigation of existing social, ecological, and geological conditions and processes in the landscape, and the design of interventions that will produce the desired outcome. Energy-efficient landscaping is a type of landscaping designed for the purpose of conserving energy. There is a distinction between the embedded energy of materials and constructing the landscape, and the energy consumed by the maintenance and operations of a landscape. Design techniques include:

Planting trees for the purpose of providing shade, which reduces cooling costs. Planting or building windbreaks to slow winds near buildings, which prevents heat loss. Wall sheltering, where shrubbery or vines are used to create a windbreak directly against a wall. Earth sheltering and positioning buildings to take advantage of natural landforms as windbreaks. Green roofs that cool buildings with extra thermal mass and evapotranspiration. Reducing the heat island effect with pervious paving, high albedo paving, shade, and minimizing paved areas. Site lighting with full cut off fixtures, light level sensors, and high efficiency fixtures

Energy-efficient landscaping techniques include using local materials, on-site composting and chipping to reduce greenwaste hauling, hand tools instead of gasoline-powered, and also may involve using drought-resistant plantings in arid areas, buying stock from local growers to avoid energy in transportation, and similar techniques. Sustainable landscape architecture is a category of sustainable design concerned with the planning and design of outdoor space. This can include ecological, social and economic aspects of sustainability. For example, the design of a sustainable urban drainage system can: improve habitats for fauna and flora; improve recreational facilities, because people love to be beside water; save money, because building culverts is expensive and floods cause severe financial harm.

RAIN WATER HARVESTING As per MIDC/LEED rules

PAVEMENTS
Road surface or pavement (American English) is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic, such as a road or walkway. Pavement may refer to: Road surface, the durable surfacing of roads and walkways Sidewalk, a walkway along the side of a road, in British English or Philadelphia/Baltimore dialect Pavement (architecture), a floor-like stone or tile structure Portuguese pavement, the traditional paving used in most pedestrian areas in Portugal ("Calada Portuguesa" in Portuguese) Limestone pavement, a naturally occurring landform that resembles an artificial pavement Desert pavement, a desert ground surface covered with closely packed rock fragments of pebble and cobble size Tessellated pavement, a rare sedimentary rock formation that occurs on some ocean shores Glacial pavement, a rock surface scoured and polished by glacial action

CHARGEABLE AREA FLOOR TO FLOOR HEIGHT

Definition: Floor-to-floor height is the median interval between the top of one floorplate and the top of the next successive floorplate. Abstract: The median height between the tops of two adjacent floorplates in a multistory structure.