Professional Documents
Culture Documents
radio
magazine
JUNE 1978
Oscar 8 preamplifier
Touch-Tone decoder
vfo design
pi network design
voltmeter calibrator
mounting ... .
diameter High-O traps, Beta matching system, heavy duty taper swaged elements, rugged boom t o element
and value priced! Additional features: SWR less than 1.5 to 1 on all bands 10 dB Gain .
20-25dB Front-to-Back Ratio.
.-
- ---
' . - .. . ....
\
.: .. . -.-.
.
-
Modal
no!
-
\
lielits 011 LU IVletr?rs
t u n 0 L ~ J I I ! ~ 26' BOC1m
Element Monohanid Perforr
eparate 110 Meter f3eflector
---.--
The mechanically
r~rnarior
- construction
--
_. d driven
lnsulate~
elem1?ntwith
--
uses heaw du precision I
boom to eiemc - +yBeta match
'.
extrusion. and .
e, heavy duty
-7 element 1
I
I
- -- I- Shown with Wilson's new opt~onal 1
Advanced design lalrge d~amc Toroid Core BN-50-A Balun. j
high-Q Traps for minimum loss nd maxim :
---- - -
al !r capacity
- -
S&ECIFICATIQ"IZi: Sx-?.
Matching Method ....Beta Boom Length . 26' . Required
Band MHz . . . . . . . . . 14-21-28
Maximum Power Input Legal Limit
Boom Diameter 2 O.D.
No. of Elements.. 5
. Mast Diameter
Surface Area
2" O.D.
......
8.6 sq. ft.
VSWR (at Resonance) 1.5 to 1 Longest Element 26' 7" Windload at 78 mph 215 Ibs.
Impedance ......... 50 ohms Turning Radius . 18' 6" Shipping Weight ...
65 Ibs.
Gain.. ............ 10dB FIB Ratio. .....
20-25 dB UPS Shipment in 2 Cartons
~ntendamatching
\
Sets power range, herreads SWR h c i e n t aimound induc-
. Transmitter matching
capacitor. 208 pf. 300 and 30 watts. and RF w a t t s in tor glves more watts out c a p a c i t o r . 208 pf.
1000 volt spacing. Pull for SWR. 2 ranges. and less losses. 1000 v o l t spaclng.
Only MFJ gives you thls MFJ 941 Versa one exlsttng antenna. No need to put up sepa
Tuner II wlth all these teatures at th~sprice. rate antennas tor each band.
A SWR a d dual nnpc wanmeter (300 and Increase thc usable bandwidth ot your mo
30 watts lull scale) lets you measure RF bite whlp by tunlng out the SWR t n m inside
power output lor slmpllt~edtunlng. your car. Works great wlth all solid state rlqs
An antenna switch lets you select 2 coax (I~kethe Atlas) and wlth all tube typo rlgs.
led antennas, random wlre or balance Ilne. ANTENNA SWITCH lets you select 2 n travels well, too. Its ultra compact size
and tuner bypass. coax led antennas, random w i n or 8 x 2 ~ 6Inches lit easily in a small corner of
A new eRclent airwound Inductor (12 po. balance IIM,and tuner bypass. your suitcase.
slt~ons)gives you less losses lhan a tapped TMs beautiful IlWe tuner 1s housed tn a
torold lor more watts out. transm~ller to any teedl~netrom 160 thru 10 deluxe eggshell wh~teTen Tec enclosure w ~ t h
A 1:4 balun tor balance Itnes. 1000 volt Meters whether you have coax cable, balance walnut grntn s~des.
capacllor spaclng. Mountlng brackets tor mo Ilne, or random wlre. SO-239 coax connectors are provided lor
b~le~nstallattons(not shown). You can tune out the 'SWR on your dipole. transmllter Input and coax led antennas.
With the NEW MFJ Versa Tuner I you can inverted vee, random wlre, vertical, moh~le Oual~ty l ~ v eway blndlng posts are used tor
~n your lull transceiver power output - up to whlp, beam. quad, or whatever you have. the balance lhne Inputs (2),random wlre Input
300 watts RF power output - and match your You can even o p n t e ab bands wlth lust ( I ) , and ground (1).
I I
$4gg5
a**<* ., ,"
MFJ.900 ECONO TUNER
Same I S MFJ9Ot Y n r Tun". *I drrr no1 hlvc *Win I
balun b balance Yms. Tvnrr r u t Urns a d tandem Imr. MFJ-400 8043 ECONO KEYER
NFJ M q s p u Inwr. H Mrr m m m r k e r f 8-
MFJ.901 VERSA TUNER ~h.h a u s m . 0 0 4 3 I~.w*-~~wI.
I *.I m c m t .C WWI* c*l hr m n wan, mu1 I hm C ~ W ~wsdi n la 50' WPM) pu~~~o~una
only MI at!l wund lmurlof II ?povt8m\l
J user an c l t ~ c ~ e n
*@"me moll 3 ronlirta '1. ~ w hphm lack la kevw
an 1h85 cla5r 01 tumrl la gsrr yw mme walls oul and l e n oulput a M key paddle lnwl
lossei lMn a tawed lolo#d Malcher evelylnlMJ lrm I60 hmd w q m mm brs y0u adlust dot dash w a
lnfu 10 Mrar5 dlpolr5 lnvarta veer laMam W I t m r e l t l n t t o tm a dl5llnctlvc i~pmllo permIrala ORM la sold
calr rnonlle whip, beam5 Mlnnce tines coax lhnes UP to MFJ.16010 RANDOM WIRE TUNER OX cmlacls S@eImeand rpsaks lnlernal tms control
200 watt, Rt oulpul 1 4 balull la balance liner lune nu1 Optnle 160 thrv 10 M e l m . Up 1, 200 ran1 RF wlpul. kmYI v ll* nwtth Musela key Ool m m w y Instant
IW SWH of you, moblh who hll lnllll v r n car Wwkr Malrlws hlph an( Uw tmpdmcel. I 2 p s l l U n kdvclu. start sell c m p l e t l q Jampwl rpaclng Adlabla solld stale
wth all rgs UIII~ cmuacl 512.6 wne, SO 739 connct SO 239 crnnn~1t111. 2.3~4 Inches. M l h h l 25 18 200 ohm1 keylnp gnd blmk c a m sohi smh mmm!nws ( - 300V
10 ma mai and + 300V I 0 0 ma mar I
. -. .--
Order any product f r o m MFJ a n d try it. H not delighted, return within 30 days for a prompt refund (less shipping).
- -. todav. Monev back if not delighted. One y e a r unconditional guarantee. Add $2.00 shippinglhandling.
m
Order
Order ~y ail' or Call TOLL FREE 800-647-8660 and Charge It On
P. 0. BOX 494
I
M F J ENTERPRISES MISSISSIPPI STATE, MISSISSIPPI 39762
2 june 1978 More Details? CHECK-OFF Page 142
magazine
contents
10 RrrY SELCOM
Robert C. Clark. K9HVW
Archie C. Clark, WB4KUR
Fred R. Scalf, K4EID
20 Oscar 8 receiving preamplifier
Mark S. Pride, K1RX
Kenneth V. Puglia
26 single IC Touch-Tone decoder
Lawrence Nickel, W30G
33 antenna guying
Marchal H. Caldwell, Sr., W6RTK
36 Colpitts vfo design
Maurizio Grarnigni, I2BVZ
40 rf choke performance
Courtney Hall, WA5SNZ
44 preventing transmitter rf leakage
John E. Becker, K9MM
48 vertical antenna
for portable communications
John S. Jolly, WA7NWL
52 pi network design
lrvin M . Hoff, WGFFC
68 satellite tracking equations
for Texas Instruments calculators
Charles F. Milazzo, KP4MD
74 protecting solid-state devices
William J. Prudhornme, WB5DEP
81 instantaneous shutdown
for high current power supplies
Alan S . Nusbaum, WGGB
84 command debugging circuit
J. Thomas Norman, WA7FHY
87 grid-dip meter
William A. Wildenhein, W8YFB
92 vhf prescaler packaging
Alan Smith, W8CHK
94 precision voltmeter calibrator
Hubert Woods
96 the gyrator: synthetic inductor
John M. Loughrniller, WBSATW
june 1978 3
A group o f a t o m i c physicists at Western Washington University has predicted that sometime this year
the first message through the earth, rather than around it by way of the ionosphere, will be transmitted
along a beam of neutrino particles from a particle accelerator. The neutrino is one of the fundamental sub-
atomic particles, but one of the more elusive ones - Wolfgang Pauli first proposed its existence on theo-
retical grounds in 1930; Enrico Fermi christened the new particle the neutrino (for "little neutral one"), but
it wasn't until 26 years later, in 1956, that it was first detected by scientists.
The interaction of neutrinos with ordinary matter is so weak that, according to classical theory, a neu-
trino could pass through a block of lead that stretched from here to the nearest star without disturbing any
of the atoms in its path. Since the neutrino carries no charge and has no mass (or nearly no mass, scien-
tists aren't sure), it evaded traditional particle detection methods simply by passing through them without
affecting them in any way. Billions of neutrinos from the sun pass through your body every second, day
and night, but it's estimated that a neutrino interacts with one of the atoms in your body only about once
every ten years. It's no wonder it took 26 years to detect the neutrino's presence!
While the average neutrino is capable of passing through most of the matter of the universe without
slowing down or losing any of its energy, it's been found that neutrinos fired in eight-second bursts from a
high-energy particle accelerator occasionally collide with other particles, at the rate of about one collision
for every 17 tons of matter that the beam penetrates. Although neutrinos cannot be detected directly, the
particle debris, light, and noise generated by their collisions can be. When a beam of neutrinos is passed
through a large volume of water, all along its path some of the collision products emit a forward cone of
Cerenkov photons which can be detected by a light collector-phototube system. Prototype experiments
using Cerenkov detectors to intercept cosmic neutrinos 1000 meters below the ocean's surface have al-
ready been carried out.
In experiments at the 400-billion-electron-volt proton accelerator of the Fermi National Accelerator Lab-
oratory in Illinois, a 20-microsecond pulse of protons is directed into a bar of aluminum - the resulting
atomic collisions produce about 10-billion neutrinos per pulse. The beam of neutrinos generates about one
reaction per pulse in a bubble chamber containing 25 tons of liquid neon one kilometer away. With a grid
of Cerenkov detectors in a large body of water it's predicted that a greater number of reactions per pulse
would be detected. If information could be encoded into pulses of the neutrino beam, theoretically a mes-
sage could be received and decoded virtually any distance away.
In the experiment suggested by the group in Washington, a pulsed neutrino beam from the Fermi Lab
accelerator would be directed downward at an anglg of about 12 degrees so the beam would pass through
the earth and emerge in Puget Sound, nearly 3000 kilometers away. The detector-target would consist of
the approximately one-million tons of water in Puget Sound where showers of particles would be recorded
with each neutrino collision. The tiny flashes of light from the Cerenkov photons would be recorded and
translated into the original message. Funding for the experiment is being considered by a number of gov-
ernment agencies, including the Navy, which is interested in applications of the technique for deep-water
communications with nuclear submarines.
An analysis by the Naval Research Laboratory has shown that, if the energy level of the Fermi accelera-
tor was increased to 1000-billion electron volts, with improved beam focusing, the neutrino event rates
could be increased by a factor of 10. By using synchronous detection techniques and Cerenkov photo de-
tectors 3000 meters below the surface of the ocean (where they're not bothered by ambient light), it is ex-
pected that one 15-bit message per pulse could be transmitted with very low error rates. With one neutrino
pulse every 8 seconds, this represents a message rate of 6750 bits per hour. Compared with other methods
of communications, this is slow, but unlike radio communications, neutrino beams can't be blocked,
they're not affected by solar storms nor dependent on the ionosphere, and they travel great distances with
n o loss of power.
Jim Fisk, WlHR
editor-in-chief
4 june 1978
ICOM's IC-211 maximizes band coverage. speed, performance and convenience like no other transceiv-
er in the 2 meter world. This Maximizer's single-knob dial provides all 4 MHz in a flash, right to your single
fingertip! The IC-211 maximizes read-out speed with positively no time lag or backlash in display sta-
bility. even in modes using 100 Hz steps. The IC-211's freewheeling dial, with its superb inertia clutch, is in-
stantly coordinated with the high speed. computer circuitry controlled synthesizer's seven digit read-out
using an optical cho per There is absolutely no mechanical connection between the smooth. bearing
mounted flywheel knog anb the t w o dmal-tracking VFO's. which come built into your IC-211.
S i n g l e k n o b f r e q u e n c y election: The R e m o t e p r o ~ a m i n a :The IC-211 LSI chip
IC-211 is synthesized with convenient single provides for input of touch tone and programing
knob frequency selection over the entire 4 data from an external source, such a s the
MHz. No more fussing with two or more knobs microprocessor controlled accessory which will
just t o check what is going on around t h e also provide scan and other functions (available
band. One easy spin of the dial does it all. summer '78). Computer control from a PIA
interface is also possible (data available on re-
Two VFO's b u i l t in: The second VFO, which quest).
is an optional tack-on with most other trans-
ceivers. is an integral feature in every IC-211. FM stability o n SSB a n d CW: The IC-211
synthesis of 100 Hz steps makes SSB a s stable
V a r i a b l e o f f s e t : Any offset from 10 KHz a s FM. This extended range of operation is
through 4 MHs in multiples of 10 KHz can be attracting many FM'ers who have been oper-
programmed with the LSI synthesizer. ating on the direct channels and have now
discovered SSB.
The IC-211 is the very best and most versatile 2 meter transceiver made: that's all. For more information and
your own hands-on demonstration. see your ICOM dealer. While maximizing performance. the IC-211
minimizes impatience: yours is ready for delivery now.
.,..,
H m q . I I 4 M M l I r 1 n I 4 0 W M l l r \vnlh..lnl<sp\l" l m I l r t # SHIlrlrnl ~ . I R . 5 K l I . l # r I M
6 june 1978
look closely a t the new MT.3000~.
You've never seen anything like it.
T ~ ~W.M. Envslope
T ~ ~ Pmn
~ Display Urn lo rhnrk Keyed W a v a l o r m S h o w Olslllo~cop. Oparatlon Traperoid (lS.R70S w Wav. Envelope show9 lull
FO, p s r f ~ r m s n c c t~rns. source o l ~nlrrferoncrdur drlatl 01 C W kvytoq U l a lo (1 HI, O W illnror lillrrtlon T L '(??I Show5 llnrallty of S S R rnlco rnodulalcon wllh
or churkqng propor ~ n g 0 6 0 wsthotrt mowno monitor ~ h qc~al8ly
r o l your sllow\ Slnr square w o v s pow*, ~ m p l l l , n l u,nd nr, process,>, on i l u l cnmpror.
$ $ o n ) ,and clean rlgnnl
trancc~ver01)er0110n off-frequency Alro doter CW note (Pholo 1how5 Llqpalou%psttnrns lor tcsf- marcly for t?*l#ng
m ~ n e ~ l o ~ a t # o n o n d r t r a n g l h odnnl waveform produced 10" or desqn work 81 lull power
of sdlncsnl Irrquonc8c.i by TS-820s I
(Raqu<rss 86-5 or B S 8
optloll)
The TS-520s transceiver provides full transmit and
receive coverage of all Amateur bands from 160
through 10 meters. It also receives 15.0 0to
15.5 MHz and another 500-kHz range of your
choice i n the auxiliary band position. With the op-
tional DG-5, you have a large digital frequency
readout when transmitting and receiving, and the
DG-5 also doubles as a 40-MHz frequency counter.
The TS-520s includes a built-in AC power supply,
and, with the addition of the optional DS-1A DC-
DC convener, it can function as a mobile rig. It
features a very effective noise blanker, RIT, eight-
pole crystal filter, 25-kHz calibrator, front-panel
carrier level control, semi-break-in CW with side-
tone, built-in speaker, heater switch, 20-dB RF
attenuator and easy phone-patch connection. RF
The TS-520s ...
the most popular Amateur input power is 200 W PEP on SSB and 160 W DC
~ ~ttansceiver
d i in~the world.. provides a . on CW. Carrier suppression is better than -40 dB
and sideband suppression is better than -50 dB.
foundation for an expanding series of aCCeS- spurio,s radiation is less than - 4 0 d ~ Receiver
.
sories designed to please any ham from ... sensitivity is 0.25 pV for 10 dB (S+N)/N. Selectiv-
A great station.. .at an affordable price1 The TS-520s with its companion
accessories.. . includina two new units. The AT-200 antenna tuner ~rovidesa
versat~letool in any station. The other IS the N - 5 2 0 s . Kenwood's 5 meter
TRIO-KENWOOD COMMUNICATIONS INC.
transverter for SSB and CW operatton from 146 to 148 MHz. 1111 WEST WALNUT/COMPTON. CA 90220
RTTY SELCOM
Probably the most powerful discrete logic sequen-
Discussion of the tial decoder ever developed, the SELCOM was also
far easier to program than the earlier SELCALS since
RTTY SELCOM - only one connection, instead of five, was required
per character. This ease in decoding had been
an advanced achieved by the use of a 1-of-32 decoder. In this
manner, the Baudot character set was decoded, pro-
l T L design, viding access to characters, rather than the bits as in
the SELCAL versions. And, to provide expandability,
a 32-character bus was connected to every sequen-
providing selective tial decoder board. This bus could be expanded as
desired since each line of the bus was capable of
character recognition handling up to 500 TTL loads.
In May, 1973, the discrete bus drivers were re-
One o f t h e f i r s t applications of digital logic to placed with TTL buffers, lowering the drive to 30 in-
RTTY was the RTL SELCAL described by Lamb.' stead of 500 loads. Even with this change, SELCOM II
Capable of recognizing a single sequence of four still retained the versatile bus structure of the original
characters, it proved very laborious and costly, since version.
there were over 300 wired connections to be made in Version Ill of the SELCOM incorporated a MOS
the basic unit. This concept, however, was expand- UARIT. This chip, a natural for the SELCOM. had
ed and translated into TTL form in the TTL SELCAL already been in use for several years by various com-
described by Branscome.2 Although this unit was puter manufacturers, but the single quantity price
constructionally simpler, even with expanded capa- was prohibitively high for amateur work until about
bilities, it still did not overcome the cumbersome de- December, 1973. Offering significant simplification,
coding process, or provide for easy expandability. the UARIT provided all functions except those of the
Shortly after the TTL SELCAL was introduced, the clock and character decoders, and in addition, of-
CATC group3 tackled the problem of sequential char- fered new functions not available in earlier versions
acter recognition, hoping to overcome the two main of the SELCAL or SELCOM. They included regenera-
problems presented by the TTL SELCAL. By 1972 the tion of the received RTTY signal, speed conversion,
objectives had been met, and circuit boards were and the ability to handle any code of 5 through 8 bits
fabricated for what was known as SELCOM I. This with only a simple jumper change.
unit dramatically expanded the flexibility to decode
all 32 Baudot characters and could recognize nearly By Robert C. Clark, KSHVW, Archie Lamb,
unlimited strings of characters. Many of the sequen- WB4KUR. and Fred R. Scalf, K4EID. Mr.
ces were to be used as selective station control Clark may be reached at 930 Chestwood
commands, hence the name. Avenue, Tallahassee, Florida 32303.
10 june 1978
fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the DU-200 Universal UARlT module. The jumper placement is explained i n the text and also table 1.
The UARlT is available f r o m either Texas Instruments or General Instruments. The buffers f o r the receiver output and flag lines
can be eliminated i f the lines are used for feeding only one l T L load.
In early 1974, an attempt was made to eliminate SELCOM IV may be used with 5,6,7 or 8 bit codes at
the mechanical problems presented by the double- speeds up to 9600 bits per second. The following de-
width cards used in earlier SELCOMs. To do this, the scription is for the five-bit Baudot code used for ama-
versatile bus structure was abandoned in favor of a teur RTTY at 45.45 and 74.2 baud, but the unit is
functional module approach. These modules provid- designed for expansion to the full 64-character ASCll
ed a versatility not possible in the earlier versions of code group.
the SELCOM. With the change to single-width cards,
SELCOM features
DU-200 Universal UARIT. The DU-200 (fig. 1) is
not only the heart of the SELCOM system, but also
provides a powerful functional module for many
other applications as well. It may be used for tele-
printer signal regeneration, speed conversion, serial-
to-parallel data conversion, parallel-to-serial data
conversion, code conversion (Baudot to ASCII, ASCll
to Baudot, Baudot t o Morse, etc.), and many other
ways. All the features of the UAR/T have been made
available in the DU-200, either through hard-wired
jumpers or through external control. In this way, the
same board may be configured as a Baudot or ASCII
regenerator, an interface between a serial RTTY sta-
tion and a parallel I10 port of a microprocessor, a
SELCOM, or a wide variety of other applications.
The DU-200 consists of the UARIT, interface (buf-
fering), control, and clock functions. The UARIT IC
R/T 4 (U1) functions as two nearly independent circuits, a
BIT 3 digital receiver and a digital transmitter. The receiver
BIT 2 accepts serial data in a particular format (selected by
BIT I the user), checks for format errors (parity error, miss-
ing stop bit, etc.), and outputs the data in a parallel
form. The transmitter accepts parallel data, adds
start, stop, and parity bits, and sends the data in a
serial format at the data rate selected. If the parallel
output of the receiver is connected to the parallel in-
put of the transmitter, the unit functions as a regen-
erator. The two sections may be used independently,
but the data format for both sections must be the
same. That is, both the receiver and transmitter must
operate with the same code, parity, and so on. Under
certain conditions they may operate at different
fig. 2. The DU-210 character decoder uses two 1-of-16 de- speeds.
coders as a 1-of-32 decoder. Both 74154s receive bits 1 The UARIT is capable of accepting data with up to
through 4, while b i t 5 is used to select the appropriate 74154. 43 per cent distortion (more in some cases) and re-
The single inverter is provided if more than one DU-210 de- sending it with less than 1 per cent distortion. Typical
coder is used.
teleprinters are capable of accepting less than 30 per
cent distortion, while many keyboards and transmit-
the modules of SELCOM IV are n o w the same ter distributors generate signals with large amounts
physical size as the DT-5004and DT-600 boards. of distortion. As machines age, their ability to accept
The group of modules t o be described form distortion is diminished and their ability to produce it
SELCOM IV, or individual modules may be used in is increased. The use of the DU-200 as a regenerative
other applications. The modules include: repeater offers improvements to all mechanical tele-
printers, keyboards, and transmitter distributors.
1. DU-200 Universal UAR/T
Under marginal conditions several undesirable sit-
2. DU-210 Expandable 1-of-32 Character decoder uations may exist with the mechanical teleprinter.
Typically, high-frequency propagation phenomena
3. DU-220 Sequential Decoder
tend to add distortion to that which already exists on
4. DU-300 Mini-SELCOM the transmitted signal. For this reason, i t is highly de-
12 june 1978
sirable that the transmitted signal have a minimum of
distortion. If the DU-200 is used to process the trans-
mitted signal, then this criteria will be met. Even if
the transmitted signal is perfect, distortion will be
added by the time the signal reaches the receiver.
Another problem that exists with a mechanical
teleprinter is that a short noise pulse may be read as a
start. When this happens, a clutch is released, begin-
ning the sequence of events which decode and print
a character. The teleprinter shaft must complete one
full revolution before it can recover from this prema- fig. 3. Diagram of the DU-220 sequential decoder. Several
ture start. If the real start bit is received during this similar sections are on each board. Each channel input is
revolution, the printer will not be able to get back in connected to the desired character output from the DU-210
synchronization with the sending station. In such a decoder.
situation, the printer may print garbage for several
characters. Most brands of the UARIT though, after while most noise and CW will transfer fewer charac-
receiving what appears to be a start bit, recheck to ters to the printer than if the UARIT were not pres-
determine that the start bit is still at the appropriate ent. With the DU-200 on-line, the appearance of
level in the middle of the bit. If the start bit is not the page is dramatically improved, w i t h any
valid, then the UARIT is immediately reset. Thus, the demodulator.
probability of the receiving station staying in syn- If the clock applied to the transmitter and receiver
chronization with the sending station is greatly im- sections of the UARIT are set for different rates, the
proved. UARIT will function as a speed converter. For exam-
Another undesirable condition exists when the ple, if a 100 wpm (74.2 baud) printer is used, it's pos-
received signal drops below the noise level and gar- sible to receive any speed up to 100 wpm without
ble is printed. If the signal is not capable of providing expensive and noisy gear shifts. By providing a buf-
the necessary information for character recognition, fer memory between the receiver and transmitter
then it is quite likely that the appropriate level will not sections, the DU-200 can function as a down con-
be maintained during the'stop bit. This is termed a verter. Of course, if the size of the buffer is finite,
Framing Error and the UARIT provides a flag to indi- then the UARIT receiver will deliver characters to the
cate this error. The flag may be used to suppress the buffer faster than the transmitter section clears
transfer of the character to the transmitter section. If them, causing the buffer to overflow. In the case of
this feature is selected, the mutilated character will overflow, the UARIT provides an Overrun Error flag
not be printed. A similar feature is available for parity which may be used to signal an external device to
errors on received characters. withhold further characters.
The UARIT will respond only to those characters
that appear to be valid RTTY. It will not respond to a DU-210 Character Decoder. The DU-210 (fig. 2)
steady space (a single blank character will be trans- recognizes which one of 32 possible characters has
ferred to the transmitter section unless the Framing actually been received by the UARIT in the DU-200.
Error flag has been used to suppress the transfer) Several DU-210 boards may be used to recognize
characters from larger character sets. Two DU-210
boards may be used to recognize the 64 characters of
the ASCII-6 subset and four may be used to recog-
nize the 128 characters of the full ASCII set. In fact,
the DU-210 may be used in many applications where
one particular binary code must be recognized.
Sequential Decoder. The DU-220 (fig. 3) works
with the DU-200 and DU-210 to recognize sequences
of characters. It might be wired to recognize the sta-
tion call, setting a latch when the call is received.
This latch could be used to prevent the station printer
from operating until the call was received. In fact, the
DU-220 is capable of detecting a number of sequen-
ces, each of which may control some event such as:
1. Turn on reperforator.
Photograph of the DU-200 Universal UARlT board. 2. Turn off reperforator.
june 1978 13
POWFR ON CLEAR ENABLE L4TCH TRdNSMlTTFR CONTROL
+5v
7401
+5Y
fig. 4. Schematic diagram of the power-up clear and latch circuitry. By using open-collector inverters, the reset line can be fed
from several diferent sources. This circuit ensures that the transmitter control will come up i n the transmitter off condition.
14 june 1978
FAIL -SAFE TIMER
I CW /DEN~lFlCATlON CONTROL
DECODED FIGURES
LINE FEED LINE FEED MANUAL
FROM DU-2 I D FROM D U - 2 2 0 ID START
fig. 5 . By using this fail-safe timer, the transmitter will be turned off if an identification is not sent every 10 minutes. As with all
other diagrams, the power supply connections have not been shown. If the return line from the identification unit is low when
the I D is running, J1 should be connected; if high, J2 is connected.
put of the first stage (U5A pin 6) is applied to the different frequencies, then the DU-200 operates as a
Data Ready Reset (DRR) of U1, resetting the DR line. speed converter. If the receiver speed is higher than
In addition, the 0 output of the second stage feeds the transmitter speed, the characters may arrive at
the Transmitter Holding Register Load (THRL) line of the transmitter holding register faster than they may
U1, loading the parallel data from the receiver into be accepted and a buffer memory must be provided
the transmitter holding register. This action of U5 to avoid overrun.
guarantees that DR stays high for exactly one clock Two clocks are installed on the DU-200 board. In
period. Some brands of UARIT require a rising edge addition, jumpers are provided so that one clock may
for THRL, while others require a falling edge. The be used to operate both the receiver and transmitter,
DU-200 provides both a rising and a falling edge, and or a separate clock may be provided for each. It is
hence will function with most of the UARITs on the also possible to supply clock signals from an external
market. The direct clear for the second stage (U5 pin source. A crystal-controlled clock, supplying multiple
13)may be used to prevent the character from being baud rates, has been designed as part of the CATC
loaded into the transmitter holding register. Jumper line. The 555 IC (U3 and U4) has proven to be ade-
J8 allows the Framing Error flag to suppress charac- quate as a clock, as long as the ambient temperature
ters with a missing stop pulse. A similar procedure is relatively stable. Wide frequency excursions can be
may be used for parity errors and overrun errors. expected with wide temperature variations. Most of
The UARIT handles steady spacing in an interest- this frequency shift can be attributed to the thermal
ing manner. If J8 is omitted, then a steady space will characteristics of the resistors and the capacitor
cause a single blank character to be transferred to which form the RC timing portion of the oscillator.
the transmitter. No other characters will be trans- Choice of components, t o minimize this shift, will im-
ferred to the transmitter until the data line returns to prove the drift characteristics of the oscillator. A
mark and a valid start pulse is detected. If jumper J8 polystyrene capacitor is recommended. Also, metal-
is installed, then no characters will be transferred to film resistors will show a significant improvement
the transmitter. Hence, it is not possible for the print- over the carbon composition types. The configura-
er to run open. This action is superior to the anti- tion of the timing resistors (R4, R5, and R6 for U3)
space offered on the ST-6 and DT-600. was chosen for stability and is superior to most
The character transferred to the transmitter hold- shown in other articles.
ing register will in turn be transferred to the trans- Oscillator frequency is the only adjustment re-
mitter register when empty. Notice that the UARIT quired for the DU-200. The frequency should be set
may be simultaneously processing 3 characters, send- in accordance with table 2, while measuring at pin 3
ing one character, holding a second character, and of the 555.
receiving a third character. The status of the trans- Since the UARIT is only capable of sinking one TTL
mitter registers is indicated by pins 22 (Transmitter load, buffering has been provided on the output and
Holding Register Empty) and 24 (Transmitter flag lines. If only one load is to be connected to any
Register Empty) of U1. When a character reaches the
transmitter register it is clocked out in serial form (at table 2. Oscillator frequency of the 555 timer.
pin 25 of U1, Serial Data Out) according to the for-
speed baud rate clock frequency
mat previously selected, at a speed determined by
60 wpm 45.45 727.273 Hz
the transmitter-register clock. If this clock is the European 50.00 800.00 Hz
same one used for the receiver, then the unit oper- 75 wpm 56.83 909.280 Hz
ates as a regenerative repeater. If the clocks are of 100 wpm 74.18 1186.880 Hz
june 1978 15
UAR/T output, and none of the flags or control sig- The DU-220 Sequential Decoder. As shown in fig.
nals are to be used externally, then U6 and U7 may 3, selected character lines from the DU-210 are con-
be eliminated and a jumper used to complete the nected to the inputs of the DU-220. Suppose that the
circuit. enable line of the DU-220 is low and that characters
The UARIT is available from a number of manufac- A, B, C, and D from the DU-210 have been connect-
turers. The Texas Instruments TMS-6011NC, Gener- ed t o CHI, CH2, CH3, and CH4 respectively of the
al Instrument AY-5-1013, and the Western Digital DU-220. When the DU-200 receives an A, it is recog-
TR-1602A have all been tested in the DU-200. Diffi- nized by the DU-210, and the C H I line of the DU-220
culties have been experienced with the TR-1602A pulled low. Only when both inputs of U1A are pulled
fig. 6. The printer-control portion prevents the printer from operating until the correct sequence of letters is received and the call
latch is set. This latch is reset by a four N reset, the idle line reset. or by the normal reset line. The serial data for the idle line reset
can be either high or low, with theappropriate jumper connected. For a mark low, use J1 and for mark high, use J2.
when the received data did not have a stop bit. low does the output go low. This low is presented to
Therefore, only the TMS-GOllNC and AY-5-1013 are the D input of U2A. Shortly after the character is
recommended. recognized, the DU-200 DR line goes high, indicating
The DU-210. The buffered outputs of the UARIT that a character has been received and is stable in the
receiver-holding register (RR1 through RR8 on the receiver holding register. The leading edge of the DR
DU-200 board) are connected t o the one-of-32 line pulse clocks the D level through to the Q output
decoder on the DU-210 board. Two 74154 (U1 and of the flip flop. Since the other character lines are not
U2) decoders are used. The first four bits of the low, all other flip flops in the chain will be reset pro-
received character are used to address the t w o ducing a 1 on the Q output. The high from the output
decoders, while the fifth bit is used to select one of of the first D flip flop is used to enable U1B. If the
the decoders. When a decoder is selected (pins 18 next character is a B, then the other input of U1B is
and 19 low) only one of the output pins will be low. pulled low (the output of U1A will not change until
Hence, if the enable line of the DU-210 is held low, the next DR pulse is received). This output is applied
then only one of the 32 output lines will be low for to the D input of U2B and is transferred to the output
any five-bit binary code on the input lines. The char- when the DR line goes high. If the next two char-
acters of the Baudot set have been shown on the acters are C and D, this sequence is continued
output lines in fig. 2. through to U2D. The low on the output of U2D indi-
Because of the nature of the UARIT, it is permissi- cates that A, B, C, and D have been received in that
ble to leave the DU-210 enabled at all times, since order. If at any time a different character is received,
only complete characters are available at the output or the characters are not in the right order, the
lines of the receiver holding register. There is no need sequential decoder is reset. It will respond only to the
to worry about glitches at the output of the DU-210 right characters in the right order. The output of this
as one character replaces another in the DU-200. sequential decoder may then be used to control a
Several DU-210 boards may be used for a charac- number of station control functions.
ter set larger than the 32 characters in the Baudot
set. In such a case, only one enable input at a time
station control
may be allowed t o go low. The extra section of U3 Power-up Circuitry. When digital equipment is first
has been provided to facilitate such connections. turned on, latches and flip flops come up in random
16 june 1978
states. The portion of the station control logic shown the input of U2, a 7493 four-stage binary counter.
in fig. 4 is a power-up reset which resets all control When the 7493 has counted eight clock pulses (10
functions when the power is first turned on. It also minutes) the D output goes high. This high is
guarantees that automatic features are enabled only inverted by U3A and the resulting low is used to pull
when desired by the operator. the reset line down, resetting the transmitlreceive
The latch formed by U1A and U1B is used to ena- latch.
ble any automatic functions. The operator may set or The counter may be reset to zero at any time by
reset this latch with S1 and S2. Q1 and U3A form the starting the CW identification device. A line from the
power-on clear portion of the circuit. As the five-volt identification device resets the 7493 when the ID
7474 74/23 E ro
DO-ZOO
7405
U N E FEED
SfRW
C5V FROM
ou-210
OU-210
fig. 7. Bell and line-feed control. This circuit prevents the excessive ringing of the bell and the excessive line feeds.
supply starts up from zero, the base of Q1 is held low starts. Options are provided so that the CW run line
by the 47pF capacitor. The capacitor begins t o may be active low or active high.
charge slowly through R1, but the voltage on the ca- If the 7493 reaches a count of seven without being
pacitor will not turn on 01 for several seconds. By reset, then pins 12, 9, and 8 are all high. When the
this time the five-volt supply has stabilized and the next line feed is received, U5A is enabled, and if the
U1A latch is reset. The R output is low any time the transmitter is on, U3B provides a low, starting the
latch is reset, and is used to disable or reset other cir- CW identification device. The keyboard and trans-
cuits in the station control. The 7405 open collector mitter distributor must be inhibited though while the
hex inverter allows the output of the enable latch to CW device is running.
be "OR tied" with other resets, in this case from It should also be possible for the operator to start a
U3F. U3E and U3F provide an additional reset from CW identification earlier than 8 minutes and 45 sec-
the DU-220, resetting all latches. onds into the transmission. In my case, the sequence
Fig. 4 also shows the transmitlreceive latch. In figures, line feed is used to insert a CW identification
addition to being set or reset manually by S3 and S4, at any time the transmitter is on. The outputs of U3B
the latch is reset from the reset line. This means that and U3C are OR tied to provide both automatic and
the transmitter will be turned off by the power-up re- semi-automatic identification. A manual push button
set, a manual reset of the enable latch, or by the re- is also provided to start the identification.
set function (figures, blank, space). The provision for
Printer control. The call latch (fig. 6) is mainly used
a reset function allows the transmitter to be turned
to prevent the station printer from operating until the
off by a code typed on paper tape. Thus, the opera-
correct sequence is received. When the DU-220 has
tor may cut a tape (concluding w i t h the reset
recognized the four-character sequence (in my case
sequence) and then look for something more inter-
letters H, V, W ) the call latch is set. It may be reset in
esting to do than sit and watch the tape play. A t the
any of the three different ways: by the sequence N,
end of the tape, the reset sequence will turn the
N, N, N, by a lack of activity on the serial data line,
transmitter off.
and by the enable latch.
Identification a n d fail-safe timer. The fail-safe The four N counter (U2) counts DR pulses as long
timer (fig. 5) guarantees that the transmitter does as the N line from the DU-210 is low. When the coun-
not stay on the air for an unintentional extended peri- ter reaches four it is forced t o a count of nine. The
od of time (as when the tape tangles and tears). U1 is resultant high on pin 11 is inverted and used to reset
another 555 which is enabled only when the trans- the call latch. A unique feature of this counter is that
mitter is on the air. The timing components have it will automatically reset on the first character after
been chosen so that the period of the oscillator is the fourth N.
1.25 minutes. The pulses from the 555 are applied to As all stations have not developed the procedure
june 1978 17
of sending four Ns at the end of each transmission reach the printer. If the operator wishes to double
(or they might be sent, but not received) another space, a sequence of carriage return, line feed, let-
method of resetting the call latch is desired. The ters, line feed, letters will circumvent the line feed
method chosen is to monitor the serial data line for counter and allow two lines to be turned up.
marklspace transitions. If no transitions are detected Many other station control functions may be pro-
for thirty seconds, the call latch will be reset by the vided for with the SELCOM system. Another possibili-
action of U4. This 555 is configurated as a mono- ty would be t o establish two frequencies within the
stable with a period of thirty seconds. Each time the same band, one for general calling and the other for
serial data line goes to the space level, the 47 pF ca- third-party traffic. Station A may call station B on
pacitor is discharged through Q1 and the sequence the general calling frequency and send a code to
begins again. Pin 3 of the 555 goes low after thirty switch station B to the traffic frequency. Station A
seconds of no transitions and resets the call latch. then sends traffic to station B on the second fre-
Another latch (UlC and U5A) is used to control a quency, resetting station A t o the calling frequency
reperforator. The sequence letters, H, V, W, letters, at the termination of the traffic. The SELCOM can
blank, S sets the latch and turns the reperforator on control almost any function that the operator can
(the call and reperforator latches are used to enable dream of.
and disable the DD-350 selector magnet driver and
motor control). The reperf latch is reset by the summary
sequence letters, H, V, W, letters, blank, D or any The SELCOM is a powerful digital building block
sequence or event that resets the call latch. which may be used to implement a wide range of sta-
At times it is helpful to control machine functions tion control applications. In a subsequent article, the
to save wear and tear both on the operator and DU-300 will be presented. The DU-300 Mini-SELCOM
machine. One function that is not always valuable is is a single board which provides many of the func-
the bell. The operation of the bell o n random noise is tions of the DU-200, 210,220, and the station control
irritating and the excess use of the bell by some oper- board. The DU-300 provides regeneration, speed
ators is infuriating. Fig. 7 shows one method of con- conversion, call-letter recognition, four N turn-off,
trolling the bell function. Initially, the printer bell is printer control, and two other (user defined) func-
disabled and replaced by a Mallory Sonalert. U1A tions for station control. Also, the trade-offs be-
and U I B form a 2-bit shift register. The first stage is tween the SELCOM and the Mini-SELCOM will be
enabled by a figures function and the count is discussed.
allowed to continue if the next character is an S. The All correspondence should be addressed t o Robert
output of U1B goes high when the sequence figures, Clark at the address indicated at the beginning of this
S has been received, triggering U3A which controls article. All inquiries with a self-addressed stamped
the time the Sonalert is on. The reset input of U1A envelope will be acknowledged. *
may be used to inhibit the operation of the bell. One
way to use this would be to connect the disable pin acknowledgements
to the output of the call latch in fig. 6. In this way, WORQI, K40AH, and WGDNT were very helpful in
the bell will ring only when the station call has been the design of the early versions of the SELCOM.
sent and then the sequence figures, S is received. WA4SNL did the layout for versions 11, Ill, and IV.
This should eliminate all bells directed at someone W81DJ assisted in preparing tables and parts lists.
else and the repeated ringing of the bell. K4TKU was instrumental in the preparation of high-
In a similar manner, the machine may be prevented quality drawings as he has done for other CATC pro-
from responding to a sequence of line feeds. U4A ject efforts. WA51AT was particularly helpful with his
and U4B count DR pulses as long as the received work on the control section of the DU-200 and in pro-
character is a line feed. When two consecutive line viding comments on the draft article. We extend our
feeds are received, the output of U4B goes high, is appreciation to each of these who have helped, hop-
inverted, and the character suppression input of the ing we have not overlooked anyone.
DU-200 is pulled low, preventing the character from
being transferred t o the printer. As long as line feeds references
are sent, no characters will reach the printer. When a 1. Tom Lamb and Bill Malloch, "The SelCal." 73, May, 1968, page 58.
character other than a line feed is received, the 2. Kenneth Branscome, "The TTL SelCal," The RTTY Journal, December,
U4A/U4B counter is reset and characters will again 1971, page 7.
3. Robert C. Clark, K9HVW et al, "DT-600 RTTY Demodulator," ham
'As with the DT-500, DT-600, Dl-70, and DD-350, boards are being pro- radio, February. 1976, page 8.
duced by Data Technology Associates, Box 431912. Miami, Florida 33143. 4. Robert C. Clark, K9HVW. et dl. "The DT-500 RTTY Demodulator," ham
The DU-200 board is available with construction notes for $12.50 plus S.75 radio, March, 1976, page24.
for first-class postage. The format is the same as the DT-600. ham radio
18 june 1978
operation.The ReceiveDemodulator features multiple-pole active filtersavailable for"high"or "low" tones. r
These filters are frequency-matched to the transmit tone crystals for true transceive operation. Input
bandpass filters, discriminator filters,and postdetectionfiltersare carefully designed and tested for optimum
weak-signal recovery. The ST-6000 has an internal loop power supply, 2 loop keyers, RS-232, MIL.188C. and CMOS
data l/O, and rear panel connections to data and control circuits for connection to UART and computer devices.
Use it with theHAL DS.3000 KSR for the best in RTTY performance. $595.00
II
2. Determination of the terminal impedances
fact that high performance often seems to be more
(both input and output) required to obtain the spe-
art than science; however, the "art" involved in the
cific performance objectives.
design of vhftuhf amplifiers is rapidly giving way to
science with the utilization of S parameters and com- 3. Synthesis of the appropriate matching net-
puter optimization. Using these techniques, an engi- works to present the desired terminal impedances.
neer can design a multi-stage vhf or uhf amplifier in a
4. Computer optimization of network component
feh, hours with the aid of a computer and be highly
values.
confident of the results. The low-noise 435-MHz pre-
amplifier described in this article is a good example of 5. Stability analysis over a broad band of fre-
the combination of the manufacturer's transistor quencies.
S-parameter data, engineering judgment, and com-
puter optimization.
transistor selection
The main criteria in the selection of a transistor for
design approach this application is low noise figure coupled with suffi-
Virtually all manufacturers of transistors intended cient gain to minimize the second stage contribution
for vhf, uhf, and microwave applications now utilize to the system noise figure. The intended device
S parameters to characterize the performance of their should also be completely specified and character-
high-frequency transistors. This fact alone attests to ized in terms of S parameters and noise figure data.
the usefulness of this parameter set in the design of In the absence of such data, extensive analysis of the
high-frequency amplifiers.l.2 In conjunction with amplifier circuit is impossible unless, of course, the
specific noise figure data and bias point considera- designer is willing to perform the transistor evalua-
tions, the addition of a computer analysis and optimi- tion and characterization himself.
zation program, and sound engineering judgment, The Microwave Associates 42140 series of uhf
you have all the ingredients necessary for a success- transistors is ideally suited for this application. The
ful design. devices are completely specified and characterized
This article describes the design of A low-noise over a broad range of frequencies. A t optimum bias,
435-MHz receiving preamplifier which is intended for or dc operating point which results in minimum noise
the reception of the downlink communications chan- figure (VCE= 8 volts. IC = 5 mA), the MA42141 has
nel of the OSCAR 8; the preamplifier also provides the following characteristics:
excellent performance for communications on 432
MHz. Basically, the design approach is developed as
outlined below:
where r,,
is the source reflection coefficient required
for minimum noise figure.
I transformation networks
I
From this data, the design task is to synthesize
matching networks which present r,, to the input of
m june 1978
s,,. studying fig. 1 which illustrates, in a block diagram
form, a cascade of the input network, the transistor,
TRANSFORMING TRANSISTOR and the output network. Fig. 2 is a Smith chart plot
NETWORK NETWORK
50 -OHM showing the locations of the various impedance
SOURCE
points. The Smith chart will aid in the synthesis of
", the transforming networks. (Note that a 150-ohm
fig. 1. Block diagram of the low-noise preamplifier stage resistor has been added in shunt across the o u t ~ uof
t
showing the input transformation network. the transistor
the transistorto provide a margin of to the
stage, and the output matching network with applicable re-
flection coefficients.
amplifier since the initial analysis in determining the
complex conjugate of the output impedance indi-
june 1978 21
application because it's doubtful that either the case letters designate normalized values).
antenna or the receiver used with the preamplifier
Point B z = l . O - j l . 0 y=0.5+j0.5
will provide the desired 50-ohm impedances; in mili-
Point C z=1.5-j0.9 y=0.5+j0.3
tary and commercial designs where the source and
termination impedances are known to be 50 ohms, The desired transformation requires a normalized
fixed capacitors are usually installed. susceptance of -j0.2; in a 50-ohm system this repre-
sents - 0.004 Siemens (0.004 mho) or 250 ohms.+
In this circuit this is provided by 37 nH in parallel with
2.2 pF (a 5 pF variable allows adjustment within the
limits indicated by the arrows at point C on the Smith
chart plot).
The series inductance transforms the impedance
of 1.5- j0.9 at point C to 1.5+jO.66 at r0,. This re-
+
quires a normalized reactance of j1.56 or 78 ohms
(28.5 nH at 435 MHz).
22 june 1978
used to adjust the values for optimum performance. gram to execute the calculations and optimize the
However, values which are close to optimum will component values. The COMPACT* Computer Pro-
result in the usage of less computer time and, hence, gram is used extensively for this purpose because it
lower cost. has broad capability in terms of network elements
Rather than winding inductors which could be and interconnections and is modest in cost when
lossy and cause stray coupling from unwanted radia- used within certain guidelines.
tion, it is better to use lengths of etched transmission
lines for the inductive elements. This can be done
providing the line lengths are less than XI8 and pref-
erably less than Xl16. This is more easily seen if you
examine the input impedance of a lossless short-cir-
cuited transmission line:
2 7Tl
Zin = +jZo tan --
X
fig. 7 . Active bias circuit is used in the low-noise preampli-
= +jZo t a n 8 fier to allow direct grounding of the emitter lead. The col-
Where: lector-to-emitter voltage of the MA42141 is determined by
voltage divider resistors R1 and R2 (see textl.
Z, = i n p u t impedance t o the trans-
mission line
Z, =characteristic impedance of the line The information for the computer is written in the
1 = length of the transmission line form of a data file. Once the data file is written, the
X =wavelength computer will vary the network elements and
8 = electrical length of the line in degrees attempt to minimize the error between the desired
circuit performance and the actual circuit per-
Note that this expression represents a pure reactance formance. Specific performance parameters may be
which varies almost linearly with the electrical length weighted so that their attainment carries more impor-
0, provided that @issmall. Therefore, by varying the tance than other performance parameters. For exam-
characteristic impedance Zo and the electrical length ple, if noise figure is the most important design goal,
0 it's possible t o synthesize inductive elements input impedance match or gain may be sacrificed so
which are very accurate and highly repeatable when that the lowest noise figure may be achieved; the
printed-circuit techniques are employed. computer will adjust the variable elements in a direc-
tion which minimizes noise figure but not necessarily
computer optimization maximizing gain or lowering the input impedance
The next step in the design of the low-noise pre- mismatch.
amplifier is to select an appropriate computer pro- In this case the computer analyzed the circuit and
optimized i t for operation at one frequency, 435
MHz. Additional or broader optimization could be
performed by altering the data file, but this would
increase computer time (and cost) because of the
larger number of variables. After optimizing the com-
ponent values, the computer predicted the following
preamplifier performance at 435 MHz:
Noise figure 1.81 dB
Power gain 16 dB
Output vswr 1.221
The noise figure might be somewhat optimistic
since no allowance has been made for circuit losses
associated with the variable capacitors and high
Input vswr.
fig. 6. Low-noise435-MHz preamplifier circuit with A complete schematic of the optimized preampli-
computer optimized circuit values. All inductive fier circuit is shown in fig. 6. The synthesized induc-
elements use etched transmission lines of the
specified characteristic impedance and electrical 'COMPACT is an acronym for Computer Opt!rnization of Mjcrowave Pas-
length. Fixed values of capacitance are chip ca- sive and ACTive circuits. Additional information is available by writing to
pacitors. The 2N2907 is part of the active bias Compact Engineering, Inc.. 1651 Jolly Court, Los Altos, California,
circuit (see fig. 7). 94022.5.6
dc bias circuit
To realize the predicted performance when using
the manufacturer's transistor data, the designer must fig. 9. Component layout for the -MHz low-noise pre-
mount the transistor in a manner which closely amp. For best performance all fixed values of capacitance
approximates the electrical and mechanical environ- should be chip capacitors.
ment under which the manufacturer obtained the
data. The introduction of parasitic elements in The active bias circuit is actually a feedback loop
mounting the transistor can lead to large discrepan- which senses the collector current of the rf transistor
cies between the predicted and measured per- and adjusts the base current to hold that collector
formance. current fixed. The collector-to-emitter voltage of the
rf transistor is held at a fixed potential determined by
the voltage divider R1 and R2. The current through
resistor ~3 becomes the collector current of the-rf
transistor under the assumption (a good one) that
both the 2N2907 and the MA42141 have moderate dc
current gain.
references
1. S-Paramefers - C!rcurt Analysis and Oes!gn. Application Note 95. Hew-
lell.Packard. Palo Alto. California. 1968.
2. S-ParameterOes,gn. Application Note 151, Hewlett.Packard, Palo Alto,
Californ~a.1972.
3. Philip H. Smith. Elecrronic App1icar;ons of the Smdh Char1 m Wave-
guide. Circu~r,ar~dCo!nponen!Ar~alysis. McGraw.H~Il.New York. 1969.
4. James R . Fisk. W I H R . "How to Use the Sm~thChart.'' ham radjo.
Match, 1978. page92.
5. COMPACT Versmn4.5. Compact Engfneering.Los Altos, California.
6. Cornpurer A~dedMicrowaveCncuir Design wtrli COMPACT. Application
fig. 8. Full-size printed-circuit layout for the low-noise 435 Note 1. Compact Englneerlng. Los Altos. Californ~a.
MHz preamplifier. Circuit is etched on 1116" (1.5 mml dou- 7. Transisror Deagner's Gu~de.Microwave Associates, Burlington.
ble-clad G-10 fiberglass-epoxy circuit board. Component Massachusetts. 1978.
layout is shown in fig. 9. ham radio
good enough to measure up to you! ...
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Touch-Tone decoder
A majority o f repeater stations today are using
Touch-Tone* circuitry for such functions as
autopatch, control, and signaling; individual home
and mobile stations make use of encoders and
decoders for selective calling and radio control.
Dozens of designs have been published for Touch-
Tone decoders during the last several years. Unfortu-
nately, virtually none of these circuits is reliable.
The use of the 567 phase-lock loop IC, upon which
nearly all designs are based, is not recommended
unless limited performance is acceptable. Elaborate
support circuitry is required, and even then you may
A new integrated circuit not achieve the desired noise immunity or stability.
The tradeoffs are many: response time vs band-
and high performance width, noise immunity vs bandwidth, and economy
vs reliability.
active filter The 567 PLL chip has several important limitations
which must be dealt with regardless of whether you
are using the 567, or are a circuit designer developing
are combined into a totally new decoder IC.
26 june 1978
group. In addition, when decoding tones from an f m Y +
receiver, signal strength and deviation are two more carsrm
Layout of the tone separation filter 'Ouality Components, 13628 Neutron Road. Dallas. Texas 75240
june 1978 27
-
digit is no longer detected, the strobe will return low
SEPAR4TlON and the data will remain latched into the outputs.
03
COMPARATOR The minimum interdigit time is 35 milliseconds.
GROUP -
A block diagram of a complete Touch-Tone
decoding system using the MK5102 is shown in fig.
fig. 2. Block diagram of a complete tone decoding system 2. The ALC reduces any amplitude variations from
using the new single IC tone decoder. the signal source.
The low-group tones, the rows on your Touch-
Tone pad, and the high group tones, the columns,
(input high), a dual two-bit row/column code (input are separated in the tone-separation filter. Its outputs
floating), or high-impedance output (input low) for are two sine waves which are squared up in compar-
use with bus-structured circuitry. ators and applied to the MK5102.
Pins 7 through 10 are the data out lines. The out-
puts are CMOS loads when enabled, and open active filter
circuited (high impedance) when disabled b y the
Design Considerations. An active filter for a I-kHz
control pin. The output data formats are shown in
frequency range is generally of low cost, small, has
table 1. The two output codes allow the user to
gain, high-input impedance, low-output impedance,
obtain either 1-of-16 or 2-of-8 output data by only
and is easy to design. My intention here is not to
using a single additional package.
make the reader a filter expert but to give a little of
Pin 4, the strobe output, goes high after 40 mS of
the philosophy behind the design of this one. My
a valid tone pair, and remains high for a minimum of
criteria were:
10 mS after the input ceases. The output information
is valid when the strobe signal goes high and will 1. It must be inexpensive.
remain unchanged until the next DTMF digit is
2. It must use readily available components.
detected.
The low- and high-group tones are filtered, sepa- 3. It must be easily constructed.
rated, and applied to pins 11 and 12, respectively.
4. It must provide adequate out-of-band rejection.
The MK5102 can detect capacitively-coupled,
square-wave signals as small as 1.2 volts pk-pk. The For the bandwidth and Q required, a stagger-
tones are detected, after band splitting, using the tuned circuit is necessary. After examining sample
digital-counter method. The zero crossings of the response curves for 2-section filters, I felt that at
incoming tones are counted over a longer period. least 3-sections would be required to achieve ade-
When a minimum of 40 milliseconds of a valid signal quate out-of-band rejection. One section is tuned to
is detected, the proper data is latched into the out- the center frequency, another is tuned to s (the
puts and the output strobe goes high. When a valid "staggering value") times the center frequency, and
I-. L__- I
FREOUENCY FREOUENC Y FREOUENCY
fig. 3. Passband response as a result of varying s in equation 1. A shows a single-peaked response when s = 1. For large
values of s, B shows the dual-peaked response. In C, a response is obtained that has a minimum passband ripple. yet
adequate bandwidth (s= 1.16).
the third I / S times the center frequency. For s = 1,
the response has one peak and a very-narrow band-
width (fig. 3A). For a large value of s, 1.5 for in-
stance, there are two separate distinct passbands
(fig. 38). By selecting the best value of s for two- or
three-section filters, a suitable bandwidth w i t h
minimum ripple can be achieved, as shown in fig.
3C. Each of the three sections is designed for a par-
ticular Q. Usually, it is best for the center section to
have a lower Q than the outside sections which have
identical higher Qs. This makes for a flatter passband
and a steeper slope beyond the passband (if the Q is
too high the ripple in the passband will be excessive).
The transfer function for a three-section filter is:
june 1978 29
the generator does not cause a dc-bias problem with
t +h FREOUENCY
$ETT/NG R ~ S ~ ~ ~ ~the filter;
~ you may want to include a 0.01 pF capaci-
tor in series with the filter input.
Tune the generator from approximately 600 Hz to
1200 Hz with the scope connected to the low group
output. Notice where the three filter sections are
peaking. Don't expect the peaks t o be the same
/NTECRATOR amplitude since the Q has not been tuned yet. If you
have chosen t o use pots, tune the center frequency
m
OUTPUT
of each section to the correct value, using R6, R12,
--o and R18.
fig. 4. Diagram of the basic BIQUAD active filter. The t w o in- If you are using individual resistors, divide the ac-
tegrators produce a 90-degree phase shift and the inverter tual center frequency of each section by the desired
provides 180 degrees of shift. With proper feedback, this frequency for that section. Square this fraction and
filter will pass a single frequency.
multiply it times the existing resistor value. This will
give you the approximate value for a resistor which
board and Vector wire-wrap terminals to mount the will put you very close to the desired frequency. Set
resistors and capacitors. This method has one very the center frequency for the three high group sec-
attractive advantage (though i t is slightly more tions in a similar manner by tuning the generator
expensive), it's very fast, especially compared to from approximately 1000 Hz to 2000 Hz.
point-to-point soldered connections. To tune the Q, each BIQUAD could be driven and
Drop the Vector pins into place, seating them by monitored separately and adjusted to the desired Q.
pulling from the bottom of the board. Epoxy the An easier method is as follows. The Q of the first low
sockets into position. The board can be wired using group section is 20; the frequency is 686 Hz; the
an inexpensive, hand wire-wrap tool. The use of pre- bandwidth is 686120 or 34 Hz. Hook the oscilloscope
cut and stripped no. AWG 30 (0.25mm) wire further to U3 pin 7. Adjust the generator to the center fre-
speeds assembly. Use an ohmmeter to check all wir- quency and note the amplitude. Find the two fre-
ing for errors. This is extremely important since it will quencies where the output is 3 dB (0.707 times) less
prevent damaging components and could save con- than at the center. Is the bandwidth more or less
siderable time later. than 34 Hz? Adjust R2 upward to increase Q or down
Temporarily install the final 12 resistors using the to decrease Q. Once this value equals 20, connect
nominal values shown in the schematic. Miniature the scope to the output of the low group filter.
potentiometers set to these values are highly recom- Set the generator for the center frequency of the
mended. Only six are needed since the low and high 686 Hz section. If, for instance, the output is 500 mV
group filters can be tuned separately. These pots can peak-to-peak, tune the generator to the center of the
be removed later and precision resistors installed. 809-Hz section and adjust R8 for 500 mV, then tune
Make your own precision resistors by wiring two or the generator to the center of the 955-Hz section and
more resistors in series, or by using the W3QG trim- adjust R14 for 500 mV.
ming technique. For instance, to make a precision The high-group filter may now be tuned in a similar
11.5k-ohm resistor, file a V notch in a 112-watt, manner at its respective frequencies, first adjusting
carbon, 10k-ohm resistor until the exact value is at- the 1191-Hz section, via R22 for a Q of 20 and a 60-
tained. A small grinding wheel on a Dremel tool is Hz bandwidth with your scope on U3 pin 8. Then,
even better; use a light-stroking motion. And finally,
seal the exposed carbon with a dab of epoxy.
30 5 june 1978
june 1978 31
fig. 7 . Schematic diagram of the decoder section. The data from the 74154 is active low, and can be inverted (by U5 and U61, de-
pending upon the needs of your system.
with your scope on pin 1 of U5, adjust R28 and R34 does not seem critical; you may choose to replace
at 1404 Hz and 1657 Hz respectively as you did for the pots with fixed dividers.
the low-group sections. Finally, check to ensure that In.this circuit, the decoder's data control pin is tied
1209 Hz is really 30 dB down from 941 Hz in the low- to 5 V dc to constantly enable the proper format. A
group filter, and vice versa. 74154 separates the twelve subsequent commands.
A voltmeter may be substituted for an oscilloscope The 74154 outputs are active low, so if you require
for every filter test, but it will not allow you t o see active high signals include hex inverters U5 and U6. If
nonlinearities, oscillations, and hum. Also, a Touch- the digit 1 is received, then pin 2 of the 74154 will
Tone pad can be used as a frequency standard to stay low just as long as the 1 is being received.
calibrate the generator by setting up a Lissajous pat- The filter, decoder, and ALC circuitry has been in
tern. On most pads, pressing two row or column but- operation for many hours. It's presently connected to
tons will produce only the sine wave for that row or the output of a 2-meter f m receiver tuned to a noisy,
column. busy, repeater channel, and is used every day for se-
If your filter oscillates, the problem may be: lective call and remote control. The circuit does not
trigger on false signals. In fact, it has proven t o be
1. The Q of one or more stages is too high. stable and reliable, sufficiently so that it has perma-
nently replaced an earlier sophisticated 567 PLL
2. The power supply is not adequately bypassed. decoder system which was in use here for over a year
3. The ground circuit is not adequate. and a half.
Incidentally, there is a minor limitation of which
4. Circuit layout causes unwanted feedback. you should be aware. Because of the ALC used with
this system, a signal with somewhat low deviation
The filters I have constructed have not had these will not be a problem. However, a signal with exces-
problems. Should you decide to use a substitute op sive deviation will be wider than your receiver's pass-
amp be aware that if it has poor power supply rejec- band and will not be decoded. This is not a fault of
tion or insufficient phase margin, it could cause the decoder, but must be corrected at the trans-
oscillation. mitter.
Soon the MK5102, with its tri-state outputs, will be
comparator and decoder circuitry connected to a MOS-Technology 6502 microproces-
Fig. 7 is the schematic for the comparator and sor system so that more complex functions may be
decoder. The two sections of the comparator U1 are performed. I welcome and solicit any and all com-
used to square up the filter outputs. The resistive ments and improvements t o this Touch-Tone
dividers on the output of the comparators allow ad- decoder.
justment of the drive to the MK5102, although this ham radio
32 june 1978
antenna guys
and structural sired 1:1 ratio, consideration should be given t o an
acceptable ratio of 6:4.
solutions anchors
Table 1 shows how we may expect our anchors to
accept the strain when installed in various soils. Con-
Advice on choosing sidering the load that an average guy will put on the
june 1978 33
paper will reveal the presence of any contaminants.
Coat the rod and anchor with thinned roofing mastic
before back filling.
fig. 2. M e t h o d f o r se-
c u r i n g t e r m i n a l hard-
g u y w i r e material ware t o a guy. Note h o w
Consider the actual guy wire. There are probably guy w i r e should b e L!,,~,,,~,,
ANCHOR ROD
more different guy wire types than vacuum tubes, served 17 turns, 7 times). W Y ATTACHMENT
strain insulators
Some antenna structures will require the guy wires
t o be broken with strain insulators while others won't
need this treatment. Fig. 4 shows how to connect
strain insulators in the guy wires. Note the recom-
mended method of serving the loose ends of the
wires, which is extremely important. A t amateur fre-
quencies, the most desirable maximum distance be-
tween guy-wire insulators is 3 meters (10 feet). Your
attaching t h e guys
Guy-wire attachment to the anchor rod eye is
usually by a clevis-and-eye turnbuckle, with the
clevis end attached to the rod and the guy strand at-
tached to the eye by wire rope clamps. At least two fig. 3. Connecting terminal hardware t o a mast or tower,
showing recommended geometry for guy placement. A n
clamps must be used spaced six times the diameter angle of 45 degrees is ideal, but compromises are accept-
of the wire. The wire dead-end should be served able depending on your local wind conditions and available
around the wire adjacent to the outer clamp. Turn- real estate.
34 june 7978
fig. 4. How t o connect strain insulators t o your guys. Serv-
ing the loose ends of the guys follows the rule: 7 turns. 7 I
times.
I
seven wires twisted into 5.0 131161 999 122001 477 110501
1 strand lutiliiy grade) 6.5 11/41 1816 (40001 908 120001
- Western Union. AT&T 8.0 15/16) 2724 16000) 1362 13000)
june 1978 35
vfo design
using characteristic defined the transceiver operating frequency. Several
IC manufacturers have developed exclusive ICs for
background
fig. 1. Typical vfo Colpitts oscillator circuit used in the text
Several months ago I started the project with an example. Components L, C,,, C, define the oscillation fre-
ssb transceiver using ICs, following the new and quency, for which parametric curves have been derived and
well-known concept of concentrating all common are shown in fig. 3.
circuits that don't depend on reception-transmission
frequency in a single printed circuit. An external vfo By Maurizio Gramigni, I2BVZ, 1621 16th
and a tuned amplifier in the input-output circuit Avenue NW, Rochester, Minnesota 55901
36 june 1978
ficulties ahead; in fact, when turning C, 180 degrees, Generally it's easy to design an oscillator working
the frequency range was around 1.6 MHz, which was at one predetermined frequency. In fact, this occurs
not the desired range. After this failure I decided to when the capacitive reactance of the oscillator circuit
face the problem from a technical point of view, equals its inductive reactance. If a variable frequency
starting from these assumptions: oscillator is needed, however, a different approach to
the problem is required. In this case, once the fre-
1. Determine frequency stability vs temperature quency range is chosen we need to know L, C, and
variation. C, values.
2. Calculate circuit-component values on the basis
universal characteristics
of the chosen working frequency range and scale
linearization. * To reach our goal we start by calculating the trans-
fer function of the complete oscillatory circuit. Then
Regarding point 1, the use of an fet is highly recom- if we indicate
mended compared w i t h bipolar transistors or
vacuum tubes. The advantages are listed below:
1. An fet, with its high input impedance, can am-
plify signals with very low current level. As a result
the power dissipation will be less than with bipolar
transistors and vacuum tubes.
2. As a consequence of point 1 above, the heat
dissipated and transferred to the oscillator compo-
nents is lower, resulting in better thermal stability.
3. Since the power used is very low and the fet
mass is very small and compact, the thermal equi-
librium will be reached in a very short time -
30-40 seconds.
Using components such as silver mica capacitors the final equation is
helped to provide an oscillator with a very good fre-
quency stability.
Calculating component values as a function of fre-
quency range and scale linearization is the subject of
this article. Fig. 1 shows our vfo circuit. Let's say,
first of all, that L, C,,, C, define oscillation frequency, Because of the qu_antity of calculations I used a com-
puter t o solve for Z.
As mentioned previously the real oscillator circuit
fig. 2. A t the resonant frequency the os-
consists of L, C, C , components (see fig. 2). A t the
cillator impedance will equal zero. The
network I-, C,,, C,, formed the basis of resonant frequency, its impedance will equal zero,
the FORTRAN program, which resulted in therefore our complex impedance, 27 must also equal
the universal characteristic curves for zero. The program, in FORTRAN language, was
determining v f o values as s h o w n in based on the observation above. In fact, the comput-
fig. 3.
er printout directly supplied C, values for that partic-
ular frequency value where equals zero.
while C1 and C2 are the positive feedback network,
which provides self starting and maintains oscilla- parametric curves
tion. Distortion due to the nonlinear elements is lim- Starting from frequency values of 2.5 MHz, and
ited by the proper choice of resistor R. for fixed values of L, C , C,, and R , we obtained from
the computer the C , values for z= 0.The results are
'Scale l~nearizat~on means that any varlatlon of C , capacltance. A(',. summarized in the curves of fig. 3.
always corresponds to the same frequency varlatlon. 4, In the entlre
osc~llatorrange; that IS, the l~nearityratio, AfIAC, remalns constant in the
Fig. 3A shows the universal characteristics family for
chosen range. I, = 7 . 5 p H . C, values vary from 150 to 400 pF in 50-pF
june 1978 37
steps. Fig. 3B shows the universal characteristics for
L = 4.5 p H . Seven curves for C, values between 250
and 550 pF have been calculated.
Fig. 3C refers to the universal characteristics for
L = 2 pH. These curves show that the effect of
decreasing L causes an extension of the frequency
range of interest by universal characteristics. For the
characteristics of figs. 3A and 3B it was not possible
to calculate other C, values because of the unstable
conditions I found. Therefore, only 12 curves for C,,
from 250 to 800 pF, have been calculated.
in conclusion
Once the working frequency range is chosen, it's
possible to satisfy, through the universal characteris-
tics of fig. 3, the following points:
1. Dial linearization; that is, keeping the 4/AC,
ratio constant within the chosen range.
2. Definition of minimum and maximum C, values.
In any case, for about 200 kHz of frequency range,
the linearity error is very low for each curve of the
families. On the contrary, for a wider frequency
range, the choice of the curve is much more limited
fig. 3. A family of parametric curves for determining com- and depends on the desired 4 / A C , ratio; that is the
ponent values for the Colpitts vfo in fig. 1. Operating fre-
quency as a function of variable capacitance, C",is shown
derivative value of the curve. Generally, for the
as a function of oscillator frequency with values of C, as a Af/AC, ratio, it's advisable not to select very high
parameter. The three sets of curves are for various values of values, around 4 kHz/pF,
inductance. L. ham radio
38 june 1978
. EXPERIENCE. There's n o substitute for it. And TEN-TEC has TAKE OPERATING CONVENIENCE. Experience tells us:
it. More experience in solid-state HF technology than any other everyone wants it. Examples: high sensitivity with low internal
amateur radio manufacturer. Because TEN-TEC produced the noise makes the 540/544 transceivers great for DX. especially
first all solid-state HF transceiver for amateur radio. So, it stands during poor band conditions. Full break-in on CW turns
to reason that the latest generations (the 540/544 models) conventional QSOs into interesting conversations. Pre-
benefit the most from that experience - in features. reliability, selectable ALC gives automatic level control at various input
and operating ease. They are the "voices of experience." powers (40-200 watts) plus optimized input power for linear
TAKE MECHANICAL DESIGN. Experience tells us: make amplifiers. "Semi-hard" keying effectively penetrates pileups,
it tugged. So, like all fine solid-state devices such a s computers QRM, and QRN. yet is highly articulate and pleasant to copy.
and good test equipment. the 540/544 transceivers have their Pulsed calibrators are easy to identify. VOX that eliminates
strength built into the chassis - the case is merely a cover. "anti-VOX" by triggering on a tone present in your voice but
Ruggedness is carried over into the circuit boards a s well. not in the transceiver speaker. (There are even more conven-
Component leads are "clinched." not just inserted, to give iences in the following "features" list.)
additional strength and to prevent annoying intermittents. FEATURES - Instant Band Change ( n o xmtr. tune-up)
TAKE PHYSICAL APPEARANCE. Experience tells us: Covers 3.5 to 30 MHz (plus One-Sixty with option) 2 0 0
keep it simple. WWll is over, s o is its technology, s o why should Watts Input - all bands Receiver Sensitivity 0.3 uV VFO
your transceiver look like war surplus? The 540/544 transceiv- changes less than 15 Hz per F0 after 3 0 min. warm-up 8-pole
ers look like tomorrow - small because technology makes it Crystal IF Filter Direct Readouts - choose LED digital model
possible - few controls for the same reason. And they're or 1 kHz dial model Optional 1 5 0 Hz CW filter Optional
elegantly handsome with black cases and brushed aluminum Noise Blanker Offset Tuning WWV at 1 0 & 15 MHz
front panels. Separate Receive Capability Automatic Sideband Selection,
TAKE ELECTRICAL DESIGN. Experience tells us: push Reversible Sidetone Level and Pitch control Pre-Setable
the state-of-the-art. Example: we pioneered high power solid- ALC 0 100% Duty Cycle S Meter and SWR Bridge LED
state design for HF amateur radio gear. The advantages are indicators for ALC and OFFSET Modular Plug-In Circuit
numerous: efficient, small size, n o lethal voltages, less heat. Boards Broad Accessory Line
longer life. greater reliability. Example: broadband design. The
advantages: easier operation for everyone, rag-chewers. DX
544 Digital - $869 540 Non-Digital $699 -
Give your voice the Ten-Tec "Voice of Experience" treatment.
chasers, even net operators. No out of reasonance danger, n o
S e e the 540/544 transceivers at your Ten-Tec dealer or write for
need for a dummy load to prevent tune-up QRM, n o boring.
full details.
time-consuming "tune-up" procedures. Another example:
computer aid. In circuit design, in manufactuting, for speed and
optimization. Example: computer compensating oscillator drift
to achieve rock-like stability.
TAKE SERVICING. Experience tells us: make it easy, for
everyone. S o the 540/544 transceivers have modular design
with plug-in circuit boards. And trouble-shooting (if it's ever
needed) can be done by you with ordinary test equipment.
1mfLN-TEO ,IW(
S E V I E R V I L L E T E N N E S S E E 31862
resonance
where Z is the impedance, f is frequency in Hertz,
and L is inductance in henries. The j is simply a nota-
An investigation tion which indicates that the phase angle of the im-
pedance is +90° with respect to a pure resistance.
into the properties To simplify the following equations a little, I will sub-
stitute w for 27f
of rf chokes over wide
frequency ranges where o is frequency in radians-per-second. You can
always get back to frequency in Hertz by a rearrange-
ment of eq. 2.
actance above its self-resonant frequency. fig. 1. The ideal rf choke is a pure inductance.
This rule-of-thumb is a very safe and conservative
way to apply rf chokes in circuit design, I suppose,
Practical rf chokes, however, are not pure induc-
but sometimes it makes it difficult to get the imped-
tors; stray capacitance between turns of the coil is
ance you want over a desired frequency range; in
effectively in parallel with the ideal inductor. For the
general, the larger the inductance of an rf choke, the
purpose of this discussion all of the stray capacitance
lower will be its self-resonant frequency.
may be lumped into one equivalent parallel capacitor,
A frequent application of rf chokes by amateurs is as shown in fig. 3. The rf choke now has a self-reso-
the use of a 2.5 millihenry choke in a circuit which
nant frequency whose value is determined by the
operates up to 30 MHz. Such use is in direct conflict
values of L a n d C. The equation for the impedance of
with the stated rule-of-thumb, because the self-reso-
this parallel circuit is
nant frequency of these chokes is usually on the
order of 3 MHz! In the paragraphs which follow, I
have attempted to resolve this conflict by mathe-
matical analysis.
mathematical analysis
The self-resonant frequency of the circuit will be
of the rf choke
To evaluate the performance of rf chokes at differ- By Courtney Hall, WA5SNZ. 7716 La Verdura
ent frequencies, I felt it necessary to develop a gen- Drive, Dallas, Texas 75248
40 june 1978
designated w,, and its value is which the practical choke is self-resonant. Notice too
that the magnitudes of the two answers are equal;
the choke has as much impedance one octave above
the self-resonant frequency as it does one octave
If w , is substituted for w in eq. 4, we obtain the value below. The minus sign of the impedance one octave
of the choke's impedance at the self-resonant above self-resonance indicates the impedance has a
frequency. phase angle of -90° w i t h respect t o a pure
resistance, a n d this means it is a capacitive
reactance.
The denominator in eq. 6 is equal to zero, so the im- fig. 3. Practical rf choke has stray ca-
pacitance, creating a resonant circuit.
4"-lt"t-
,
LC 0
-
W 'Jo rowo
10
Let's closely examine these two results. Notice that FREOUENCY
the quantity ( j w o L ) in each answer is the reactance a fig. 4. Relative frequency response of a lossless, but self-
pure inductor would have at w,, the frequency at resonant rf choke. The frequency of resonance is at w,.
june 1978 41
We must add an equivalent parallel resistance, Rp, Dividing Rp by jw,L, we find the choke's Q at 2.5
as shown in fig. 5, to make the mathematical choke MHz is about 1.74, a very low value. To satisfy our
completely realistic. Another way to show this is pic- curiosity, let's see what the value of the equivalent
tured in fig. 6 , where Rp is connected in parallel with parallel capacitor is. The capacitor's reactance must
the impedance, 2, solved for above. Rp accounts for
losses in the choke; at the self-resonant frequency, fig. 6. Another w a y of schematically
the impedance of the choke will be equal to Rp. representing an rf choke. Z is the lossless
The value of Rp does not stay constant as frequen- impedance calculated in the text.
cy changes because losses tend to increase at higher
frequencies. A major contributor to this characteris- equal the inductor's reactance at resonance, so
tic is the skin effect in the wire of the coil, which
causes R p to decrease as a function of the square-
root of frequency. Solving for the exact impedance
of the rf choke with Rp present is a little tedious and
will not be dealt with here. It is assumed, however, Now let's see what sort of impedance the choke has
that Rp will be large enough so that the calculations at 25 MHz, one decade above its self-resonant fre-
above may be taken as rough approximations at fre- quency. Substituting the results of eq. 13 into eq. 10
42 june 1978
tLS6-CZL-LOP auolld / 106C'I ' h ' N 'NOLWVHDNIR / LS Hr4.I.VM OZf
' d 8 0 3 531NO813373 NVINMONR 30 NOISIA 10
Sh.66L
. . . . . . . . . . . ( s ( e 1 ~ dssll)
'
44 june 1978
for filtering of power, audio, and control leads has efficiency is further improved to - 97 dB at 100 MHz
been thoroughly discussed in many amateur publica- for a 30 cm length.
tions so that topic will not be addressed here. In- The ultimate in shielding efficiency is the solid
stead, I will concentrate on the other two areas. jacketed type of cable. Radiation from this type of
There is considerable difference in the shielding ef- cable is below measurable limits, and system shield-
ficiencies of different types of coaxial cable. The ing efficiency is limited only by leakage at a connec-
numbers to be quoted are from manufacturers' litera- tor interface.
ture, and while different manufacturers do not nec- The use of one of these improved types of cable
essarily agree on the shielding efficiency of a particu- for all station interconnections up to the lowpass fil-
lar type of cable, there is no doubt about the signifi- ter will ensure that you are getting all the harmonic
cant difference in the shielding efficiency afforded by protection the filter is capable of. Double-shielded
the different types of cable construction to be dis- substitutes for RG-8AlU or RG-213lU are RG-9BIU
cussed, and the numbers should be considered with or RG-214lU. The double-shielded substitute for
that in mind. The most commonly used type of coax, RG-58ClU is RG-55AlU or RG-223lU. A triaxial sub-
that having a single shield braid of stranded copper stitute for RG-8AlU or RG-213lU is Times TRF-8. A
wire, has a shielding efficiency of - 48 dB at 100 triaxial substitute for RG-58ClU is Times TRF-58 or
MHz for a 30 cm (1 foot) length of cable. That is, the Essex 21-204.
total power radiated by that 30 cm of cable is 48 dB Whatever kind of cable is used, be sure the con-
down from the signal level in the cable. This assumes nectors are properly installed. A n improperly at-
95 per cent shield coverage. This shielding efficiency tached shield will seriously degrade shielding effec-
increases only slightly with decreasing frequency, to tiveness. With double-shielded and triaxial cables,
-52 dB at 10 MHz according to data published by both shields should be attached to the connector
the Times Wire and Cable Company. shell at both ends of each cable run. Assembly
The shielding efficiency is significantly reduced by instructions for UHF, N, and BNC connectors can
lower shield coverage, and 85-90 per cent is more be f o u n d in b o t h the ARRL Handbook and
typical. This means that if you have 30 cm of coax Antenna Book.
between your transmitter and lowpass filter, har- For sealing joints of shielded enclosures, the 3M
monics radiating from that piece of coax are 48 dB company has two products that are hard to beat for
down from their level at the transmitter output. effectiveness and ease of application. They are cop-
Under these conditions, a lowpass filter with 100 dB per foil tapes with conductive adhesives, especially
harmonic attenuation is no better than one with 48 designed for RFI shielding. Type X-1181 is a smooth
dB attenuation as far as nearby interference prob- tape, and type X-1245 is embossed with a grid pat-
lems are concerned. The filter will keep the harmon- tern for more reliable electrical contact with the sur-
ics from getting to the antenna to be radiated for face on which it is applied. Both are available in
long distances, but the TVI problem next door is just widths from 6 to 25 mm (114 to 1 inch). Shielding
as likely to be due to the radiation from the cable. efficiency of up to - 65 dB is claimed by 3M, de-
While we're still on the subject of single shielded pending on the type of metal the tape is applied to. If
coax, be especially wary of bargain priced coax that desired, it is possible to solder to the tape without
is not made to military specifications. Some manu- damaging it.
facturers have drastically reduced shield coverage in I have applied this tape to the edges of all shield
the last few years to keep costs down. enclosures in my equipment, t o the seams of low-
There are more sophisticated types of coaxial pass filter boxes, and over the edges of coax connec-
cable with much better shielding efficiencies. The tors. The same piece has been removed and re-ap-
most often encountered construction is double plied on my linear amplifier cover shield several times
shielded coax. This type of cable uses two shield lay- with no apparent loss of adhesion. If the metal sur-
ers with no dielectric between them. Shielding effi- face is clean to begin with, the adhesion is excellent.
ciency is typically - 87 dB at 100 MHz for a 30 cm (1 This type of tape may also be spirally wound over a
foot) length, and since this is a premium cable length of conventional single shielded coax to obtain
designed for excellent shielding you can be sure that improved shielding effieciency. Each turn should
the shield coverage is as great as possible. overlap the previous turn by half the width of the
A still better type of construction for shielding effi- tape, and the tape should extend over the shell of the
ciency is triaxial cable. This cable has two shield lay- connector at each end.
ers with a dielectric layer between them. Shielding ham radio
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set-up and is easy and inexpensive to make. The fig. 1. Portable vertical antenna mount consists of a junk-
secret to success is in the use of a vertical antenna yard hub bolted to the spare tire from your car. In high wind
(for the bands you intend to operate) with ground conditions you may want to weight the tire down with
radials, and a homebrew base section which mounts rocks, but in most cases this isn't necessary. Construction
in the spare tire from your vehicle (see fig. 1). of the hub section is shown i n fig. 2.
construction all you need to do is remove the spare tire from your
The materials required to build the base section are automobile, bolt in the base-section, lay the spare on
a short length of mast or pipe and a front wheel hub the ground so the mast points up, and mount the an-
that will bolt into your vehicle's spare tire (the wheel tenna on the mast. If the vertical leans to one side,
hub can be obtained from a local junk yard for a few remove some dirt from under the high side of the tire
dollars). You will also need a set of lug nuts that will or place some dirt, rocks, or a board under the low
fit the bolts on the hub. side to correct it. If you wish, you can place several
The outside diameter of the mast should be as
close to the inside diameter of the outside grease- By John S. Jolly, WA7NWL. 1840 North
seal surface of the hub as possible to make it easier 64th Lane, Phoenix, Arizona 85035
48 june 1978
LAPPROX 60 cm d
rocks on top of the spare for additional weight and
FRONT
WYEEL- stability (under normal conditions this should not be
HUB
necessary). Attach the ground radials and coax, and
you are ready to go on the air.
conclusion
It is the intent of this article to describe a relatively
simple and inexpensive method for an average ama-
teur to have an antenna set-up which is portable and
effective for use when conditions necessitate it. In
fig. 2. Stub mast for the portable antenna base consists of a addition to emergency and portable use, this set-up
front hub from the junk yard which fits your car, and a short
could be used by those hams living in apartments or
steel mast which is welded to the hub. The outside diameter
of the short mast should be very close to the inside diam-
townhouses which forbid permanent fixture on
eter of the hub's grease-seal surface so the mast is per- their roofs.
pendicular to the stub. ham radio
june 1978 49
pi network design
II
man a few years ago. Part of this trend is due to the
for ghmf req n c ~ fact that the newer power tubes provide maximum
performance at high plate voltages. Many of the pi-
power amplifiers network design charts previously published have not
been extended to include these higher operating
voltages.
I
The pi network is so named because of its
of pi and pi-L networks resemblance to the Greek letter pi as shown in fig. 1.
The same network in its electrical form with input
with computer derived and output impedances is shown in fig. 2. Since
most amateurs use 50-ohm coaxial transmission line,
component values the output load impedance of the pi network is usual-
ly 50 ohms.
for a wide range When the pi network is used in a power amplifier,
the circuit looks like that shown in fig. 3. The anten-
na provides the output load impedance, ZL, and the
of operating conditions power tube provides the input load impedance, Z p .
I Since the plate load impedance usually falls into the
range from 1200 to 5000 ohms, the pi network trans-
The design of rf power amplifiers has always forms the high impedance of the vacuum tube into
fascinated the typical radio amateur, and it remains the 50-ohm antenna load. It performs this job quite
one of the few fields in which a person of modest 1 efficiently, and with predictable results.
technical capability can still actively participate. I Actually, the pi network is a basic form of a three-
Although the number of home-built transmitters has pole lowpass filter. With proper care in design it will
steadily diminished as more commercial companies attenuate the second harmonic by 35 dB or more.1
have entered the market, many amateurs still like to This would be for a loaded Q of 12; if the Q is dou-
design and build their own final amplifier. The infor- bled, attenuation is increased by approximately 6 dB.
mation contained in this article should greatly assist The pi-L network shown in fig. 4 consists of a
those so inclined. Many interesting comparisons will standard pi network with an additional inductor.
be presented between amplifiers running at different 1 Since the pi-L network is a four-pole lowpass filter,
power levels as well as pertinent computer-derived second harmonic attenuation is increased to approxi-
data for the proper selection of component values. mately 50 dB. This is particularly important if you
With single sideband and its legal 2-kW PEP maxi- want maximum suppression of TVI.
mum input power, certain problems crop up which In addition to increased harmonic suppression, the
many amtateurs overlook or are unable to handle. pi-L network offers greater bandwidth for a given
This is because the operator wants to run the ampli- variation in operating Q, requires less output capaci-
fier at one power level for ssb and another for CW. tance, and is able to operate efficiently with lower Q
The problems are compounded when the operator at very high plate load impedances. These advan-
also wants to run RTTY, which is 100 per cent key- tages will become more apparent later.
down continuous-carrier operation.
There is also a growing tendency to build power By lrvin M. Hoff, WGFFC (reprinted from the
amplifiers with higher plate voltages than were com- September, 1972, issue of ham radio)
52 june 1978
The dc plate resistance of a vacuum tube, at a levels and different operating voltages and currents
given input power level, can be calculated with are shown in table 1. It can be seen from this data
Ohm's law: R = E / I , where E is the dc plate voltage that the plate load impedance rises to very high levels
and I is the dc plate current. However, since we are when the plate voltage is increased above 4000 volts.
dealing with an ac circuit, this is of little value. What More amateurs than might be expected use 4000 to
we need to know is the plate load impedance. This is 6000 volt power supplies, and many of the associated
problems have not been adequately discussed in
the past.
fig. 1. The pi network is so
named because of its basic circuit Q
resemblance t o the Greek The letter Q stands for quality factor, and is used
letter n.
to describe, in simple numerical terms, the efficiency
and performance of capacitors and inductors. Actu-
given approximately by the following equation which ally, there are two types of Q - loaded Q and
has been derived from the complex functions of a unloaded Q. The unloaded Q is the inherent quality
vacuum tube operating in class B. factor of the component itself; loaded Q is the quality
factor of the component when it is used (and loaded
down) by the circuit.
The unloaded Q of a component is given by
where Z p is the plate load impedance, I is the indicat-
ed plate current, and E is the dc plate voltage.
X
f& = Q (unloaded) = - (4)
r
When the vacuum tube is operated in class C, as
for CW, the plate load impedance is approximated by where X is reactance and r is ac resistance. The un-
loaded Q of a high-quality capacitor might be 1000 or
more, and a silver-plated inductor might have an un-
loaded Q of more than 500.
If you are using a linear amplifier that runs with very The loaded Q of a pi network is usually on the
high idling current, and approaches class A, the fol- order of 10 to 20 for maximum harmonic attenuation,
lowing approximation for plate load impedance and is given
- by:
would be more appropriate. zp - Z L (5)
= Q (loaded) =
L-networks
A typical step-down L-network is shown in fig. 5.
This network is used to transform its input imped-
ance to a lower output impedance. The Q of this cir-
cuit is entirely dependent upon the ratio of the input
fig. 2. Basic pi network showing the input and output load
and output impedances as given in eq. 5.
impedance. The input load impedance in transmitters is For example, if the input impedance to an L-
the plate load impedance; output load impedance is usually network is 2500 ohms, and the output impedance is
50 ohms in amateur stations. 50 ohms, the loaded Q of the network is 7:
Typical plate load impedances for various power Z p = ZL (Q2 +I) (6)
june 1978 53
For example, with an output load impedance of 50 sible impedance transformation is used in a practical
ohms, and a desired loaded Q of 12 (for good har- circuit. For a Q of 12 and an antenna load of 50
monic suppression), the required input impedance is ohms, this would represent a plate load resistance of
7250 ohms. This is very restrictive and does not allow 5075 ohms. If the plate load resistance in an rf power
the designer sufficient latitude. So, although the L amplifier is higher than 5075 ohms, a Q of more than
network is extremely efficient (98 per cent, typical), a 12 is required to retain the same level of harmonic
pi network is usually used in transmitter output suppression. This problem is circumvented by the
circuits. use of the pi-L network, as discussed below.
the dissected pi network in fig. 6 is 2900 ohms. With cient but very restrictive *
j ZIN
a Q of 12, the first L network would step the input im- as far as acceptable Q is
pedance down to 20 ohms. This is often called the concerned. ,?:
virtual impedance.
Using 70 per cent of the maximum possible transfor-
mation as a practical maximum, as noted before,
results in a maximum practical input impedance of
30500 ohms with a Q of 12. This is far in excess of
The second L network would then be designed to what you will ever need in a power amplifier designed
raise this virtual impedance of 20 ohms to 50 ohms to for amateur service.
match the antenna. The Q of the second section The image impedance usually falls in the range
would be quite low, on the order of 1.5. between 200 and 400 ohms. It is selected for good
As the input impedance is increased with Q held harmonic attenuation, as well as balance in the T
constant, the virtual impedance increases, and when section of the pi-L network, and reasonable compo-
the virtual impedance is equal to the desired output nent values for the capacitors and inductors. If the
impedance, the pi network reverts to an L network. image impedance is too high, the tuning capacitor
For example, with a plate load impedance of 7250 (C1) will be too small on 10 and 15 meters, and the
ohms and a Q of 12, the virtual impedance is 50 two inductors will be very large. Large inductors, of
ohms. This is the maximum possible impedance course, increase circulating currents which result in
transformation for a Q of 12 and an output imped- higher losses due to heat.
ance of 50 ohms.
Normally, about 70 per cent of the maximum pos- Q vs frequency
The loaded Q of a pi network (or any tank circuit,
for that matter) is equal to its parallel-resonant im-
pedance divided by either the inductive or capacitive
reactance of the network.
fig. 4. The pi-L network requires a n additional inductor and The reactance of any inductor is directly propor-
provides increased second harmonic attenuation. tional to frequency, increasing as the frequency in-
54 june 1978
creases. Therefore, from eq. 8 it can be seen that if a where Q, is the loaded circuit Q and Q, is the unload-
particular inductor is used, loaded Q will vary inverse- ed component Q. The graph in fig. 8 shows that effi-
ly with frequency. As the frequency is lowered, for ciency is a linear function of loaded Q. For minimum
example, Q is raised a proportionate amount. With loss, the loaded Q should be as low as convenient,
this in mind, it is easy to determine the Q for a given while still providing adequate harmonic attenuation.
network on a different frequency from the following This figure has arbitrarily been chosen as 12.
formula: When the pi network is designed, the minimum Q
of 12 can only be obtained at the upper frequency of
network efficiency
As the loaded Q of a network is increased, efficiency
goes down because of higher circulating currents
and higher losses in the components. Approximate
efficiency is given by
CIRCUIT 0
efficiency = 100 (1 - -
Q) (10) fig. 8. Efficiency of a network is inversely proportional t o
e the loaded Q o f the network.
table 1. Plate load impedances for different input power smaller side, and if the swr is the result of inductive
levels and different operating voltages and currents. reactance, the loading and tuning capacitors must be
input plate larger. Keep this in mind when selecting component
power impedance values for a transmitter so you will be able to corn-
(W) volts (ohms) pensate for an antenna that is not exactly matched to
1000 2000 2546 your transmission line.
2000 2000 1273
2500 2000 1019 ssb and CW operation
1000 2500 3979 Table 1 shows that for a given plate supply
2000 2500 1989 voltage, the plate load impedance is inversely propor-
2500 2500 1592
tional to the input power level. That is, 1000 watts at
1000 2800 4991 2800 volts represents 5000 ohms, while 2 k W at the
2000 2800 2496 same supply voltage is 2500 ohms. Pi network values
2500 2800 1996
for a Q of 12 for each of these impedances are shown
lo00 3300 6933 below lcapacitace in pF, inductance in ,uH):
2000 3300 3466
2500 3300 2773 f R1 C1 L1 C2 0
1000 4000 10186 4.0MHZ 2500 791 9.18 1097 12.0
2000 4000 5093 4.0MHz 5000 95 17.38 534 12.0
2500 4000 4074
Note that the required inductance values are quite
1000 5000 15915
2000 5000 7958 different.
2500 5000 6366 As an example of what you may expect under ac-
tual operating conditions, consider the 2-kW design
1000 6000 22918
2000 6000 11459 above (9.18 pH inductor). A t 3.5 MHz with 2 k W in-
2500 6000 9167 put, C1 is 252 pF, C2 is 1536 pF, and Q is 13.8; not
too bad. However, if the input power is reduced to
1000 watts at 3.5 MHz, C1 is 246 pF, C2 is 2287 pF,
and Q reaches 27.0, increasing the circulating cur-
a practical pi network. The pi networks in table 3 for
rents and heat losses in the network.
plate load impedances above 5000 ohms have in-
These figures point out the problems you can run
creasing Q so that the transformation ratio never ex-
into when you use the same operating voltage and
ceeds the 70 per cent maximum. In addition, the in-
same inductor at different power levels. Fortunately,
ductors chosen for each of the designs are calculated
there are several things which the designer can do to
for the highest frequency in the band.
minimize these problems.
The Q of the network at the highest frequency is
12 except when the plate load impedance is greater variable inductors
than 5075 ohms. The chart shows the capacitance
There are various variable rotary inductors avail-
values required to resonate the network to the lowest
able on the market which allow the operator to select
frequency in the band (maximum capacitance), as
the proper inductance for 1000 watts CW at the bot-
well as the operating Q at that frequency. In table 4,
tom of a band as well as 2000 watts PEP ssb at the
the image impedance (R3)at the lower frequency is
top. When compared to fixed inductors, these vari-
also given.
able units are fairly expensive, and require a turns
You will notice that the Q of the pi-L network does
counter, further increasing cost. However, they are
not go up as fast when frequency is lowered as it
available in various inductance and current-carrying
does with the pi network. Also, the Q remains the
abilities, so they encompass practically any design
same for the pi-L for higher plate loads.
requirement. Also, using a variable inductor elimi-
In both table 3 and table 4 the values for ten
nates the need for a bandswitch.
meters are for29.7 MHz, the highest frequency in the
band. This is because you need to know minimum bandswitch
capacitance values to reach this frequency in a five-
The primary purpose of the bandswitch is t o
band transmitter.
change the tap on the tank-circuit inductor to one
effect of swr better suited for the band in use. However, there are
several other important functions for the band-
A standing-wave ratio of 4:l will affect the capaci-
switch:
tance required at C1 by k 10 per cent and at C2 by
+ 25 per cent. If the swr is caused by capacitive reac- 1. Used to switch input networks to match the
tance, the tuning and loading capacitors are on the 50-ohm output of the exciter.
56 june 1978
2. Changes taps on the second inductor in a pi- have ample drive on CW if they are able to push the
L network. final t o 2000 watts PEP on ssb.
3. Sometimes used to switch in additional tun- power SUPP~V
. . - voltage
-
inglloading capacitance on the 80-meter band
Since, as I just mentioned, most exciters have
so smaller variable capacitors may be used in
more than ample drive for 1000-watts input on CW if
the circuit.
they are capable of driving the final to 2000-watts
Since you may wish to use a bandswitch in your PEP on ssb, it's desirable to include some sort of
power amplifier because of these additional uses, the automatic swamping so the exciter can be run in a
variable inductor may lose some of its appeal. normal manner for both ssb and CW. Lowering the
In a novel approach to this problem a ten-position plate supply voltage on the final-amplifier tubes
bandswitch has been used in one design to select dif- decreases the plate load impedance required for a
ferent amounts of inductance for the CW and ssb given input power level, therefore requiring more
ends of the band.4 However, the additional switch drive to reach this input power level.
table 2. Variations in Q as the resonant frequency of the pi network is changed (same inductor).
plate load
impedance impedance C1 L1 C2
frequency (ohms) (ohms) (pF) (pH1 (PF) Q
A. Decreasing 4.0 MHz 2500 50 191 9.18 1097 12.0
frequency 3.5 MHz 2500 50 252 9.18 1536 13.8
B. Increasing 3.5 MHz 2500 50 218 10.49 1254 12.0
frequency 4.0 MHz 2500 50 165 10.49 863 10.4
leads and the large number of inductor taps make For example, if it takes 70 watts drive with 3000
this approach seem impractical for the typical home volts on the plate to reach 2000-watts input, then,
builder. depending upon the tubes used, it would take 70 t o
Table 5 compares the performance of 1000- and 80 watts drive to reach 1000-watts input with a sub-
2000-watt transmitters, as well as a 2000-watt trans- stantially lower plate supply voltage. A t the same
mittel: run at 1000 watts input. In the latter case some time, the voltage-current relationship has changed,
additional losses are evident, but they're hardly large lowering the plate load impedance to something
enough to cause much excitement. The same com- much closer to that which would give a Q of 12 with
parison shows that the 2-kW transmitter with a Q of the same inductor.
12 at 4 MHz, has a Q of 16.2 at 3.0 MHz. However, Also, the plate voltage must be lowered to retain
considerably more capacitance is required at C1 and the same Q with the same inductor at the same oper-
C2. The pi-L network will alleviate this problem to ating frequency. This voltage reduction can be deter-
some extent, as the Q of the pi-L does not increase mined from
as rapidly as frequency is lowered as it does with the
E2 = 0.71 ( E l )
straight pi network.
Since the 80-meter band is proportionally wider where E l is the original plate voltage for 2000-watts
than any other high-frequency amateur band, there input and E2 is the lowered plate voltage for 1000-
is some merit in using an extra bandswitch position watts input. For example, a plate supply of 2800 volts
for 80 meters.5 While I have shown previously that for 2000-watts input must be changed to 2000 volts
this is not required, it would be beneficial because for 1000-watts input at the same operating frequency
you could select the 75-meter inductor for 4 MHz and and circuit Q. Actually, on 3.5 MHz, this would be
2-kW input, with the 80-meter inductor chosen for perhaps 1800 t o 1900 volts to provide a Q of 12 at 3.5
3.7 MHz and 1-kW input. MHz (1000 watts input) using a 2-kW transmitter de-
The primary advantage in such an arrangement signed for a Q of 12 at 4.0 MHz. However, it is unlike-
would be the ability to add a second input network to ly that you could get 1000-watts input at this plate
match the exciter. Since the input networks have low voltage, even with 100 watts drive on a cathode-
Q (typically 2 t o 3), they are quite broadband and are driven grounded-grid amplifier.
usually set t o a frequency in the middle of the band.
However, it would be literally impossible for the same tuning capacitance
input network to work equally well on both 3.5 and Table 3 and table 4 show that the C1 tuning capa-
4.0 MHz, so it would be desirable t o have one for citance becomes quite small on 10 and 15 meters as
each end of the band. From a practical standpoint, the plate load impedance is raised. A typical 2000-
this might not be necessary because most operators watt transmitter might use 2800 volts on the plate,
june 1978 57
table 3A. Pi network component values for matching a 50-ohm antenna load. Values have been chosen for a 0 of 12 at the top edge of
each amateur band. For plate load impedances greater than 5000 ohms, the Q of the network has been adjusted upward to compensate
for the maximum transformation ratio, as discussed in the text. R1 is the plate load impedance.
RI R2 '8 ' Rl R2 '0'
OHMS OHMS QUPL. OHMS OHMS QUAL.
I4LT 58 13.8 7000 50 16.3
14611 5A 17.6 7080 50 14.8
I4AA 5R 12.3 7000 50 14.5
I411P 5a 12.3 7800 50 14.4
I4Rq 5R 12.0 7000 58 14.1
1580 5R 13.8 7500
l5PR 5a 12.6 7500
1598 5n 12.5 7510
15na 50 12.3 7500
15a6 5A 12.0 7500
2000 50 13.8 8080
2000 50 12.6 8080
2000 58 12.3 8000
2010 50 12.3 8000
2000 50 12.0 8010
providing a plate load impedance of approximately tion becomes even more acute. A 1000-watt trans-
2500 ohms. This transmitter would require only 26 pF mitter with a plate supply of 2800 volts has a plate
tuning capacitance to reach the top end of the 10- load impedance of 5000 ohms - on ten meters this
meter band. means the tuning capacitor C1 is a total of 13 pF. In
Unfortunately, most modern rf power tubes this case you would probably have to delete C1 en-
designed for the 2000-watt level have output capaci- tirely from the circuit and let the capacitance of the
tances on the order of 10 pF - this leaves about 16 power tube supply the necessary tuning capacitance.
pF for tuning, including stray circuit capacitance. However, this is not practical.
If you study the various air-variable capacitors Fortunately, there are several things you can do to
available you will find that it is virtually impossible to help alleviate this situation. You can use a smaller
find a variable capacitor that will provide the neces- capacitor and add fixed capacitance on 40 and 80
sary spacing for this operating voltage as well as tune meters, or use two variable capacitors, switching in
the capacitance range needed for both 10 and 80 the larger one on the lower bands. The vacuum capa-
meters. Also, you must keep in mind that f 10 per citor is another possibility because of its low mini-
cent leeway should be provided to compensate for mum capacitance, often as low as 3 pF. You can also
any swr on the transmission line. blunder ahead and use a too-large capacitor, allow-
As the plate load impedance increases, the situa- ing the Q t o be higher than normal.
58 june 1978
table 5. Comparisons between a I - k W transmitter, a 2 - k W tank circuit is not prefectly resonated, and to allow
transmitter. and a 2-kW transmitter operated a t 1 - k W input.
for some oxidation if you use an air variable.
A frequency of 4 M H z w a s used, b u t other frequencies from
3 t o 30 M H z should produce comparable results. (These
There are several ways to determine peak voltage.
calculations are computer derived for comparative pur- If the power output is known at this point you can
poses and only approximate actual operating conditions.) use eq. 12 to determine peak voltage:
1 k W on 2-kW Epk = d m (12)
1kW 2kW transmitter
Plate voltage 2800 2800 2800 volts
where Epk is the peak rf voltage, P, is output power,
Plate current 357 714 357 mA and Z is plate load impedance. For example, in a 1-
Plate load impedance 5000 2500 5000 ohms k W transmitter with 2800 volts on the plate, the peak
Power input 1000 2000 1000 watts voltage across C1 and L1 is 2646 volts. (The power
Tube output (typical) 700 1400 700 watts
output of class-B stages may be estimated at 70 per
Power at antenna 672 1343 647 watts
Transmitter efficiency 67.2 67.1 64.7 per cent cent of the input power as this gives some margin of
Network efficiency 96.0 95.9 92.5 per cent protection and is suitable for this purpose).
Lost in Ll (heat) 27.9 56.9 52.6 watts The peak voltage across C2 can also be figured in a
Circuit Q 12 12 23.6 similar manner, except that Z in eq. 12 is the antenna
Inductor Q (typical) 350 350 350
load impedance. Power output may be estimated at
Frequency 4.0 4.0 4.0 MHz
Antenna load 50 50 50 ohms 65 per cent of the input. For example, if the output
C1 tuning capacitor 95.5 191.0 187.8 pF power is 650 watts (for a 1-kW amplifier), and the an-
L1 inductor 17.38 9.18 9.18 pH tenna load is 50 ohms, this represents approximately
C2 loading capacitor 533.8 1096.9 1703.0 pF 254 peak volts across C2. Thus, for a 1000-watt
C1 reactance 416.7 208.3 211.9 ohms
transmitter, a 350-volt, 365-pF broadcast receiver
L1 reactance 436.9 230.7 230.7 ohms
C2 reactance 74.5 36.3 23.4 ohms type capacitor could be used successfully. For 2000
Current in C1 4.49 8.98 8.83 amps watts input at 2800 volts, the peak voltage across C2
Current in L1 4.73 9.29 8.93 amps would be 367 volts, and the broadcast-tuning capaci-
Current in C2 2.46 7.14 7.70 amps tor would be too marginal.
Voltage across C1 2645.8 2645.8 2645.8 peak volts
In the pi-L network the image impedance must be
Voltage across C2 259.2 366.5 254.4 peak volts
Voltage on antenna 183.3 259.1 179.9 rms volts used when calculating the peak voltage across capa-
Current in antenna 3.67 5.18 3.60 amps citor C2, and the voltage rating must be substantially
higher than for the same capacitor in the pi network.
For example, in a 1-kW transmitter, the peak voltage
across C2 is about 635 volts; for a 2000-watt amplifier
One other circuit trick which can be used quite the peak voltage is about 895 volts.
successfully is to use a dual-section variable, placing The peak voltage across C1 has already been de-
the two sections in series rather than parallel. This termined, but t o find the current through C1,
reduces the minimum capacitance to 10 pF or less. rms voltage is more useful. This can be found from
eq. 13:
broadband power amplifier
Many operators need special frequencies outside
Em, = rn (131
the five amateur bands for MARS or other purposes, where E,, is the rms voltage, p i s the output power,
and need a power amplifier which can be tuned up at and Z is the plate load impedance. In the previous ex-
any frequency in the range from 3.0 to 30 MHz. ample of the 1000-watt transmitter with a 2800-volt
Table 7 shows a pi-network design that gives contin- plate supply, the rms voltage across C1 is nearly
uous frequency coverage in five switch positions. A 1870 volts.
pi-L network for similar use is shown in table 8. The To calculate the current through C1 you must first
pi-L is more broadband for a given Q variation, and determine the reactance of C1 (eq. 14) and calcu-
requires substantially less output capacitance. Both late its impedance (eq. 15). The current is found
designs are for 2000-watts input with a 2800-volt from eq. 16:
plate supply, or 1000-watts input at 2000 volts.
component ratings
To determine the peak voltage across C l you can
use the maximum dc plate voltage. This is not pre-
cisely correct, but it's close enough. Normally you
would increase the voltage by at least 30 per cent
when selecting a capacitor to prevent arcing if the
62 june 1978
However, since the resistance of a high-quality air- table 7. Pi-network component values for a broadband 3-30
variable capacitor is very small, less than 1 ohm, for MHz rf power amplifier matching a 50-ohm antenna load.
This is accomplished in five bands: 3.0-5.0 MHz, 5.0-8.5
all practical purposes the impedance of the capacitor
MHz, 8.5-14.4 MHz, 13.5-22.0 MHz and 20.0-30.0 MHz. The Q
is equal to its reactance. Therefore, the current can is set for a minimum of 12 at the top of each band. The2500-
be found from ohm plate load impedance corresponds to a grounded-grid
amplifier running 2000 watts at 2800 volts, or a 1000-watt
amplifier with2000 volts on the plate.
Rl F C1 LI C2 H2 '0'
As you can see in table 5, the current through C1 OHqS MHZ PF UH PF OHMS OUAL.
2566 3.q 433 7.54 2875 50 20.4
is much higher than you might think, with nearly 4.5 2566 3.5 317 7.~54 2653 50 17.4
amperes flowing through C1 in the 1000-watt trans- 2589 4.4 242 7.,54 1517 5R 15.7
2509 5.n 153 7.54 875 53 12.0
mitter with 2800 volts on the plate. Most air variables
and vacuum capacitors can handle this current easi-
ly, but you must be careful when selecting fixed
capacitors to pad the variables. Transmitting-type
capacitors with high Q and good current-carrying
capability are required (such as the Centralab 850
series).
The current through C2 can also be determined
with eq. 17. However, when calculating the rms volt-
age across C2 the antenna load impedance must be
used in eq. 13. Again, there is substantial current
flowing through C2 - nearly 2.5 amperes in the
1000-watt transmitter.
For all practical purposes, the current through in-
ductor L1 is equal t o that through C1. It is actually a
little higher, and the following formula is reasonably Then you can use eq. 19 to find power loss.
correct for class 6:
june 1978 63
table 8. Pi-L network component values for a broadband although
- thev are perfectly suitable for ssb at higher
-
3-30 MHz rf power amplifier matching a 50-ohm antenna input power levels.
load. This is accomplished in five bands: 3.0-5.0 MHz, 5.0-8.5
Conversely, it follows that if a manufacturer guar-
MHz, 8.5-14.4 MHz, 13.5-22.0 MHz and 20.0-30.0 MHz. The Q
is set for a minimum of 12 at the top of each band. The2500- antees his unit to run indefinitely at 1000-watts key-
ohm plate load impedance corresponds to a grounded-grid down RTTY, that same transmitter should last
amplifier running 2000 watts at 2800 volts, or a 1000-watt forever at 2000-watts PEP ssb. Some manufacturers
amplifier with 2000 volts on the plate. hedge if this specific question is posed to them.
RI F CI LI C2 L2 R2 R3 'Q' Using a 2000-watt rf power amplifier at the 1000-
OHMS RHZ PF UH PF UH OHMS OHMS QUAL
watt level for RTTY or CW poses certain inherent
problems regarding heat and efficiency. High plate
supply voltages raise the plate load impedance to the
point where it may be difficult to get the minimum
capacitance required for resonance on 10 and 15
meters.
When building a high-power final amplifier, con-
sideration must be given t o selecting components
which will handle the voltage and currents encoun-
tered in the circuit. The formulas given in this article
should make it relatively easy for the builder to pre-
dict what these voltages and circulating currents will
be before he actually builds the amplifier.
Computer-derived tables provide much data for
A suitable inductor for the L-section of the pi-L network consists of 5 cm the builder, and clarify many design points only
(2 inches) of Air-Dux 1606T 16 turns-per-inch (2.5cml, no. 14. 5 cm ( 2 hinted at in previous articles. I hope that the informa-
inches) diameter]. It should be placed at right angles to the main pi inductor
to avoid mutual inductance. tion presented here will be of benefit t o anyone who
builds or buys a final rf power amplifier.
number approximate
frequency turns inductance
acknowledgements
3.0-5.0 MHz 10.00 3.90 pH
5.0-8.5 MHz 6.75 2.25 pH Many people are interested in pi and pi-L net-
8.5-14.4 MHz 4.75 1.33 pH works, and have been of direct assistance. Providing
12.5-22.0 MHz 3.50 0.83 pH particular assistance was Bob Sutherland, WGUOV,
20.0-30.0 MHz 3.00 0.65 pH or EIMAC. I also spent a great deal of time reading
articles written by George Grammer, WIDF, former
shorts out. This rf choke also keeps any dc compo- Technical Editor of QST. His work in this field, and
nent off the antenna. his series of three articles in QST5 represent an out-
standing contribution. Bill Craig, WB4FPK, was
RTTY and ssb
most helpful, as was Garey Barrell, K40AH. Bill
Many amateurs are interested in RTTY as well as Carver, KGOLG, also provided stimulating
CW and ssb. Since RTTY is essentially 100 per cent comments.
key-down, it's quite hard on the various components The Computer Terminal Corporation of San An-
in the transmitter. On ssb, the typical duty factor is tonio, Texas, provided over 100 hours of computer
30 t o 50 per cent, depending on how much ALC and terminal time which was invaluable in this project.
other compression you use. Typically, however, the
average circulating current in the network is perhaps
one-third of that for key-down operation.
references
1. Collins Radio Company, "Fundamentals of Single Sideband," second
Table 5 shows that 2000-watts key-down gives
edition, 1965, page 7-6.
comparable circulating currents t o that of the same 2. George Grammer, W l D F . "Simplified Design of Impedance-Matching
transmitter run at 1000-watts key-down with the Networks, Part 11," QST, April, 1957, page 32.
3. American Radio Relay League, "Radio Amateur's Handbook," 49th edi-
same plate voltage and same inductor. This is due to
tion, 1971, page 158.
the higher Q that is being used. Because of the lower 4. Douglas Blakeslee. WlKLK, and Carl Smith, WlETU, "Some Notes on
duty cycle of ssb, running a 2000-watt transmitter the Design and Construction of Grounded-Grid Linear Amplifiers," QST,
December, 1970. page22.
key-down at 1000 watts for RTTY is three times as
5. George Grammer. "Simplified Design of Impedance-Matching Net-
hard on the transmitter as running 2000-watts PEP! works," Parts I and Ill, QST, March, 1957, page 38, and May, 1957,
This is rather startling, and indicates why some rf page 29.
power amplifiers should not be used on RTTY, ham radio
64 june 1978
Incredible.. .
,
----
g l e C l t f m " i " S !
_/--
-
$5 00
I
1
typ~cally0.001 ppm accuracy. stab~l~ty I N Y state residents, add tax I
1 Total I
I - I
ramseu electronics 1 I Name
Address
--
I
I
I
PO. Box 4072 Rochester N Y 14610
1 City - State ZIP - I
(71 6) 271 -6487
ATLAS 350-XL
Champion of Clipperton!
If you were one of the fortunate 29,069 hams who strictly 20 meters 'round the clock for 7 days, SSB 15 using a Wilson 3 element monobander. No
worked Clipperton Island in March of 1978, and CW. It included a Oentron MLA-2500 Linear Itnear was used at this station because the gener.
vou've worked an Atlas 350.XL transceiver. The which was used much of the time to break ator would not orovide enough Dower.
3 5 0 . ~was
~ selected by the DXpedition logistics through to Europe and other distant points. The So, i f you heard Clipperton on 15 or 40 meters,
team, headed by Don Bostrom, N6IC;because it antenna was a Wilson 4 element monobander
was strictly barefoot. A Dentron MT-3000 tuner
had all of the necessary features required for the about 30 feet high. Power was supplied by a 2500 was used with a KLM vertical on 40 meters. Sta.
operation contained i n one compact package. watt Honda gasoline generator. This station ran
tion Number 3 ran all week on a generator that
This included primary and auxiliary VFO's for split continuously for 7 days, and made 11,158 con.
delivered 155 volts AC when receiving . . . and
frequency operation, digital frequency display tacts! Problems, zero!
only 75 to 90 volts during transmit! We were
with accuracy of Jr 50 Hz, VOX for SSB and full "Unbelievable performance and unable to adjust the problem, so simply let it go.
break4 for CW, sidetone, more than 200 watts reliability under extremely a d - Didn't bother the rig. Total contacts on 15 meters
output (twice that of most other transceivers), all verse ort table conditions and con- numbered 7194, second only to 20 meters! 40
solid state design permitting efficient operation stant.use by DXpedition multi- meters netted 2450 contacts.
from a storage battery if necessary. And above .
operators. ." Hugh, WA4WME
all, rugged design and construction that permits - -~ This report hardly is complete if we don't mention
hour after hour of continuous operation wjthout Incidentally, we took one box ashore which con- 6 meters and Oscar. N61C and W6SO were the Os-
failure. tained 3 fans. They were intended for blowing air car specialists. Unfortunately, some equipment
on the transceiver heat sinks. The box is still on difficulty (not Atlas) limited Oscar contacts to
" T h e 3 5 0 - X L is a f i n e , rugged
..
transceiver. even works after a
the island, unopened! Ambient temperature out. only 20. Rather disappointing, but the best we
salt water bath. . ."Willy, HB9AHL
side was 85 degrees F. Inside the metal building?
Up to 95 degrees!
could do, and the guys really tried. 6 meters just
never produced an opening. We monitored every
dav without ever hearing a-signal.
"I cannot say enough about the ex.
cellent performance of the Atlas
equipment. Under the most trying
conditions of operation the gear
c a m e through with flying c o l -
ors. With 16 operators pushing
switches and twisting knobs
24 hours a day for 7 days, the
equipment never faltered. Truly re-
m a r k a b l e . T h e success of t h e
D X ~ e d i t i o nwas due in large to
t h e faultless operation of t h e
."
350-XL . . Hoppy, W6SO
One very important point we want to make clear Station Number 2 was located about 200 feet All in all, we feel the performance record on the
.
. . the Clipperton DXpedition was financed by from Number 1, and was set up in a tent. It
HF bands is something to brag about, and hope
the 16 operators who went there, and by many worked 10 meters daytime. 80 and 160 meters at you'll pardon us for indulging. One final thing to
generous donations from DX clubs, radio clubs, night. A Dentron MLA.2500 Linear was used,
boast about was really unexpected. The ride
individual hams, and others. Atlas Radio was not mainly on 80 and 160, some of the time on 10
through the surf back to the ship was quite a ride.
a financial sponsor, except to the extent of loan. meters. A 3 element Wilson monobander was
Everyone, and everything thoroughly soaked.
ing equipment. Other manufacturers provided used on 10. A doublet was used on 80 meters.
Much of the gear was full submerged. But all 3 of
similar support. later changed to a Delta loop by FCARC, a KLM
the 350.XL's worked normally after drying out!
vertical with ground radials worked very well on
Being very low on fresh water we could not afford
ager, my selection of the Atlas 160 meters. A Oentron MT.3000 antenna tuner
to wash the gear down. All we could do was dry
350-XL proved to be the perfect was used on 80 and 160. Power was supplied by a
them out in the sun. Obviously, as soon as we got
Sears 2200 watt generator. This station averaged
back we had to wash out the salt and clean the
21 to 22 hours operation each of the 7 days. Prob.
Needless to say, we at Atlas Radio were very sets up. But, they were used "marltime.mobile"
lems? The digital frequency display made signs of on the trip back to San Diego.
pleased when the team chose the 350-XL as the acting up. One of the IC's was replaced. A 5 min.
transceiver for all 3 stations. At that point, how !ute job. The rig had been liberally sprayed with The Clipperton '78 DXpedition was undoubtedly
could I (W6QKl) turn down the invitation to join the biggest expedition and adventure of its kind
salt water on the trip in through the surf, as also
the team, and to share in a tremendous adven. ever put together, and turned out to be a smash.
was the Dentron linear. Total contacts from sta-
ture? Did I go along to keep our radios working? ing success in all respects. All the gang at Atlas is
tion Number 2 were 6401 on 10 meters, 1644 on
Well, truthfully I brought along a box full of spare mighty proud at how well the 350-XL proved it.
80 meters, and 202 on 160 meters.
parts and pieces. Happily I can report that the box 4
self, truly a great performer; a real classic that
could have stayed at home. And there are 15 wit. "Clipperton: The best location for will set the pace for years to come.
nesses who will verify this. Their unanimous and DXers. Atlas 3 5 0 - X L : T h e best 73 Herb Johnson W6QKl
whole hearted endorsement of the 350.XL is most
gratifying.
Many of you will be interested in how the 3 sta.
tions were oraanized. Number 1 station was set
1
equipment for hardest DXpedition.
Result: One of the best DXpedi-
.
tions ever. ."Jack, F51I/FOBXB
Station Number 3 was located in a tent about 300
I
dim~
.
ATLAS
*#-
R A D I O INC.
up in the metal Quonset-type building which the feet (and 5000crabs)from Number 2. It operated 4 I ) Vla Del Monte. Oceans~de.CA 92054
(714)433 1983
French put up in 1957 during the IGY scientific on 15 and 40 meters. Foreign broadcast QRM was Customer Service Line (714) 433.95g1
work conducted on the island. This station worked very rough on 40, so most operating time was on TWX 910.322-1397
programming for
automated satellite communication
Of primary importance in satellite communication
is the required antenna orientation and the time dur-
ing which the satellite is available from the ground
Following the lead of Ball station. Such information increases the dependabili-
ty and efficiency of satellite use. Presently, the
in February ham radio, means of obtaining this data is widely available due
to the increased popularity of low-cost program-
author Milazzo has also mable calculators and minicomputers.
Previous articles have dealt with the prediction of
derived the equations equatorial crossings.l.2 These offer few advantages
suitable for use with the since such information is published monthly and
Texas Instruments interpolation of this data is easily accomplished.
Other articles do offer more useful information but
require the use of slide-rule type devices which are
calculators which use imprecise and incapable of being interfaced with sta-
tion eq~ipment.3~4
algebraic notation This article presents a series of equations for deter-
68 june 1978
mining the exact position of any earth satellite that which simplifies and rearranges to give the satellite
approximates a circular orbit, at any given time. The latitude
calculations are useful for manually or automatically
tracking a satellite, for preparing tables for future
reference, or for alerting the operator when a satellite The result is used again in the same equation to
is approaching. This algorithm has been used to pre- calculate angle C
pare programs for the Texas Instruments SR-52 cal-
culator, but can be programmed for other calculators cos[360°(T- Teqx)/P,]= cos (90'- $3 cos 90' +
and computers as well.
sin (90'- 4s) sin 90' cos C
theory
which rearranges to give
The theoretical model considers the earth as a sta-
tionary sphere with the satellite travelling in a circular
orbit moving from east to west. Thus, the coordi-
nates of the ground station remain constant while The true longitude of the satellite is calculated by
those of the satellite vary as a function of time. Solv- adding the longitude of the equator crossing
ing this problem involves the application of spherical reference point changing the sign of C when
trigonometry which implies that the computer must the satellite is in the Southern Hemisphere, adding
be supplied subroutines for trigonometric functions. the displacement due t o the earth's rotation
Algebraic methods for evaluating these functions are (0.25°/min), and compensating for a constant orbital
found in various references.5.6 drift factor (D) if necessary.
The main equations are derived from the law of
cosines of spherical trigonometry (see fig. 1 ) .
cosa=cos b cosc+sin b s i n c c o s A
5 = fl $, I
+ bqx+ ( T -
1
/ $ J arccos cos[360°(T - Teqx)/P,l
~0~4,
TeqJ(0.25 + D)
I
To calculate the latitude and longitude of the
satellite, the angle labelled A is placed at the equator Again referring to fig. 1, angle A is now placed at
crossing point of a reference orbit, angle B is at the the location of the ground station and is equal to
satellite's position at time T , and angle C is at the 3 6 0 ° m i n u s the c o r r e c t antenna a z i m u t h
North Pole. Thus, A is equal to 360° minus the orbit- ( A= 360'- olg,). Angle C is the difference between
al azimuth during equator crossing ( A = 360'- q q X ) , the longitudes of the satellite and the ground station
and C is equal to longitudinal displacement of the (C = &- b). If C is greater than zero, then the true
satellite from the reference crossing ( C = & - & q x ) . azimuth is 360° minus 019,. Side b is the complement
Side a is the complement of the satellite's lati- of the ground station's latitude ( b = 9 0 ° - qg),and
tude ( a = 90'- $,), side b is a function of the orbital side c is the distance from the ground station to the
period P, and of the time elapsed from the refer- satellite in great circle degrees ( c= 8 ) . Side c is calcu-
ence crossing [ b = 360°(T- T e q x ) / P s ~and
, side c lated using the law of cosines.
is 90°.
Substituting known values into the equation for cos 8 = cos (90'- $3 cos (90'- gg) +
the law of cosines results in:
sin (90° - $& sin (90' - $J cos & - v
cos (90'- $,) = cos[360°(T - Teqx)/Pslcos90° +
which simplifies to give the degrees distance
szit[360°(T- TeqJ/P,]sin90'
$,
8 = arcco~[sin + COS$, C O S $ ~cos &- v1
cos (360° - aeqJ
I-
This value is used to calculate the azimuth
june 1978 69
The antenna elevation is calculated using a plane Direct line-of-sight distance can also be determined
geometric model as shown in fig. 2. Re is the earth's by the law of cosines (fig. 4).
radius (6371.315km) and Rs is the orbital radius.
According to Newton's law of gravitation, the radius
of a circular orbit is a function of the orbital period.
For any satellite in such an orbit, the centrifugal force The constants for the Oscar 6 and 7 satellites are as
( F = m$/R,) is equal t o the gravitational force follows:
( F = GM,m/R,Z). The velocity of the satellite is equal
t o the orbital circumference divided by the orbital D
%qx s
f'
Oscar 8 351.O1OOO 103.23162rnin 0
Oscar 7 348.2990° 114.9Q483rnin 0
If the satellite is below the horizon, the antenna ele- The second card is now read into the calculator.
vation will be a negative number. This is useful as a Since the exact time of acquisition is not known, a
conditional test to determine if the satellite is within rough estimate can be made based on the fact that
range. the satellite travels at about 3 degrees per minute and
Ground distance is directly proportional t o the arc
distance and can be found by D = k B , where k is * A copy of the program is available by sending a self-addressed, stamped^
111.14 for kilometers, or 69.06 for statute miles. envelope to ham rad~o,Greenville, New Hampshire 03048.
70 june 1978
it must be within 36 degrees of the station to be The user instructions for the program are straight-
heard. First, determine if the satellite is within range forward, but the following hints are useful. A date
at 0000 GMT on August 1 (213th day of 1977). need not be entered if the reference and unknown or-
bits occur within the same day. When entering a
enter press display date, it must always be entered before the time. The
213 A' 511200 (enter date) dates of the reference and unknown orbits must be
0 A - 9.23 (enter time/ either within the same month, or else each day of the
disp. elev.) year must be assigned a consecutive number. The
C 45.8 (disp. distance)
june 1978 71
The TR-7400A 2-meter FM transceiver provides
fully synthesized operation, including 600-kHz
repeater .offsets, over the entire 144-148-MHz
range. It can operate on any of 8 0 0 channels,
spaced 5 kHz apart. RF output is at least 2 5 W,
and typically 3 0 W. A low power position produces
5-1 5 W (adjustable). Included is a dual frequency
readout with large six-digit LED display plus a dial
readout. The subaudible CTCSS signaling feature
may be used on transmit and receive, or transmit
only. Optional tone-burst modules are available.
Receiver sensitivity is better than 0.4 pV for 2 0 dB
quieting. Large, high-0, helical resonators minimize
interference from outside the band. A two-pole
~h~ fully-synthesizedT R - 7 4 0 0 ~
2-meter FM 10.7-MHz monolithik crystal filter provides excellent
selectivity. options/ active filters are available for
transceiver Opemtes On channels and 15-kHz "split" operation. Intermodulation distortion
features repeater offset Over the entire 144- is down more than 6 6 dB, spurious rejection is
148-MHz range, dual frequency readout, better than -60 dB. and image rejection is better
than -70 dB.
six-digit display,and subaudible tone encoder See your local Authorized Kenwoad Dealer today.
and decoder. RF output is at least 25 watts! for a demonstration of the fantastic TR-7400A.
PS-8
The PS-8 AC power supply matches
t h e T R - 7 4 0 0 A 2-meter F M trans-
celvor, and produces 1 3 8 VDC at 8
A intermittent ( 5 0 % duty cycle) and
5 A continuous. ~t can also be used
w i t h other Kenwood VHF and UHF
MC-30s &35S
The MC.305 and MC-35s d y n a m ~ cmobtle microphones provide
mobile transceivers' I t is 1 5 0 - 5 0 0 0 Hz frequency response ( 1 5 0 - 4 0 0 0 Hz when operated
regulated (less than 2 4 % fluctuation),
has low ripple (less than mV rms,, as no~se-cancell~ng microphones).The MC-30s impedance IS 5 0 0
and features current limltinq (less and the MC-35S 1s 5 0 kQ.
than 3 A short circuit).
A S-METER Eesy-wmad. allbraled l o S8 + 4 0 d B lull8akanddBIpV
I) STANDBYlRECElVE SWITCH Dmabln audlo drcu~ts
during tram-
mat mode m t h .aad.ted tnnsrnmar.
C CALIBRATOR SWITCH Bu~lt.tnc y n a l ut~brator.w m b k lo W.
omvidas atonal m rv 25 kHz
~OISE.OL~NKER SWITCH A spec~a~~y
INTRODUCING dsvpned crystal I I I elan,-
nates n a r e pulws auch m tgnn~on-noaw~nteflerenca
MONITOR SWITCH RF ymplnng a l l o w u w r lo hear hos om wrs
~
...
HEADPHONE JACK PIOvihiOn lor plugging on headphonm
. urn
THE KENWOOD R-820 . ... . ..
MODE SWlTCH Seleclion of AM. CW. upper or lower sideband.
"
RF.ATTENUATOR SWITCH 1 0 dB steps o l anenusloon fmm 0 to
4 0 dB. l o prevsnt over(oad8ng lrom nearby stat~ons,and for p m w
With more features than ever before available in a ham- signal mmpsriwn.
D~GITALHOLD Locks counter and display while VFO is tuned to
band receiver. This triple-conversion (8.33 MHz, 455 kHz, another frequency. Helps return to "hold" frequency.
and 5 0 kHz IFs) receiver, covering all Amateur bands from VFOICRYSTAL SWITCH Pennits VFO control or c w l contml on
four wlecuble frequencies.
160 through 1 0 meters, as well as several shortwave LED INDICATORS Lightamittlng diodes indicate anivllion of notch
broadcast bands, features digital as well as analog frequency filter. c'yatalcontrolled reaption. VFO contml. and RIT.
DRS DIAL Satin-smooth VFO tuning dial aystem pmvidss taw am-
readouts, notch filter, IF shift, variable bandwidth tuning, IOQ lrequonq readout (useful when digltal hold is acl#valed).LSB.
USE.
...and . CW lrwuancies are accuratelv read tmm the same wlnlsr.
sharp IF filters, noise blanker, stepped RF attenuator, 25 NOISE.BUNKE~( LEVEL CONTROL Controls level o l blank~ng.lor
kHz calibrator, and many other features, providing more rnsxlmum e l l m on ellmnnaltng nosre ~nledefence
MONITOR CONTROL Adlusls level o l RF samplang
operating conveniences than any other ham-band receiver. TONE CONTROL Vana audto~utputfrequency rerponas
The R-820 may be used in conjunction with the Kenwood TRANSCEIVE SWITCH Selects Irsquoncv lunlng from allher ths
recawor or TS.820 sanes trenlcalver
TS-820 series transceiver, providing full transceive VBTISELECTIVITY CONTROLS Separate controls on Ihe same
frequency control. shah provide vanable bandmdlh tunlng as well 8s relecllon of lour
IF falters 250 Hz' 500 Hz'. 2 4 kHz. and 6 kHz' (bptlonal) CW Id-
I . - . _ - - m - _- ¤ -
range). These transients can be generated by a
device within the electronic gear (relays or SCRs) or
from
There has been a great deal of discussion lately
1 they may come from a number of external sources
such as lightning or power line switching.
For example, if an electric current is made to in-
about solid-state equipment failing "for no apparent crease or decrease rapidly in an inductive circuit, an
reason." If you have experienced such an occurrence extremely high voltage will be generated (directly
and you can't explain it, chances are your solid-state proportional to the amount of inductance and the
gear has been zapped by a voltage transient. These rate at which the current is attempting to change).
are the little "gremlins" that can appear at any time, While this all happens very fast, there is a possibility
unannounced, and proceed to do their dirty work on that enough energy will be generated to exceed the
your favorite electronic device (even when it is breakdown characteristics of the solid-state compo-
turned off). nents in the conduit.
While this problem may appear at first to be a Another problem area exists with transients caused
recent phenomenon, it may surprise many of you to by outside sources that find their way into solid-state
learn that voltage transients have been around for a equipment through power connections, antenna
long, long time. Why, then, have we begun to exper- lead-ins, and other signal inputs to the equipment.
ience solid-state equipment failures (traceable to This type of transient is much harder to control than
transients) only in the last few years? the internal transient, and yet can produce just as
The key to answering this question begins with an much damage.
examination of the way equipment is built today as
compared to 10 or 15 years ago. The one major and sources of voltage transients
obvious difference is the use of solid-state devices in As discussed earlier, transients may be generated
place of vacuum tubes. While transients have been under all types of conditions, and may occur on an ac
around for a long time, they never bothered vacuum line as well as dc bus. An example of the generation
tubes, which can withstand momentary abuses with- of an internal transient is one that occurs in the wind-
out damage. Consequently, we have never paid ings of the transformer in a power supply. If the line
much attention to the elusive voltage transient. To switch on the primary side of the transformer is
summarize our present situation, we know that: opened at the exact instant that the transformer core
is beginning a downward swing of magnetization
1. High energy voltage transients can destroy current (fig. 1A), a voltage spike is developed on the
solid-state devices. secondary winding of the transformer. The same
thing can happen when the power supply is first
2. We must design circuits more conservatively or turned on (fig. 1B). In this example, we are causing a
add protective devices to suppress the transients.
rapid increase of current in an inductive circuit (the
3. We must try to eliminate some of the man- transformer winding) and the result is a momentary
made causes of voltage transients. spike on the secondary circuit.
While the previous two examples involve ac cir-
In this article, I hope to provide you with some cuits, the same phenomenon can occur with the
information on what voltage transients are, what interruption of dc circuits that supply inductive loads.
causes them, why protection is necessary, and how A diode connected across the coil of a dc relay is a
to detect and suppress transients. good example (fig. 1C). When power is interrupted,
this circuit is designed to conduct and thereby clip
what are voltage transients? any high-voltage transients that may be developed.
To begin with, voltage transients are generally
considered to be abnormally high voltages, occurring By W . J. Prudhomme, WB5DEP, 6419 Rosalie
in a place where they don't belong, for an extremely Court, Metairie, Louisiana 70003
74 june 1978
FILTER
&- om.
As far as outside sources of voltage transients, one flash with almost every lightning strike. Naturally, for
of the most common is lightning striking a power line safety reasons, I don't recommend that anyone try
during a storm. Even when the strike is several kilo- this experiment. However, it should give you some
meters away, it can readily travel through the utility's idea of the amount of energy an antenna system can
power lines and play havoc with solid-state equip- absorb and what can happen if you don't protect
ment. Also, lightning in the area can generate sensitive rf circuits.
voltage spikes on your antenna that easily find their Other forms of ac voltage transients may come
way into the sensitive rf stages of receivers and from arcing contactors, incandescent lighting dim-
transceivers. Here again, the actual lightning may be mers, electric drills, appliance motors with brushes,
kilometers away and still generate enough transient power-line switching, and many more. Also, air con-
energy to damage unprotected equipment. ditioning motor-starting contactors can produce
When I was youngerand didn't know better, I used damaging transients, as well as relays in the control
to connect an NE-2 neon lamp across the lead-in of circuits.
an unused antenna to detect these occurences. Even
when an electrical storm was far away (and although
why is protection required?
the NE-2 requires about 90 volts to ignite), it would To further illustrate the fact that sensitive solid-
state equipment should be properly protected, refer
to a study conducted by the General Electric Com-
pany in 1969.1 In this study, which took two years to
complete, surge voltages in both residential and
industrial circuits were measured at 400 different
locations in twenty cities.
Surprisingly, higher surge levels were recorded in
the residential circuits than in the industrial areas. In
addition, the results showed a peak as high as 2500
volts generated by a motor contactor within a resi-
dence, and nearby lightning generated a 5600-volt
peak on a 120-volt residential service. There were
also a significant number of surges in excess of 2000
volts occurring in homes on a repetitive basis.
The GE study proved conclusively that residential
Transients are capable of destroying solid-state compo-
lighting circuits are subjected to severe transients, as
nents such as IC's, rectifiers, and transistors (even power
transistors usually assumed to be protected by heatsinksl.
well as any electronic equipment connected to those
To protect these sensitive components from voltage tran- circuits. As a result, the solid-state equipment in your
sients. it's necessary t o use some type of energy absorbing home is subject to damage from voltage spikes if not
device such as the metal oxide varistors shown i n the properly protected.
photo. These are the four round shaped components on the
right that look like disc capacitors. Commercial solid-state suppression of transients
equipment such as the well designed power supply i n the
background may be protected by installing a varistor on the There are several ways to suppress voltage tran-
line side of the power transformer. See text. sients, and depending on the circuit application,
june 1978 75
some devices are better than others. Some of the
devices available for you to choose from include
metal-oxide varistors, power zeners, and short-
circuiting devices such as spark gaps and electronic
crowbar circuits.
Metal-Oxide Varistors. These dynamic resistance
devices feature both low cost and small size, and are
capable of dissipating a considerable amount of Y .
LOW VALUE RESISTOR OR FUSE
---a
bE-- 'ZA" SERIES
you choose, will depend on the application and what
you are attempting to protect.
The best approach is to buy transient suppressors
only in component form and apply them yourself
using the guidelines in this article. Only then can you
fig. 2. Application of commercial varistors will help elimi- be assured of applying these useful devices for their
nate line transients. The L series of GE-MOV varistors can
intended purpose - protecting solid-state devices
handle up to 2750 amps (transient) and peak voltages from
95 to 1000 volts RMS (Al. The M A series varistors are used from voltage transients.
primarily in low power applications. either ac or dc. In B,
they're used to prevent contact arcing and line noise. To reference
prevent transients while switching inductive loads, the ZA 1. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-89, 1970.
series of varistors are connected across the switching tran-
sistor as shown in C. ham radio
76 june 1978
HOLDER TYPES
F-609 F-605 F605-SL
dlr
HMlU
HG17lU T 318 m u
lnternatlonal
Crystal Manufacturing Co., Inc.
guarantees I 148
CRYSTAL TYPES
FM-2 (GP) for General Purpose appl~catlons
(CS) for "Commerc~al equ~prnent
t-- 4 - 4 (HA) for H ~ g hAccuracy close temperature
tolerance requirements
lnternatlonal Crystals are available from 70
KHz to 160 MHz ~na w ~ d evartety of holders T 316
WRITE FOR INFORMATION
HC 25lU
-
r- 486-1
HC-13/U
The design philosophy behind the Broadband, Solid State Design- Embassy. Government, and future band
new Drake "7 system" has created a 100%solid state throughout. All circuits expansions in the range 1.5 thru 30
most sophisticated system concept, are broadbanded so there is no need for MHz." The Aux-7 Board provides 0 thru
extending from engineering to the preselection tuning or transmitter 1.5 MHz receive coverage and crystal-
visual appearance of the system and adjustments of any kind. controlled fixed channel operation for
each of its parts. Government, Amateur, or semi-commer-
SynthesizedfPTO Frequency cia1 applications anywhere in the hf range.
The TR-7 System is the result of one Control-A Drake exclusive: Swcial The TR-7 w/o DR-7 and Aux-7 provides
of the most extensive engineering h~yh performance synthesizer, comblned coverage of the Amateur Bands 160 thru
and development programs in the wlth the famous Drake PTO, prowdes 15 meters and the 28.5-29.0 MHz range
history of the R. L. Drake Company. smooth, linear tuning with 1 k ~ dial
z and of 10 meters. The Aux-7 Range Program
and provides the user with many I00 Hz digital readout. 500 kHz up/down Board is also useable in the standard
innovative design features. range switching is pushbutton controlled. TR-7 for extra range coverage as noted.
With the excellent design of its front
panel and controls, the system is State of the Art Receiver Design-
simple and straightforward to The Drake TR-7 introduces another
operate-makes state of the art industry first for amateur transceivers:
performance a pleasure. "Up-Conversion." in combination with a
special uhf high level double balanced
mixer for superior strong signal han-
dling, spurious and image response
performance. The first i-f of 48.05 MHz
places images well outside the receiver
Continuous. Wide Range Frequency passband, and provides for true general
Coverage-The TR-7/DR-7 provides coverage operation without i-f gaps.
reception from 1.5 thru 30 MHz-con-
tinuously, and zero thru 30 MHz con- True Passband Tuning-The TR-7
tinuously w'th the optional Aux-7 Range emolovs the famous Drake Full
Program Board. The highly advanced passbind Tuning instead of the limited
Drake Synthesizer makes this possible,
and is an industry first. The TR-7/DR-7
provides transmit coverage for all other units. The
Amateur Bands 160 thru I 0 meters. With , Drake System
the optional Aux-7 Range Program
Board, diode-programmable out-of-band
transmit coverage is available for MARS. sideband, through
'Note Out-01-hand lransmltter coverage lor MARS Gov- :1 band. In fact, the
ernment etc 1s avaalahle only 8n ranges euthot~redby Ihe range is even wlder
FCC. M818tary. or other government agency lor a specll8c
serv~cePro01 01 lhcense lor lhat servtce must besubmttled to accommodate R T V . Full passband
lo !he R L DrakeCompany. lnclud8ng the 5W kHz range lo tunlng greatly Improves receiving perfor-
be covered Upon approval. and al Ihed#rcrct#on o l the R L
Drake Company a speclat range IC wlll be supplbed lor use mance In heavy QRM.
wllh the Aux-7 Range Program Board Prlces quoled from
the lsctary See operalor r manual lor delaltr (TR-7 features continued on next page)
DRAKE TT-7 solid state
continuous coverage synthesized hf system
Unique Independent Receive Special High Power Solid State rated for continuous duty. and will easily
SelectMty-Optional receiving PA-A Drake custom-designed diagonal handle power requirements. The System
selectivity filters can be installed heat sink provides for an internally is rated 250 watts input-in any of its
internally and pushbutton-selectedfrom mounted power amplifier with nothing modes. Fully VSWR protected.
the front panel. These mav be selected mounted outboard subject to phvsical
independentlyof transmitmode and damage. The unique ai; ducting effect of
provide optimum response for various this amplifier allows an optional rear-
TR-7 Internal Test Facllltles-As well
as the standard "S" meter function, the
conditions of ssb, cw, R m , and a-m. mounted fan to provide continuous duty
TR-7 metering includes a built-in rf
You may also transmit cw while receiving on SSTV/RTTY. Continuous ssb/cw
Wattmeter/VSWR Bridge. Also, the DR-7
ssb, or vice versa, or even transmit one operation is available without the fan, due
digital counter reads frequencies to 150
sideband while receiving the other. The to the excellent heat sink design. The
M M for test purposes. Access to the
standard filter is 2.3 kHz for ssb. You may optional Drake PS-7 Ac Supply is rugged.
counter is from the rear panel.
choose from optional 300 Hz. 500 Hz. a
special' .8 kHz for crowded ssb. or 6 kHz
filter for a-m.
5 UNITS DECIBELS
T .:>) :-q' 1 3 5 7 9 10 20 30 60 80
.-.-.
. I? .
-:.o--"
b -.,-
Model 1337 Drake TR-7 Transceiver . . . . . . . . . . .$ 886.00 Model 1502 Drake PS-7 1201240V Ac Supply
Model 1530 Drake DR-7 General Coverage1 includes special wide range voltage and
Digital Readout Board ............ 186.00 frequency capability. Operates from
any nominal line voltage (90-132 VI
Model 1336 Drake TR-7lDR-7 General Coverage 180-264 V; 50-60 Hz) ideal for overseas $166.00
Digital R/O Transceiver . . . . . . . . . . . 1072.00
Model 1338 Drake RV-7 Remote VFO .......... 156.00
Model 1536 Drake Aux-7 Range Program Board . . . . 38.00
Model 1531 Drake MS-7 Matching Speaker . . . . . . . . . 33.00
Model 1537 Drake NB-7 Noise Blanker . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.00
Model 1529 Drake FA-7 Fan ....................... 24.00
Model 7021 Drake SL-300 Cw Filter. 300 Hz . . . . . . . . . 49.00
Model 7022 Drake SL-500 Cw Filter. 500 Hz . . . . . . . . . 49.00
Model 7023 Drake SL-1800 SsbIRTTY Filter, 1.8 kHz . 49.00
Model 7024 Drake SL-6000 A-m Filter. 6.0 kHz . . . . . . 49.00
Model 1335 Drake MMK-7 Mobile Mounting Kit ..... to be
announced
Model 1538 Drake MN-7 250 Watt 160-10 Meter
Antenna Tuner with Rf Wattmeter and
complete switching functions. . . . . . . . . . 165.00
Model 1514 Drake WH-7 Hf WattmeterNSWR Bridge 89.00
The Drake State of the Art unfolds an entirely NEWArt of the States!
TO receive a FREE Drake Full Lrne Catalog, please send name and dale of this publication to
Western Sales and Service Center. 2020 Western Street. Las Vegas. Nevada 89102 . 7021382-9470
june 1978 81
4. A fuse is blown, but usually too late to protect As seen in fig. 1, a PNP pass transistor is driven by
the circuit. a complimentary NPN monolithic Darlington. The
Darlington in turn is current driven by a medium-gain
5. The power supply contains an extremely fast
transistor which acts as a voltage error detector.
over-current sensing circuit that will cut off the
This form of regulator has proven to be very sensitive
current in less than 200 nanoseconds.
and reliable in that it will hold t o within 30 mV from
This article will describe just such an over-current no load to a 15 ampere load, with less than 10 mV
shut-down circuit. ripple at full load.
Over the past few years, there have been some The shutdown portion of the circuit uses an SCR
new and novel voltage-regulator devices which will to rob the base current from the Darlington pair.
tolerate shorts or over-current loads by application of When the SCR is triggered from the voltage com-
current fold-back circuits or thermal shutdown. parator, the point between the 470-ohm resistor and
Other versions which use a crow-bar device rely on CR2 is effectively grounded, reducing the output
blowing a fuse in the power supply primary. This voltage to zero. U1, a pA311 voltage comparator, is
method, however, is rather brutal treatment, and is used t o sense the voltage drop caused by over-
often fatal t o the pass transistor. I feel that a "grace- current across the hnro 0.1-ohm resistors. The nonin-
ful" but high-speed shutdown circuit is necessary to verting input of the comparator is fed from a sepa-
protect both the newly developed circuit and the rately regulated source (U2). The inverting input is
power supply. Essentially, it must shutdown and not the actual output voltage, after it has been appro-
l e v MIN.
2 5 V MAX.
: 0.I +
0
REGULATED
I3.6V
15A
01
INPUT 2N5.983
CURRENT
15A
150 ::
CR2
470 IN4001
,
, :,U
5W
1
N. C
MOMENTARY .:Rl
::910 7.750 25V
2w
1k
-
I
"r
,I
Q6
2N2322
': R 3
4 7k sr
I ': R 2
CR3 CR4 Y' 5 k
GREEN L E D
IOOpF
I
-
0 0
T
fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the high-current power supply. The separate 5-volt regulator is used to bias one input of the voltage
comparator. The SCR is fired when the second leg of the voltage comparator detects a drop across the 0.1 ohm resistors. Sf is
a normally-closed momentary type switch. Q1 must have an adequate heatsink (see text).
be allowed to restart after some pre-determined cur- priately divided. When an under-voltage condition is
rent level has been exceeded. created by over current, the output of the compara-
This power supply contains a high-gain error volt- tor will go high, turning on the SCR. To restart the
age control circuit and a voltage comparator that regulator, it is necessary to momentarily disconnect
functions as a high-speed switch. the anode of the SCR, after clearing the over current
82 june 1978
condition. The green and red LEDs are used t o in- RF Power Meter - General Microwave
Model 451. electrically identical t o HP430C
dicate the status of the regulator, with red indicating $34.95
that the SCR has been fired. Bolometer with purchase of Power Meter
only $45.00
construction
The actual construction of the power supply is
Audio Compressor AN/GSA-33
Fwe ~dentdcalplug-in compres-
-
sor amps with power supply in
straightforward. However, the pass transistor must 19 lnch rack. All solid state,
have an adequate heatsink. The power dissipated is 600(! in & out, great for auto
patch and phone patch. Welghs
less than 30 Ibs. Built like a battlesh~p. $34.95
Wdirs = (Vin - Vout) + Vcfiat X ICE. POWER SUPPLIES
28 Volt. 18 Amp Regulated Power Supplies (llOV in) $75.00
To setup and adjust the supply, all components 12 Volt, 18 Amp Regulated Power Supplies (110V in) $85.00
are connected with the exception of the SCR, Q6. A Duel 3WV D.C. 1 amp fully metered $85.00
100-ohm, 100-watt adjustable resistor can be used as RECEIVERS
Collins 651F-1. 2 t o 30 MHz in 100 cycle steps, digital tuning.
a load. With the load resistor set for maximum re-
sistance, the power supply is energized and R1 is ad-
controlled, wtth allrace:,
USB/LSB/ISB. Stabil~t I part in 108. Completely remote
connectors, control head. $1400.00
-
- justed for the desired output voltage (13.6 volts). A n
oscilloscope can also be connected to determine if
R-388/51J Collins 0.54 to 31 MHz
R-390A - 0.54 to 31 MHz. overhauled complete
Astrocom SR201. 30-300 MHz, all solid state
$375.00
$595.00
$450.00
RACAL Model 6217A. 980 kHz. 32 MHz. All Solid State, takes
there are any oscillations on the output waveform. If about 3 inches of rack space, digital tunlng $L600.00
LTV G l l l Panoramic Recvr includes CRT display. 100.150 MHz
so, a 27-pF capacitor connected from collector to with converters. Will make a fine spectrum analyzer. f 150.00
emitter of 03 should eliminate the problem. C 3 a- .'iTMR-5 with front end plug-ins t o cover
105.140 MHz and 200-260 MHz. $250.00
With a high-impedance voltmeter connected to
We have complete documentation for all
the wiper arm, R2 should be adjusted to provide 2 TMR.5 series including plug-ins.
volts to the comparator. This is the reference set CEI type 415, 60-?',O MHz, all solid state, modular constr.. xtal
controlled. 4 clranrrels. Incredible value. $85.00
point and should not be disturbed once set. After 635V-1 Collins Preselector band pass Filters -
They're backl
moving the voltmeter to the wiper of R3, this poten- 2 to 3 MHz. 1 kHz steps, with copy of manual and rack and
connector. $275.00
tiometer should be set for a reading of 2.5 volts. With SX-115 Immaculate with speaker and manual. $450.00
ANWRR2, 2.30 MHz, synthesized or continuous tunin
the meter still connected to R3, change the tap on pletely bench checked. t6&?%
the load resistor to the 50-ohm point. The 2.5 volt TEST EQUIPMENT
Bird 6835 Termination Wattmeter complete RF Assy. - NEW1
reading should not change. 1.2 KW. 600 watts. 120 watts full scale. You add oil and
The final step consists of checking the action of meter. $95.00
SPECIAL: Micromatch in.line wattmeters, complete guts, less
06. With the power supply switched off, connect the meters. good t o 500 MHz. You add 5OuA meter. Removed from
equipment. $24.95
SCR. Also disconnect the load resistor and set the HP4OODR Audio VTVM -
NEW $125.00
Solartron DA41O Transfer Function Analyzer with manual.
slider for a resistance of 1 ohm, but do not recon- $475.00
nect the resistor at this time. After re-energizing the Weinschel 693-1 Power Attenuators, 30 watt avg.. IOKW peak.
$65.00
supply, the red LED should be on; pressing the arm- HP764D Dual directional coupler. 200.500 MHz. $100.00
ing switch will turn on the green LED while ex- FXR. 20 dB directional coupler. 200.400 MHz. $75.00
HP340B Noise Figure Meter with HP343A Noise Source
tinguishing the red. If the LEDs do not function as $275.00
HP608D. 10.420 MHz. $425.00
indicated, remove the SCR and check the voltage on Crystal Detectors. HP.423A or equivalent. $25.00
R3 to ensure that it's no lower than 2.5 volts. Also, TRANSMllTERS
check the voltage on the output of the comparator; it Collins KWT6.6/URC32 - 2.30 MHz. 1 kHz steps. complete
xcvr. 500 watt PEP output. 500 watt CW output. AM capability.
should be less than 100 millivolts. With the SCR in- Complete and running. $1850.00
stalled and the circuit armed, the gate of Q6 should Standard lT/ pad mounted In
a sturdy steel case incl. 2 vol-
also measure less than 100 millivolts. ume pots & I push button
To test the circuit, momentarily connect the 1- labeled "Stereo" -
Also has 2
phone jacks for headphones.
ohm load resistor the to supply output. The shut- microphone, etc. Will make a
down circuit should operate instantaneously, and the fine control head. $24.95
red LED should come on. You should test this action
several times to verify consistent shutdown. T I T to Pulse Converter - re-
A t one ohm, the load current is 13.6amps, but you quires 12.24 VDC
can adjust R3 t o actuate the shutdown at any current
you desire. However, the voltage from R3 must not
I",,I,IIUM.III.IIIIU('I~I
be lower than R2's voltage or the circuit will lock up Note: We have a crossbar switch and drlver electronics which
when used with the above board, will make a colnpiete remote
in the fired mode. This system has been in use for control system. Wtll dicker or swap.
over a year and has operated flawlessly during the Wanted: Documentation for AN/WRR-2, plug-ins and IF Amp-
llflers for TMR.5.
entire time, even when powering tube-type mobile
transmitters. DISC-CAP, 1434 REYNOLDS ST.
ham radio AUGUSTA, GA. 30902 404-722-1121
~ a Residents
. . add State Sales Tax. Unfortunately. Disc-Cap
c a n only service U.S. customers.
-
june 1978 83
command function
debugging circuit
designs were passed around and considered, and a
few almost built, but the one described here was
finally implemented - for three reasons: one, it
This device takes works; two, it costs nothing to build; and three, it
was built before any of the others. The design was
command information based on the available components, and on the as-
sumption that it might be necessary to drive a num-
from standard ber of different types of loads. These considerations
led to the use of transistor switches and reed relays
PLL function decoders to provide the outputs.
I
The output circuitry from the tone decoder is
shown in fig. 1. In our repeater, the debugging cir-
a short time delay
OUTPUT
680
84 june 1978
BY POPULAR DEMAND - we are contlnutng to offer
p h b w i t h any purchase of $99 or more from ad or
is actuated at a time, only a single delay circuit is re- FREE flyer, a Faorchild clock module FCS-8100A
quired. The diodes at the input of the delay timer "L'lilqsuggest*l retail price $20).
form a multiple-input OR gate to actuate the delay
after any digit has been decoded.
The timer itself is not very critical, especially since
four different transistor types were used (even an un-
identified NPN transistor). In its quiescent state, 0 1 is
biased on, charging C1 to approximately 8 volts. This
level maintains Q2 and 0 3 on, and 0 4 off. When a
function is decoded, Ql's base is effectively ground- LOO^ at these Summer Specials
ed back through the two diodes and QA. With the
- transistor now cut off, C1 will discharge through R3.
COMPLETE KITS: CONSISTING OF
EVERY ESSENTIAL PART NEEDED
1 ATTENTION RADIO CLUBS
For c l ~ b ogroup
l prqeclr. r uesl FREE
TO MAKE YOUR COUNTER COM. 1nIormal8on about ouf D I s ~ U N T Son
PLETE. HAL-6OOA 7 - D I G I T any 01 !he H A i TRONIX kits Discounls
ran08 from 10 25% deoendlno uoon
COUNTER WlTH FREOUENCY the"quan~tlyneed& '' -
RANGE OF ZERO TO 6 0 0 MHz We are erwrtenced In svpplymg httr ~n
volume quanltllen 10 r c h w l r , lamra-
FIGURE I FEATURES TWO INPUTS. ONE 1 lortes clubs dnd c o m m o n - ~ n l e r e s l
I DEBUGBED
OUTPUI FOR LOW FREOUENCY AN0 ONE groups Nobody beats HAL-TRONIX
OUTPUT qual~lyand prce Just try us and see for
FOR HlGH FREOUENCY; AUTO. youlnell
T O DELAY I N O I ~ REED R r L A r MATICZEROSUPPRESSION. TIME
CIRCUtT
+a" BASE IS 1.0 SEC OR .1 SEC GATE
WlTH OPTIONAL 1 0 SEC GATE
A V A I L A B L E . ACCURACY + Y k W
.001%. UTILIZES 10-MHz CRYS. FROM
-
r- P DEBUBGED
OUTPUT
cOMhlANO TAL 5 PPM
HAL-TRONIX
COMPLETEKIT.. . sd.. . nz9 DELUXE 12-BUTTON TOUCH-
T O DELAY IN914 REED RELAY TONE ENCODER KIT ul~ltz!nothe new
CIRCUIT 1K.M 1211b cllttr Pfavdes mt; VISUAL
H A L - 3 0 0 1 7-DIGIT COUNTER AN11 AlllllO 1 ~ 1 0 ~ ~ d t 1Comes o n l ' wllh Its
WlTH FREOUENCY RANGE OF owrl two tone dnMlled a l ~ m ~ ncab#- ~m
n r l Mt,srurer only ? % 1 3 J f . ' Cam
ZERO TO 3 0 0 MHz. FEATURES olele wllh Touth Tone oad board
TWO INPUTS ONE FOR LOW FRE- E,ysia~, cnrp and at1 "ece;sary co&:
n c n l l to llrrlrh the kll
OUENCY AND ONE FOR HlGH FRE. PRICED AT. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . $8.95
OUENCY, AUTOMATIC ZERO SUP. For those who wlsh 10 mount Ihe encoder
PRESSION. TIME BASE IS 1.0 SEC #nn handheld unlt. the PC b a r d meas-
OR .1 SEC GATE WlTH OPTIONAL ures ony 9/16' x 1%" Thlr panoal h11
w!lh PC board. cryslal. chip and rom-
10 SEC GATE AVAILABLE. ACCU- ponenls
RACY 5 .OOl%. UTILIZES 10. PRICEOAT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $14.95
MHz CRYSTAL 5 PPM.
COMPLETE KIT. . . $@. . .$109
... .S l 9 . B I
HAL-SOA 8-DIGIT COUNTER WlTH
FREQUENCY RANGE OF ZERO TO I HAL.0300PRE..
!&'re drilled G I 0 board and all
~omoonents~
.....$29.95
I
I
50 MHz OR BETTER. AUTOMATIC HAL.~-~OO~IA..
DECIMAL POINT. ZERO SUPPRES- ISdnle as . m v e bul m t h prwmp)
fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the add-on debugging circuit. SlON UPON DEMAND. FEATURES
TWO INPUTS: ONE FOR LOW FRE-
H Ajrre
L - 0dt811c0
6 0 0 P RG10
CO~DO~PIIISI
....$39.95all
E . . board and
Instead of the commands being controlled by transistor
OUENCY INPUT. AND ONE ON
switches, they are controlled by reed relays. The delay por-
tion of the circuit prevents the relays from picking up on
PANEL FOR USE WlTH ANY IN-
TERNALLY MOUNTED HALTRONIX
PRE-BUILT
noise spikes. The transistors can be almost any NPN type. PRE.SCALER FOR WHICH PROVI- COUNTERS
R3 should be adjusted for the desired delay. SIONS HAVE ALREADY BEEN AVAILABLE
MADE. 1 . 0 SEC AND .1 SEC TIME .
H A L - 6 0 O A . . . . . . .. S229.00
GATES. ACCURACY t .001%.
HAL-3OOA ....... $199.00 ..
The value of this resistor can be adjusted for the
UTILIZES 1O.MHz CRYSTAL 5
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ALLOW 4 TO 6-WEEK DELIVERY ON
desired amount of time delay, in our case approxi- COMPLETE KIT. .. . . $109 PRF RIJII IUNITS
mately 0.1 second. When the voltage on the base of
02 drops below about 1.2 volt, Q2 and Q3 are cut off
and 0 4 is turned on. With 0 4 on, the reed relay is ac- * ~ pHAL-TRONIX
, I
I
\\
tuated, but when a noise spike is decoded as a pulse, PO BOX 1101. SOUTHGATE. MI 48195
the 2N3644 is turned on; since most noise pulses are "HAL"
PHONE(313) 285-1782
very short in duration, they do not allow the timer to H * S O U ) & Z y SHIPPING INFORYLTION:
complete the circuit to actuate the relay. ORDERS OVER $15 00 WILL BE SHIPPED m s T n t D EXCEPT ON
ITEMS WHERE ADDITIONAL CHARGES ARE REOUESTED ON
ORDERS LESS IHAN 115 00 PLEASE INCLUDE ADDITIONAL
ham radio $1 00 FOR HANDLING AND MAILING CHARGES SEND SASE FOR
FRtt FLYER
june 1978 85
Power Nomono1 13 8 VDC lnpul at 15 amps. Spurrous Hllrrnonrcs better lhan 45 d B below
Requlremcntr: neqatwe ground only Radlatlon 30 MHz, bettor than - 6 0 d B above including m i c r o p h o n e ond
30 MHz
Power RCCO~VF - 5 5 WRIIS I~ncIudesdcal and mobile m o u n t , too.
Consumpllen: meler I m p s ) . Transmrt - 260 watts Frequency Less lhan 100 Hz Qrtlt per hour l l r o m a
Slabtl~ty cold slatt at room temperalure1
Olmen~lonr: 3-114" high i 9" wmde i 12-1'2' deep
(8255 mrn r 2286 mm 1 317 5 m m l Microphone Hlgh tmppdancp 3000 ohm OPTIONS & ACCESSORIES
Reeslrcr:
Wclghl: 8-114 IbS (3 66 k g ) Noise Blanker -
Sen.i~t#v~ty Better than 0 5 walls audm oulput lot
PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS 0 5 ,'V lnpuf Model No. PC 701 . . . . . . . . . . . $29.95
Frequency Range: 80 meter hand - 3 5 I n 4 0 MHz Sqnat-lo-NO~SF Better than 10 dB SaNiN tor 100 kHzand 25 kHz
40 meter band - 7 0 to 7 5 MHz Ratto 0 5 ,,V rnout Dual Crystal Calibrator -
Model No. PC 801 . . . . . . . . . . . $14.95
70 meter hand - 14 0 to 14 5 MHz Image Ratlo Rptter than 60 dB
Modes: CW USB. LSB (typ~calwltn eespect to 0 5 LV inpcrl 80 melers -
RF lnpul Power: SSB - 250 watts PEP namlnat 130 OR 4n melrrs - 100 dB 20 mPtPrs - 75 dB1 Portable Power Supply - Model
CW - 250 walls DC marcmum IF R ~ t e c l ~ o n Better than -70 d B No. ALDA PS 115: average duty
Iadl~~laht~I (lyplcal w ~ l hrespect lo 0 5 pV input 80 melam -- 15 amp unregulated, Input -
110 dR 40 mr.rrr5 - 80 dB. 20 mrtprs - 75 dB1
Trsnsmlller: 115f230 VAC. 50160 Hz: outout -
IntPrmodUlsllon
AntPnna
Pomt
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13.8V nom1nala115amps. . . . $79.95
lmpedanc~ 50 ohm. ,onhstancrd
Heavy Duty Power Supply - Model
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Snde-Band POWP~ MOW than 3 WB114 regulated 30 amp at 13 8 VDC. ~ n p u- t
I;c~ppreascon Better than 55 dB nt 1000 Hz Audm D ~ s t o r t ~ n n Lcrs rnnn 5% nt 3 watts 1151230 VAC. 50160 Hz.. . . . . $149.95
alda communications, inc. 215 VIO EI Cenrro Oceonade. CA 92054 (714) 433-6123
EUROPE Conlacl Dallrcorn Box 442 S Iq4 114 UDOlanOs Vdsby Sweden
EXCEPT FRANCE P O U ~ ~ ~ PD~~ ~l tU~ C
~ tiPclron8quP
rSo n Sail 89 8,sRue De
ALDA 103 15 complerely monufocrured In rhe U S A Cnn?tanlnr>- IsOl,' Par#$
no-cost
grid-dip meter
tuning. If a fairly clean capacitor is used - one which
is not corroded and has good wipers - tuning will be
unusually smooth and free from spurious dips. From
the photographs it is obvious that it is more bulky
than most commercial dippers. The vacuum tube
protruding from the end may not be pretty, but this
How to use no-cost parts arrangement contributes substantially to frequency
stability.
salvaged from an The schematic, fig. 1, shows the basic circuit. The
tuning capacitor is the type commonly used in older
old broadcast radio five-tube ac-dc broadcast sets. If you have no 150-
volt supply easily available, you can add a series re-
sistor in the B + line. This resistor should be about
to build a grid dipper 50k for each 100 volts higher than the desired 150-
volt supply. For instance, if the dipper is t o be run
that tunes from a 350-volt supply, the supply voltage is 200
volts too high, so a 100k dropping resistor would be
from 1 to 90 MHz chosen. It can be any value from 82k to 120k, and
should be rated at 2 watts. The heater voltage can
probably be picked off the same supply.
If you don't have a milliammeter available, you can
use a 1000 ohms-per-volt rnultimeter on the 1.0- or
1.5-volt scale, or you can install a 2.2k resistor in
In these days of shortages and skyrocketing prices place of the meter and read across this resistor with
it seems improbable that anything could be free. a 20,000 ohms-per-volt multimeter or vtvm on a 1.O-
However, except for a little spray paint, the instru- to 1.5-volt scale. This hookup is shown in fig. 2.
ment described here can, in truth, be free. Originally If you want to modulate the dipper, you can add
it was built for novice use to enable them t o prune the simple circuit shown in fig. 3. This transistor os-
antenna systems, and to serve as an absorption cillator is powered by the dipper grid current and grid
wavemeter to insure output was on the correct band. modulates the dipper. This makes it easier to locate
It has proven so stable and reliable, however, that it the dipper signal during calibration, and allows the
can also serve a more experienced ham as a rugged dipper to be used as a temporary signal generator for
instrument for general purpose work, and where
considerably more output is needed than is available
from solid-state dippers.
The frequency range is limited to approximately
I alignment work.
june 1978 87
The dipper can also be used to check that your
rig is tuned to the correct band. Switch off the B +
voltage to the dipper, but leave the heater voltage
on. Poke the dipper into the rig near the output tank
coil after you have tuned the rig, and tune the dipper
for a peak instead of a dip. The peak will indicate
which band you are actually on. Be careful of the
high voltage!
plug-in coils
All the coils are wound on bases of defunct octal
tubes. For those of you who have never smashed
tubes, it can be done safely by holding the tube by
This view shows the GDo with the top of the enclosure and
the base with the glass envelope against the inside of
the dial face removed. The capacitor shaft fits through the
a wastebasket. Give the glass a sharp rap with a notch in the top.
hammer and the tube breaks without showering
glass around as you would expect. Normally, the
glass part cemented into the base remains relatively hole. Be sure the desired pins are cleaned of solder.
It sometimes helps to run a piece of enameled wire
down through the pin hole while heating the pin with
a soldering iron. The wire sizes listed on the sche-
matic need not be exactly as shown. Those are the
wire sizes I used, but coils 2, 3 and 4 could use the
wire commonly used in the yoke windings of TV
sets. The first coil could use either number-34 or -36.
This size range is often found in audio interstage
transformers. If you are unwinding a transformer, it
is easy to find out whether a particular wire size will
fit. From the loose end of the transformer winding,
coil frequency wire number measure 14 m m (9116 inch) and place a bit of mask-
number range size of turns ing tape there as a marker. As you unwind to this
1 0.97 - 2.9 MHz 34AWG (0.16 mm) 87 point, count the turns. If there are at least 80 turns to
2 2.8 - 8.7 MHz 24AWG (0.51 mm) 27 that point, the wire is small enough
- for the job.
3 6.7 - 20 MHz 24AWG 10.51 mm) 12 As a last resort, if you can't find wire that small,
4 15 - 45 MHz 20 AWG (0.81 mml 5
5 30 - 90 MHz 20 AWG 10.81 mm) 2
you can find a size that allows perhaps, 60 turns in
the total length. Wind the 60 turns, then continue
fig. 1. All the parts for this "no-cost" grid dipper were sal-
winding over the first layer to get a smooth layer of
vaged from old radios and N sets. All coils are wound on
32 mm 11-114 inches) diameter octal tube bases: winding
about 15 turns. Then wind up over that second layer
length is 14 mm 19/16 inch). with a third layer totaling, perhaps, 10 turns. If you
have never hand wound coils, here are some of the
basics: First, carefully scrape the enamel insulation
intact. This part of the glass can be broken up by from one end of the wire. Poke the end through the
punching it with a screwdriver. The remaining hole in the base nearest the pin end. Now poke the
cement can easily be scratched out with a jackknife. wire down through the proper pin and solder it into
Remove the leads from the pins by applying a solder- the pin. Carefully pull the excess wire back through
FP s=T+v
ing iron to the tips of the base pins while you pull on
the leads with a pair of pliers.
Line up the tube bases after they are cleaned and
select a pair of pins roughly opposite from each I P ~
other (different tubes may have different base ar- "ZW 20.
VOM O ~ M , ~
88 june 1978
stand it on the open end of the form as the cement
slowly tries to run off the form. When it sets suffi-
ciently that it stops running, leave it overnight. The
next day add a second heavy coat. This will form a
protective coating that will securely hold the turns in
place when inserting or removing the coil, assuring
that your calibration remains accurate.
Several of the coils are space-wound. After the
winding of these coils is completed, the turns can
be adjusted slightly until they are uniformly spaced.
enclosure construction
The photograph of the disassembled dipper shows
_ T h e finished grid-dip oscillator with the coils for different
the method of forming the sheet metal case. It was
tuning ranges.
made of galvanized iron of the type used for furnace
ducts. To form the sheetmetal box you need a couple
the 1.5 mm (1116 inch) hole. Avoid kinks as they lengths of angle iron about one foot long, and one
seriously weaken the wire. If one of these kinks piece about 5.7 cm (2-114 inch) long. Cold-rolled
forms, straighten the wire as you pull it through the steel barstock is even better. Stock about 13x19 mm
hole so the kink isn't pulled tight. (112 by 314 inch) is good. In case you have neither,
Now reel off a length of wire and fasten the spool pick up some scraps of oak flooring and have a friend
in a vise. Pull the wire taut. Make sure there are no cut off the tongue and groove to give you a nice
kinks, though. Holding the coil form with both sharp corner. You also need a vise and a fairly husky
hands, wind your way toward the vise, keeping C-clamp. Be sure to lay out and bend up the main
tension on the wire. When the correct number of
turns are on the form, hold the winding from slip-
'ping with one hand and cut off the wire to leave 15 to
20 cm (6 to 8 inches) of excess. With your free hand,
scrape the enamel off enough of this end to get
through the other pin. Poke this end of the wire
through the top 1.5 mm (1116 inch) hole, pull it up
tight, and put your thumb over it to keep it from slip-
fig. 4. Sheet-metal layout used for the grid-
ping. Poke the end down through the correct pin and
dipper chassis.
pull it taut. Pull it over to the side to make a sharp
bend at the end of the tube pin. This will prevent the
wire from slipping back through while you solder it chassis first. Fig. 4 shows the layout I used. If your
to the pin. Now you can trim up the pin ends with tuning capacitor is larger, make your box slightly
a file. larger. Take pains to make the layout very accurate.
Coat the entire winding and winding surface of It saves headaches later when you bend up the lid.
the coil form with plastic model cement for Styrene Fig. 5A shows a cross-section if the bends are
models. Put on a heavy coat. For perhaps 15 min- made correctly. Notice that the overall width is
utes you will have to alternately stand the coil on the 6 cm (2-318 inch) plus two metal thicknesses. The
plastic locator between pins, then tip it over and reason for this is quite obvious if you look at fig. 58.
If the bending bar is placed exactly on the line, the
outside edge of the metal extends one metal thick-
ness beyond the line. Now look at fig. 6A: the metal
is clamped differently than in fig. 56. If you make
r2b one bend as in fig. 5B and the other bend as in fig.
"PI
6A, you will end up with the lopsided, inaccurate
cross section shown in fig. 6B. Compare the di-
rm%srDs PMP MIIY~NIUI mensions with those in fig. 5A; to get these dimen-
ZU.04. PUI3OI. 2 * I J O 3 , Z U I 3 0 3 .
2n3o?. r r c sions, you must clamp the bending bars as shown in
fig. 3. Simple modulator for the grid-dipper for fig. 1 uses a
fig. 7.
simple two-transistor oscillator which is powered by the This leads to a simple sheet-metal rule: if you want
grid current of the dipper. the inside dimension of a U-shaped bend held to a
june 1978 89
' A
E'-.
size marked on a layout, the bending bars must also 3/8"'6"m'
2 3 / 8 " PLUS
I-. BAR STOCK
("YO REODJ
place it on the metal as shown in position A and
scribe a line on the metal. Swing it around to position
B and see if it falls exactly on the previously scribed
line. Watch out for a head with a crooked edge, as in
fig. 9. Strive for an accuracy of about 0.5 m m in 25
T mm (1164 inch in 10 inches), or better. It will make
your work far easier.
fig. 5. Proper method of bending the sheet metal used for calibration
the chassis (see text).
Finally, let's cover calibration of the grid dipper.
Up to about 30 MHz it can be checked against a
Locate and drill all socket holes, mounting holes general-coverage receiver. Above that frequency
and check the fit, then thoroughly clean both pieces you may have to find a friend with a calibrated vhf
with household cleanser. After they are dry they can dipper. Begin calibration at the lowest frequency and
be sprayed inside and out with gray primer paint work toward the high end because general-coverage
before assembly and wiring is begun. The dial is receivers commonly use a 455-kHz i-f which leads to
made from a piece of card stock glued to the outer poor image response at the higher frequencies.
box. This is covered with a piece of clear plastic Starting at the low end, your calibration points will
(small pieces are often available as scrap from hard- be accurate. If you are in doubt about one point,
ware stores or glass shops). The "unbreakable" you can return to the last point to be sure you are
window panes are usually Plexiglass or Lexan, and correct, then carefully proceed higher in frequency.
they have very good rf insulating properties. For Another check is t o watch the receiver's S-meter.
using a dial bezel, it is masked, then the layout drawn The image signal is usually noticeably lower on the
on the masking tape. With a sharp knife, cut away S-meter.
the part to be painted and spray with acrylic lacquer.
Your first homemade enclosure may take time and
may be less than a professional job, but if you prac-
tice, using scraps of metal that can be picked up
free, you will soon find it possible to do a fast, ac-
ONE THICKNESS
curate job the first time. I usually spend less than a .---------------
I; L
half-hour to make this sort of enclosure. The result
is that you are no longer limited to standard box
BENDING BARS
?/8" + I
f95mml
WICK-
N
E
I 1 3 / ~ ,"9 5 m m ~
7
sizes or costs. Your dollar savings will pay for any in- T T
vestment in tools many times over. For example, you Q 0
can get a combination 'quare at a discount fig. 6. If bend bars are not used properly, one side of the
for as little as a dollar, but in most cases they are chassis will have a different dimension than the other due to
anything but square! The aluminum or pot metal metal thickness (see text). Proper setup is shown in fig. 7.
90 june 1978
ANGULIR ERROR
\'?-I
june 1978 91
neat packaging for
vhf prescalers
word for this, of course, is vicarious and we'd be in
rough shape without being able to enjoy things
Novel packaging vicariously.
Even with the best intentions, many construction
for K4GOK's prescaler projects find their way into a file cabinet to await
future action. Occasionally one may be pulled from
uses readily the file and placed on the workbench for further
thought, but every now and then lightning strikes
available parts and a construction article comes along to absolutely
ruin your peace of mind until you can translate that
A t least one t h i n g i s quite apparent from the pop- writer's words into reality.
ularity of technical literature in amateur radio circles. K4GOK's prescaler, as detailed in ham radio for
A large part of the hamming community is putting February, 1976,* was just such a bolt for me. It
certain minimums of time into electronic gear con- turned out so well and so easy to assemble that I
struction. To a big segment of talented do-it-your- thought it deserved a little extra mention in all the
selfers in hamdom, this kind of involvement is neces- shacks where it is filed under projects - future.
sary to get maximum enjoyment from the hobby. It's There is probably a great number of frequency
not easy. Even those who live for the smell of hot counters in use which conk out at 50 MHz - or less.
rosin and solder soon learn that workbench time is a The need, however, for accurate frequency rneasure-
scarce luxury. One result of the paucity of time is ment in today's hamshack is in the order of 300 MHz,
that we get only the highest priority stuff to the and if not a requirement for 2-meter fm, it is certainly
bench and quite simply, lean on the stories others tell a great convenience.
(or write) to learn about out-of-reach or lower priority 'M. D. Kitchens. K4GOK. "VHF Prescaler for Digital Frequency Counters,"
items. ham radio. February 1976, page 32.
It is pretty well known that not being in a position
to build a super hot new receiver doesn't spoil the By Alan Smith, W8CHK, 3213 Barth Street,
fun of reading about how the author did it. The buzz Flint, Michigan 48504
92 june 1978
There is no problem if you are in a position to se-
lect your needs from a supplier's shelf, but if you are
in the more common position and want t o soup up a
flea market special or your old reliable Heath 1101,
this prescaler is for you. In the past when your YAESU or r(EhWOO0 dealer sad tne CW crystal
t~ttertor your set was Optbnll yo^ had a cnolce Buy one 01 h ~ sSt#ndlrd
The construction approach recommended here is units-or do without.
to build the prescaler as a separate unit. It will be NO LONGER!
easy on time and gentle on your pocketbook. You NOW FOX-TANGOnot only offers liners similar in bandwldth to those sup-
Dl~edby your set's manulacturer, but also sharp eioht-pole. 250 Hz band-
can even get several parts at your local Radio Shack Vr atn in~iersw In supertor shape lactors at an'untreatable p i c e some -
store. slmo ar unsts are becnq adveRlS€d tor $100' And even so. t h q an no( 8s
sharp.
The unit in the photograph was built by my son,
WB8YO6, and is a self-contained copy of the circuit BUT THAT'S NOT ALL
Yaesu's CW lliters lor the FT-101. FR-101 and FT-301 Series have a
described by K4GOK. As shown in the photo, it is set bandwldth 01600 Hz Most hams 16-31600 Hz is t w wldefor today's condl-
up to prescale two-meter signals with a rubber duck tlons but that's not the only reason they lind the going rough when the
band IS crowded: Yaesu's lliterr are only six-pole. Ours are e~aht- ole -
antenna as the coupling element. w ~ t ha superlor shape factor and 500 Hz bandw~dth W~deenoigh for tun-
The case is an Archer 270-250 ($2.98 from Radio Ing ease, yet sharp and Selectwe enough to cut through all but the
heavlesf ORM And lor Ihe Kenwood CW enthuslasf FOX TANGO now ol-
Shack). You can get the transistors at Radio Shack lers In addttlon to the sharp elght-pole 250 Hz unlts for the TS 520.
R 599 and the TS 820 Ser~es now elght-pole 400 Hz lllters w ~ t hcharac.
terlstlcs Superlor to thoseol the regular Kenwood 500 Hz unlts
SOME REAL OPTIONS
BUI talk about FREEDOM OF CHOICE' Inexpensive, easily Installed dlcde-
sw~tch~ng boards are now available tor all the above sets wh~chperm11the
addltron of up to two crystal ltlters In add~tlonto those lor whlch the manu-
lacturer prov~desspace For example. 11you have no CW lllter al present or
are just buylng your set (whlch never comes wlth the lllter lactory In-
stalled) you can select ellher ol our superlor unlts. secure ln the knowl-
edge that you can add the other later 11you w~shOr 11your r ~ already
g has
a standard CW lliter Installed you can add our sharp unlt so that elther can
be swltch selected often uslng exlstlng front panel controls Just lmaglnel
Na~lyour rare OX wlth the standard-type lllter and cul out the crud and
crowd w ~ t hthe l l ~ pof a swltch Now that s OPERATlNGl
HOW WE DO IT
Some hams have wondered how we can offer superlor tlitersat such a low
prlce And they am superlor, not only on the bas6 of laboratory tests bu'
according to members ol the lnternatlonal Fox-Tango Club who have used
them In thelr rlgs lor many months The answer to the low prlce ques-
tlon IS that these lllters are made for us In Japan by a concern wlth almost
a quarter century of experience In the des~gnand production ol these
un~ts among others, for use In the best known and most respected
brands 01 both amateur and commercial gear In the past thelr f~lterswere
sold excluS!vely to set manutacturers Now they are being ollered at retall
Construction of the vhf prescaler showing the layout of the
for the flrst tlme - and at Inlmduclofy prices - through our organlzatlon
perfboard with the preamplifier and 95H90 decade scaler, only
left, and power supply components, right. Input and output
GET YOURS NOW AND BEAT THE INFLATIONARY SPIRAL!
coaxial connectors, left, give a good idea of the small size Our fllhn maold on IY ~ k G ukn n m Bash
of the package.
FOX-TANGO CORP.
by substituting 2N706 for 2N5179 and MPS-6533 for Box 15944, W. Palm Beach, FL 33406
2N577l. Otherwise the circuit can be assembled DIODE SWITCHING BOARDS prmftmsymountlng
(w~lhoular!ll#n~i01 up lo Iwo cryslal l~llersof any type m addllcon lo
exactly as described in the original article. those lor whcb Ihe manulaclurer provtaes space Thev bmrds wlll
accommdale any 01 the l~llersllslea k l o w and other typs planned
The power supply is conventional. It requires a lor the lulure Thy ~ncludeone slage of arnpl~l~callon lo compenrale
circuit-board transformer with an output voltage of lor 1~lter~nsertmnlmses $1desred Camplate mstrucl~onsSPECIFY
Sn M h wnkh burd h to k uHd $15 ~8thpurcMse ot any l8ller
5.5 volts or more up to a maximum of 12 volts at 300 Smw~lhoull~lterA!lmll Ppd US6Canada Overseasadds1
mA, a standard 500 m A bridge rectifier, one 1000 pF
electrolytic capacitor, and an LM309K IC voltage
regulator. The LM309K will keep the supply voltage
at the required 5 volts.
These parts can be neatly fastened to a square of
perf board and secured to the case, or the trans- I enclose S Check 0 Money Order L 1 Cash
former can be fastened to the base and the remaining (Makechecks payabletoFTC)
components simply hard wired. Add an on-off switch I prefer to charge my
Name
VISA Master Charge
and a miniature red indicator light and you'll be ready
Atcount NO. Address
to start prescaling.
ham radio Expirationdate: Clty
MC 4 diglt no. state Zip
Florida res~dentsadd 4% Sales Tax.
\
june 1978
I precision voltmeter calibrator
It's always nice to have a high-accuracy, digital
voltmeter around, but unfortunately they're very ex-
pensive. To solve this problem, I decided to build a
variable voltage source to accurately calibrate the dc
voltmeters I had on hand. There have been many
precision ten-volt sources described in current
literature;ll 2.3 1 have used the circuit shown in refer-
ence 1 as the basis for my design.
ter and a suitably accurate ten-turn dial. The output
from this potentiometer is fed into a 741 op amp con-
nected for unity gain. In this way the op amp's high-
input impedance will have negligible loading on the
voltage source and its low output impedance will al-
low the calibration of meters with low internal resis-
tance.
It will be necessary to null out the small dc offset
error which appears at the output of the 741 op amp.
circuit details This is accomplished by the 10k potentiometer, R5;
The circuit shown in fig. 1 will produce from 0 t o ground the input of the 741 and adjust R5 for zero
10 volts with an error of less than 20 millivolts. In ad- volt output. The nulling procedure must be com-
dition, it's also accurate with meter movements that pleted before final calibration is attempted. Table 1
have an internal resistance as low as a few thousand shows the results of calibration against a known volt-
ohms. The 10 volts developed by the LM308 appears age source.
across R4. In my case, I used a ten-turn potentiome- For operation, this calibrator requires plus and
94 june 1978
SPECIFICATIONS:
This new instrument has taken a giant step in ?me Base--TCXO 20.1 PPM GUARANTEED!
front of the multitude of counters now available. Frequency Range--10 Hz to 600 MHz
The Opto-8000.1 boasts a combination of fea- Resolution-1 Hz to 60 MHz; 10 Hz to 600 MHz
Decimal Point-Automatic
tures and specifications not found in units cost- All IC's socketed (kits and factory-wired)
ing several times its price. Accuracy of k0.1 Display--8 digit LED
PPM or better - Guaranteed - with a Gate Xmes--1 second and 1/10 second
Selectable lnput Attenuation-Xi. X10. XlOO
factory-adjusted, sealed TCXO (Temperature lnput Connectors Type - 4 N C
Compensated Xtal Oscillator). Even kits re- Approximate Size--3% x 7 7 % "x~6%"d
quire no adjustment for guaranteed accu- Approximate Weight-2% pounds
Cabinet4lack anodized aluminum (.09OW thi&ness)
racy! Built-in, selectable-step attenuator, rug- lnput Power-9-15 VDC. 115 VAC 50/60 Hz
ged and attractive, black anodized aluminum or internal batteries
case (.09OVthick aluminum) with tilt bail. 50 OPTO-8000.1 Factory Wired $299.95
OPTO-8000.1K Kit $249.95
Ohm and 1 Megohm inputs, both with amplifier
circuits for super sensitivity and both
\
ACCESSORIES:
diode/overload protected. Front panel in- Battery-Pack Option-Internal
Ni-Cad Batteries and charging unit
$19.95
cludes "Lead Zero Blanking Control" and a Probes: P-100-DC Probe. may also be used with scope $13.95
gate period indicator LED. AC and DC P-101-LO-Pass Probe, very useful at audio frequencies
power cords with plugs included. $16.95
P-102-High lmpedence Probe, ideal general purpose
usage $16.95
simulate inductors
in LC filter design
96 june 1978
designing
- a Gyrator filter With regard to temperature, the NPO ceramic is
least affected by changes of this variable. Higher sta-
To implement an LC filter without an inductor, first
bility could therefore be expected if NPO-type capa-
calculate the required inductive and capacitive im-
citors were used; however, there would be a tradeoff
pedance for the filter you have in mind. If desired,
in Q. For high Q the choice is polystyrene or polypro-
the filter can be built using standard inductances to
check your calculations before actually building the
Gyrator.
Next, using the circuit in fig. 1, construct a
Gyrator replacement for the inductor. This circuit will
simulate an inductor with the value of KC, where fh
K is a constant derived f r o m the resistors: fig. 3. Synthesized T filter using Gyrators,
K = (RI*R3*R4)/R2, and C is the capacitor whose which performs as if it were constructed as a
impedance is being inverted (C1 in the circuit). standard T filter using inductors.
The resultant number so derived can be treated as
if it were the value of impedance of an inductor, and pylene, with the latter perhaps a better choice as it
the actual inductor can be removed and replaced has a better temperature coefficient.
with the synthesized inductor just created.
floating inductors
GYRATOR GYRATOR
Perhaps the principal drawback to Gyrators is the
fact that a floating (ungrounded) inductor can't be
simulated by a single Gyrator. It's possible, however,
fig. 2. Method for simulating an ungrounded inductor using to use two Gyrators as in fig. 2 and successfully sim-
t w o Gyrators. Resistor R4 is the resistor that determines the ulate such an inductor.
simulated inductance. The formula is L= [(Rl*R3*C)/RZ]R4, and R4 is a
shared resistor between Gyrator A and B, as in fig. 2.
A simpler approach is t o make all four resistors the R4 is the resistor that determines the simulated in-
same value and use the formula R2C. (The imped- ductance. So if R4 becomes a loaded port, the sirnu-
ance presented t o the input of the Gyrator is very
nearly jwRzC, hence the formula R2C). Use a value
of R large enough that the op amps won't be loaded,
yet slightly lower than the differential input im- fig. 4. T filter using in-
pedance. ductors in the usual
manner, which can be
The Gyrator circuit appears to be just another ac-
simulated by Gyrator
tive filter circuit; however, there's a significant dif- techniques.
ference: in other active filter circuits amplifier phase
shift degrades circuit Q. I n Gyrators, the Q is
enhanced. When the phase shift is greater than 90 lated inductance will be dependent on the value of
resistance connected to the port. This being the
table 1. Typical Qof various types of capacitors at 1 kHz. case, resistor R4 could (if desired) be divided into
capacitor
sections and T or pi filters simulated, such as shown
type Q a t 1 kHz in fig. 3. Here, a T filter is created synthetically,
Mica 600 which would perform as if it were constructed in the
NPO ceramic 1500 manner shown in fig. 4.
Glass 1500 When building multisection filters, a quad op-amp
Polystyrene 2000 is recommended. A 4136 is the choice of Mr. Thomas
Polypropylene 3000
Lynch, from whom much of the information in this
article was obtained.
degrees, the Q is actually higher than that of the ca-
pacitor itself.
Speaking of capacitors, table 1 indicates the Q t o bibliography
be expected (at 1 kHz reference) for various types of 1. Thomas H. Lynch, "The Right Gyrator Trims the Fat Off Active Filters,"
capacitors. You can see that a high-Q inductor can Eiectron~cs,J U I ~21, 1977, page 115.
2. William C. Sutherland, "Op-Amp Gyrator Simulates High-Q Inductor,"
be synthesized by using one of the high-Q capaci- National Aeronautics and Soace Administration Tech Briefs. Vol. 2 , No. 3.
tors, since the Gyrator inverts its capacitive imped- Fall, 1977, page318
ance into an inductive-type impedance. ham radio
tebook
pi-network rf choke ceramic capacitors are recom- To determine the cable loss, dis-
mended. connect the antenna from the feed-
The great majority of pi-network rf Gary Legel, W6KNE line and replace it with a shorted con-
amplifiers use shunt feed for the high nector. This produces the infinite
voltage dc to the plate. Therefore, calculating feedline loss vswr at the transmitter end of the
great dependence is placed on the
isolation properties of the rf choke.
with a single measure- cable more reliably than simply leav-
ing the cable unterminated. Connect
Most chokes are not suitable for this ment at the transmitter the swr bridge or wattmeter at the
purpose due to resonances, especial- Much has been written about the transmitter and measure the vswr of
ly when the amplifier is a multiband amount of insertion loss of various both forward and reflected power,
unit. types of feedline and connectors, and using the lowest possible transmitter
The most successful shunt feed rf about how the loss in some types of power to avoid possible damage to
chokes are single layer solenoid coax increases sharply with age and the final amplifier. The reflection co-
wound, preferably using resistance exposure to the elements. What is efficient, p, is found by using one of
wire to lower the Qand damp out po- not widely known in amateur circles the following formulas:
tential resonant frequencies. One of is that the loss in any run of cable can
the best chokes was the one made by be determined w i t h only an swr
Collins for the ART-13 transmitter. bridge or wattmeter, a transmitter or
This reflection coefficient is a numer-
I T - T
R F CHOKE
rmn 0 91
TO
ical ratio which must then be con-
verted to decibels:
ANTENNA
98 june 1978
advantage of using the shorted ter- pulse, so I used the 74121 to make it. shown is used for indication of which
mination is that it eliminates the need The UART is clocked with a NE555, shift you are in.
t o take readings at the antenna, which can be set at any speed. The This modification can be made
which is usually a two-man job. required frequency for various speeds quite easily, and the additional cir-
Once the feedline loss is known, is: cuitry can be put on perf board or a
the antenna is reconnected, and it is clock separate printed-circuit board. I built
now possible to accurately determine speed baud frequency the unit on a wire-wrap card because
the vswr at the antenna based on the 60 45.45 728 Hz i t was incorporated into another
66 50.00 800 Hz
reading taken at the transmitter: system.
75 57.00 912 Hz
100 73.70 1179 Hz Tim Ahrens, WA5VQK
T REGULATOR
R M terminal
modification IN914 TTI MAGNETS
terminal is fed into the UART and 7400, but in the configuration shown,
strobed into it through a 74121. The another section is used to drive a LED fig. 2. Basic opto-isolator circuit used by
strobe from the keyboard is only a or audible alarm to show that the end WAGROC t o provide protection to the deli-
high, and it is necessary to have a of line has arrived. The other flip-flop cate microprocessor.
june 1978 99
+5V 5 6V
L
P
a
IW
The collector-to-emitter voltage of
the keying transistor(s1 is
V B E 2+ V c E s A +~ 167pA X 33k
fig. 3. Since circuit of fig. 2
would not key low voltages,
a Darlington pair was used, HEP244
I -
LOOP
+
= 0.7 0.7 + 0.3 + 0.55 =2.25 volts
(versus 33.0 volts before). This circuit
as shown here. Design of
the circuit is discussed in
the text.
1 '
will satisfactorily key both low and
high voltage loops, and will handle
quite a bit more current than 60
milliamps.
2. The gate tries to turn off the appreciable voltage will exist from the
Now, as to the matter of protecting
2N2222. collector to the emitter of the HEP244
the keying transistor from secondary
when it is turned on. Suppose the
3. The inductor tries to maintain its voltage breakdown. The common
HEP244 is supposed to key a 60 mA
current of 60 mA, thus the collector trick is to clamp the collector of the
loop, let us further suppose it has a
voltage of the 2N2222 rises, as i t keying transistor to the magnet sup-
current gain of 60. Therefore, to key
turns off. ply. If you do this, be sure to follow
the loop, the collector current will be
these two precautions:
4. When the collector reaches 12.7 60 mA and the base current must be
volts the IN914 starts to conduct. 60 1. Use a diode capable of carrying
.'=-
+
The 12 volt regulator, however, will B 60
=ImA several amps, as the current through
not clamp its output at +
12 volts
(actually = 59 IB = I
the suppressing diode can be several
(indeed most series-regulated power mAl mAr
orders of magnitude greater than the
supplies will allow the output voltage P = 59) magnet current, and small signal
t o climb if you try to force current To sustain conduction, the collector diodes (such as the IN9141 will often
into the output). to emitter voltage must be be destroyed by the large surge.
5. Thus, the collector voltage of
the 2N2222 climbs very high, and it
experiences secondary voltage break-
down (fatal). Also, the + 12 volt line
follows the collector voltage (but it is fig. 4. Final circuit con-
one diode drop less). Thus the large figuration used by
spike on the + 12 volt line destroys WAGROC t o interface a
the microprocessor (and maybe other teleprinter with an 8OBOA
microprocessor. The RC LOOP
devices). FROM MICRO-
filter across the Darlington PROCESSOR OR OTHER
SOLID-STATE DEVICE
It was at this point that I decided to pair speeds up the release
time of the print magnets.
use an opt0 insulator - to provide a
means of protection of the delicate
microprocessor (or other solid-state Vb,(HEP244) +
VCEsAT (opto-isolator 2. Make sure the magnet supply
parts). I tried the circuit which ap- transistor) + 1 m A x 33 kilohms has sufficient capacitance t o ade-
peared in the November, 1976, issue +
= 0.7 0.2 + 33 = 33.9 volts. quately absorb the energy of the
of ham radio" (see fig. 2). The obvious way t o reduce the spike without allowing the voltage to
This circuit is optically isolated, but collector-to-emitter voltage is t o climb.
it has one problem: it will not key low reduce the voltage drop across the Sometimes, however, the clamp-
voltages. Since all I had at the time 33k resistor. If the current gain of the ing diode will slow down the release
was a low-voltage power supply, a HEP244 were higher, then it would time of the magnets (because the
simple modification was made t o draw less base current, and the volt- diode allows the current flow t o con-
allow this circuit to key a considerable age across the 33k resistor would be tinue for some time). In a case where
amount of current, over a wide range less. The best way to do this is t o add this is important, an RC filter across
of voltages. another HEP244 and make the two the keying transistor will usually solve
The reason that this circuit will not transistors into a Darlington configu- the problem. Thus the final configu-
key low voltage loops is that an ration as shown in fig. 2. ration (fig. 4) is the circuit I now use
The effective current gain of the to key my teleprinter magnets.
'K. Ebneter. KSGSC, and J. Romelfanger. KSPKQ,
"RTTY Test Message Generator," ham r a d i o , Darlington pair is P2 SO the current Thomas C. McDermott,
November, 1976. page 30. through the 33k resistor is about WAGROC
100Hz to 5 0 MHz.
a
read~ngson a brl ht SIX-dl911
autornatrc KHz/ Hz~nd~cat~ons
LED d~splayw~th
M I ~Max6
I
too You can connect 11d~rectlyto the c~rcu~t
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hlgher outs~deU S A
(312) 848-6777
o ~ t p ~ IFor
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Model MK 5088. Interfaces to either a 2-01-8 ksybaard or olher 16 (2 5 M ~ I C , . )5~, .2 7 ,5118
elri!ronlc systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $9.00
I
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Model HK-2. Same as HK-1 less base. For incorporation In
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Terminals. Red or black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Each $ .75
tandy computers
catalog a New device opens up the world of Very Low Frequency
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Gives reception of the 1750 meter band at 160-190 KHz
where transmitters of one watt power can be operated
without FCC license.
Also covers the navigation radiobeacon band, standard
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and the European low frequency broadcast band.
The converter moves all these signals to the 80 meter amateur band where
they can be tuned in on an ordinary shortwave receiver.
The converter is simple to use and has no tuning adiustments. Tunina of
VLF singles isdoneentirely by the receiver which picks up 10 KHz signals
at 3510 KHz, 100 KHz signals at 3600 KHz, 500 KHz signals at 4000 KHz.
The VLF converter has crystal control for accurate frequency conversion, a
low noise rf amplifier for high sensitivity, and a multipole filter to cut
A microcomputer mail-order cata- broadcast and 80 meter interference.
log has just been issued b y Tandy All this performance is packed into a small 3" x 1 % " x 6" die cast
Computers, the newly created re- aluminim case with UHF (SO-239) connectors.
tail division of Tandy Corporation,
The unique Palomar Engineers circuit eliminates the complex bandswitch-
parent company o f the nationwide ing and tuning adjustments usually found in VLF converters. Free
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The 52-page, four-color catalog de-
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tails a full line of popular brand micro- California residents add sales tax.
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Explore the Interesting world of VLF. Order your converter today! Send
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A m o n g t h e nationally k n o w n
Only two things are needed t o put this power house on the air with your
handy-talky or mobile transceiver: a two foot piece o f coaxial cable and a
115 or 230 volt AC outlet. That's all. You do not need anything else. The
amphenol solderless
mobile transceiver can be powered.directiy lrom the accessory socket
located in the rear panel of the RFPL amplifier. It puts out + 13.5 volts at 3 coax jack assembly
amperes. This is sufficient for powering most I S watt transceivers.
--- .
175.1
DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED
-
fl
K)\NCR
-
R F POWER LABS, INC.
I1013n8lhPlaceN E . Krrkland.Wa~O#nglon
98033 . Trlenhons IM818221251 . TELEXNO 32 1042
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i
K-EN1
Freqwncy Counters Power Supplies
WVF.QUE 1H0 11 dlllols ronneclor h.l P~scaters Amplifiers
coa. 5 0 1 3 1 socL*t molded lnlo &I*%%
l,,lrn Dl",,,' Do"" 10 .tC<*"l col. Marker & Peaking Frequency
PI 759 on I.*.ll.". l)ll"n.L
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0, 9 9 5 Write for F m Catalw A new Amphenol in-line UHF coax
po,l..,d C",,,D",,l"i, ,n,,i,r,or. 2,s 99.
Box 41.O (Pump Sta cable jack that can be installed in
Phom!: 918-676.3'
seconds without special tools or sol-
der has been announced by the RF
Operations of Amphenol North
America Division, Bunker Ramo
Corporation. Developed as a follow-
up to last year's introduction of the
I
- Amphenol no-solder PL-259 connec-
ALL 5 BAND OPERATION ONLY ONE
NEAT SMALL ANTENNA. FOR CONGESTED
FOR ALL MAKES AMATEUR HF TRANS-
-
MITTERS TRANSRECEIVERS CUARAN- - tor for RG-58/U, the new companion
LIGHT, NEAT -
HOUSING AND APARTMENT DWELLERS!
ALMOST INVISIBLE1
TEED FOR 2.000 WATTS PEP. POWER.
FOR NOVICE AND ALL CLASS AMATEURS!
in-line splice jack also uses the in-
COMPLETE Ready to put up wllh 3 0 It. Dacron end support cordsl Wt. 3 Ibs.. t"X5" MOLDED
RESONANT TRAPS -just swltsh your tr.nsmltts~ to desired band ror EXCELLENT P E R F o R M A N c E l I novative FCP termination approach,
NO TUNERS OR BALUNS NEEDEDICAN BE USED IN ATTICS. TOPS OF BUILDINGS.INVERTED
V r IN MINIMUM SPACE. NO CENTER SUPPORT NEEDED. NO HAYWIRE HOUSE APPEARANCE
COMPLETELY ASSEMBLED. No tunlng cutllno
USE IT1 SWR I S 1.2 AT RESONANCE THOUSANDS IN USE
solderlno - - - -
rnearurlnp - J U S T HANG IT. AND
EASIEST INSTALLATIONI
80-40-20-15-10 meter bands--102 (1. wnh 9011. R C 5 8 U soax -cOnnestor -Model 998BU . , 5 4 9 . 9 5
40-20-15-10 meter bands---54 f t . wlth 9 0 It. RC58U so.. -sonnestor -Model 1OOlBU. . . S48.95 .
I resulting in an extremely fast cable
termination - less than 20 seconds.
Whenever an in-line antenna or
20-15-10 meter bands--- 2 6 t t . wlth 9 0 tt. RG58U c o a r -connector -Model 1007BU . . . . . . 147.95
hookup coax cable splice is needed,
Send only 15.00 (cash. sk.. mo3 and pay postman balance plus COD postape OR SEND FULL PRICE
FOR POST PAID DEL. IN USA (Canada 1s 55.00 extra) or order by MAIL OR PHONE wlth Bank- the user has only t o strip the cable,
-
Ameelcard VISA -MASTER CHARGE OR AM EXP. Clrc numbsr.nd e x . date.Ph 1-308-236-5333
w e e k days. We rhlp In 2 - 3 days. INFLATION? PRICES MAY INCREASE SAVE ORDER NOW! - -
INFO. AVAILABLE FROM. WESTERN ELECTRONICS Dspt. A H - 6 Ks.rne~. Nebrash*. 6 8 8 4 7
1I
PL-259 plug. All need for a second
PL-259 connector plus PL-259 t o
PL-259 adapter has been eliminated.
Called the Amphenol UHF Cable
INTRODUCES THE
Jack 83-58FCJ, the new device easily
handles all power levels up to maxi-
mum ratings of the RG-58/U coax
cable itself. The 83-58FCJ connector
adapters have a frequency range of
0-300 MHz, and a voltage rating of
500 volts peak. And, unlike conven-
tional solder connection techniques,
the 83-58FCJ can be easily disas-
sembled and reused. It also has
standard 5/8-24 threads for simple,
screw-on mating with conventional
UHF plugs.
Manufactured by Amphenol ex-
clusively in the United States, the
new jacks are machined from brass
rod stock and plated w i t h Astro-
@ More Channels...at the flip of a switch
plat@, lustrous, non-tarnish finish.
Unlock the unique mode switch and 12 channels
For more information, contact Bun- become 144
ker Ramo Corporation, 33 East Frank-
lin Street, Danbury, Connecticut @ More Sensitivity, Less Interference,
06810. .25 pV Sensitivity plus 75 db adjacent channel
selectivity and 70 db image rejection
turner personal
communications @ More Power Out
catalog 35 watts nominal with a minimum of 30 watts
The Turner Division of Conrac Cor-
across the band
poration now has available a newly
revised personal communications cat- . . . for a lot less
alog. The catalog is all inclusive, con-
taining Turner's entire personal com-
munications product line. Twenty- Amateur Net
eight pages in size, the new catalog C~
has sections on microphones, stain-
less steel antennas, fiberglass anten-
@ 1976
~ ~ &
,..t... ..
.-..~ ...w.....E L E C$, T R O N I C ISNC
, . 7707 Records Street
Indianapolis, Indiana 46226
nas and accessories. Previously,
Turner had separate catalogs for each
product line.
The four-color catalog features a
section on Turner's new no-solder
microphone connector program,
a THE FM LEADER
u
high-power VHF
~B&IBPRBR~
mobile antennas
f
I
from DRAKE I
2gg5
mode. Other features include a noise
blanker switch, a n agc recovery
switch (standard and slow agc),
mike gain control, a built-in vox, and
receiver incremental tuning (RIT). For
additional information, contact the
Hallicrafters Company, 2501 Arkan-
MFJ Entrrpllrer brlnps you a npw 24 hour fund (less shlpplng) One year llmlted wamnty sas Lane, Grand Prairie, Texas 75051.
dig~talalarm clock wlth HUGE 1 518 Inch orange by MFJ Enterprises
7 Segment d~gltsthat you can see clear across To order, slmply call us toll hee 800 647 8660
the room and charge 11 on your VISA or Master Charge
This one is rMcHv for your ham shack, one
that you can leave set to GMT No more mental
or mall us a check or money order tor $29 95
plus $2 00 for sh~pp~ng and handling
hammond d i e c a s t
calculat~onsto get GMT
Ute the rlann to remlnd you of a SKEO or
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w ~ t hthe snooze function as an I0 tlmer to buzz
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1
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The SEVEN-SYSTEM is a// you need!
Hammond Manufacturing has in-
DRAKE TR-7 troduced two new water and corro-
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An Engineering Breakthrough for the finest x 5.6 cm (4.9 x 3.1 x 2.2 inches) and
in Solid-State Transceiver performance. 22 x 12 x 7.9 cm (8.7 x 4.7 x 3.1
Brwdbmd, solld-rt8te derlgn
inches). Diecast in an aluminum al-
Designed 6 manufactured loy, they have an exceptionally good
CovanlO-l60mlten* I~USA Rogrammlbll auxiliary covwagr
Frequency Counter to 150 MHz 250-wan input wlth full VSWR finish, unmarred by closure screws
w~thdlgnal option
- --
protadion
, % % which have been recessed into the
lid. The color is baked on Hammer-
tone Grey enamel.
Syntheslt8d PTO
Up-commbn m k e r lor CW SSB RTTY AM up8bllHy Sealing is facilitated by an inter-
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Trua passband tuning
ring inset in the lid. Both models
Independent r w i w sslsctMtr come with two bolt holes outside of
Buln.in VSWRlwanlS-meter
Matching the sealing ring and concealed be-
Accessories: neath the lid for attractive and secure
Remole VFO AM Itller Mob& mounl
Malchlng Soeaker ATTY llller hlenna luner/waltrneler mounting of the box. Electrical, rf
Dtqllal read oul bmrd 2CW llllers 300Hz 5WHz WattmetarlVSWR brldgn
1701240 voll wtda ran@ Fan (lor RTTY) AUX 7 Expanded rscelve shielding, and environment protec-
we[
SUDPIY N o w blanker Capablllty
tion are some of the many applica-
'Includes capab8lHylor MARS Embassy and Gavernmsnl lrequencles and possible lulure Amleur Band expansion Racalver tions for these products. For more in-
cwe~ageconl~nu~u~Irom 1 5 30MHz and0 1 5 MHz wllh Aux 7
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C a l l N o w to f i n d out h o w e a s y it i s to put a n e w D R A K E TR-7 in y o u r shack. Hammond Manufacturing Com-
Hams Sewrng Hams Slnce 1939
pany, Inc., 385 Nagel Drive, Buffalo,
ELECTRONIC DISTRIBUTORS, INC. New York 14225.
1960 PECK STREET MUSKEGON, MICHIGAN 49441
TELEPHONE (616) 726.3196 TELEX 22-8411
'-
Reinforced by super specs,
TB3HA's one tough competitor: I
I State - Z i p -
I
I
1
8dBd average forward gain. ! FREE! Personallred call-letter plaque 8
20-22 dB front to back ratio. 2 ' 1 " x 4" wirh stand.
no charge. 1
16' turning radius.
longest element: 28'2!' I
I
Please send my
plaque enscrihcd
with my station call
:
I
I
16' boom. optimum spacing. 1
I __ I
direct 52 Ohm coaxial feed. I !
wind load <a7 80 mph: 110 Ibs.
44 Ibs. net weight.
16199.95 complete, Swan ELECTRONICS
L* s r ~<
~ . ~ ~ ! ~ ~ , t l I o ,uh#, ,br~~s,t.tt~c~n
Credit Card accepted.
305 Airport Road. Oceanside. CA 92054
For S 199.95 at your local Swan Swart'\ connintung c~mrnmtment18, pnpduct xmprovcmcnt
dealer you can start operating nlny rllcct rpeclllcl~ttons
and price, wothc,ut nolicc
tri-band from a position of real
/ I - W L E 350-Hz FILTER FOR SIGNALIONE TRANSCEIVERS I1m.M &r ~ o f s !
W ~ l h7 x 10" niagnel~cally-
deflected CRT Wllll ~nler-
nal DC-lo-OC converter.
Finally! Superior 8-Pole CW Selectivity for 10 KV supply, hor~z and
Drake T R 4 , T R I C , T R 4 Cw
150 I l r
TIAC-
.l
..d""."",,mh,,
men
L1, 8W 1 4 1
is 5m w n
.,om
*
-w
6061
nd rn*,., -- - Wb*
CUN O I Y YOIS Y I C ~ t~
CTJIO~
Lllilt" 4"
mmm L+-
- verl, dellectton amps. and
internal mulltn fan Con-
trols tor Inlenslty, vert.
and horiz. gainlposition.
At at! Superior 8-Pole CW Selectivity for - w!
mfor Requires 115 VAC 6 0 Hz.
Less power cord. 15'/>x
en wood TS-820 S10N11-70-NO111 I- H*. a, a h . w Y. I.
A l l filters conta~n 17%x21";Sh.WI: 1001bs.
UINIMLL
CI,,,
18a)ll,r,
..-(
"I,.,
L , , ? ~ NUl1 I
Lllr"lr....
( ~
c,oc,l
I,,.,. ,,.Mu,, "G*C
1 3 . a~- a slmm
~1
cm. w 1,II.t h r c n r M w, .,-. W.
specially- t r e a t e d hgh-Q crystals. Used. Reparable 559.50
1 600 Hz 6-Pole First-IF Filter for Drake R 4 C Shrrwood h g h d n g k KSR-33 TELETYPEWRITER and
I.",*,II
I",
In ..,l..l3
.
b
, ,l,,L.~.~mdlF
<imtll,. 1-
*I",,..,,
<,I,.,
"C,l.lmdDnrnl"
U,",,"," In .mO<
llln .I-.
ll.m..*ll.i.0*1.I-.".
d..,
1 2 6 8 S o u t h O g d e n St. KEYBOARD - 100 WPM. 600 operations per
' In rmnn ml.w. am,,w Inl.lnmumlan n. marl,.llun e4m tI..lvmS~l~I.. how. Denver. Colo. 80210 s e c Ultl~zesASCII code with parity btl: 8%" sprockel-
fed paper 115 VAC 60 Hz. 8%~18'/.xI8%''; Sh. WI:
125 Hz 8-Pole Second-IF Filter for Drake R 4 C M o n e y back 1f n o t s a t l s f l * 50 Ihs Used. operalional, but may require some
~.
n i .I,-al.n#&.~~a..l ~ R ~ ? C Y ~ . O I-I$a~l.,ac-IefUh uI..~8re Add 13 a r order lh11)111114 adjustmenl. Less cover. $250. With cover. 5300.
.....-.*
~ ~~~
Y ~ ~
R-390A RECEIVER
0.5-32 Mhz dlgllally-tuned: 95 Ibs. sh.
Recondilioned . . . .
6 4
pep" TYPE: fi EZ
Rohn is the TOWER FORCE when it comes to I
building towers - look at the BX Towers
and you'll see why. . . SEE POPULAR ELECTRONICS
FEB '78 ISSUE!
HDBX Towers will hold up to 18 11,111 1 ,..,,.
.,,., l.
.,..
"ILI P Y I I I I I
..,,,,,.I.,<~.,,,",,~." 1,1,1,\' cr.
.II"I.d .,tC",l
.>.a br ..,d
".A#<.
8. m.1.
d O t f l , ll..
1*.11.11,1"
PO w
1,1111 .1
8.34
I%ll
b
section upon section.
Shipped nested
Fabricated in U.S.A,
O ~ InduSlrleP Inc
D I V ~ J01~Unarco Model TC3: S k i r t 3".
6718 Werl Plank Road P O Box 2000
Pwna Ill#nols61656
If you've got a calling for far-reach-
ing action, have we got a number
for you!
Swan's 4010V: precision engi-
neered for 40-20-1 5-10 meters.
flrmu
2
I I
la 4 2XD 2x X ?bO
I RTVIIL*m
:"li (I8 1 >"I
(and $39.95 for the 75-meter add-
on kit), a t your Swan dealer.
And by all means, use your Swan
Credit Card.
r------------------------
(
I Please rush full specs for Swan's
I
7
I
I
I
Giza
Tw‘xl VSWR m n n
w i t h slim-line traps, this 4-band
vertical offers advanced light- :
I
I
4 0 l O V V4-bandtrap vertical antenna
7 5 A K 75.rneter Kit
I
I
I
I
weight construction with heavy I Nam- - - - - - - I
I
II
111 7 I FRFOIIIN(Y
111 1 2
weight
4010V'sperformance.
fine-tuned to handle
:
I
I Addresc -~--.
I
2000 PEP. With a typical VSWR of CIIY- II
1.5: 1 at resonance. I S t a t e . _ _ _ Zip I
I
I FREE! Personallzed call-letter p l a q u e I
%!!m
1 - 1 (
designed-yet power- 4
fully simple to set up. 21 2" x 4" w i t h stand. I
No-hassle installation. The 2 1' no charge
I
I
I I
,a,, , I,) I,?% , + $ vertical comes in short, easy to Please send my I
HIFWIPNCY
: plaque imprinted I
Q=fjjj
II
assemble lengths. Complete with
mounting hardware. You're up
and running in record time.
Expandable too. No trick at all
to stretch your reach into 75
!,,, meters, with the optional Swan
I
L------------------------A
0SWAM
,
ELECTRONICS
w i t h my station call
fI
got band-switching in hand. This All for $119.95. with 1000 watts
has got to turn you on! PEP, and the same extra rugged.
No more coil changing. At the heavy duty construction you
flick of the positive-stop switch, always count on from Swan.
skip across all 5 bands freely Check out Mobile 45's exclu-
using our High-Q tapped coil. sive strong points at your Swan
dealer. where- your Swan Credit
Nine positions to shift to:
Card's good anytime.
S ~~AAI
ELECTRONICS
.l \ l l.l,l,a,, ,%II , , I > / . , l l , / l l l l tl,,,,,
l
eho
typewritten or clearly printed (not all brings TAD data sheet from W6LS. 2814 Empire, Bur- supply schematic. $3.25 ppd.
bank, CA 91504.
c a p i t a l s ) and must include f u l l name and
address. We reserve the right to reject un- FREE CATALOG o f new merchandise. Resistors, SMOKE DETECTOR
suitable copy. H a m Radio cannot check capacitors. IC's, semiconductors, and more. Send to:
Protect your family -
each a d v e r t i s e r and thus cannot be held Key Eiectronics, Box 3506H. Schenectady, New York
12303. <xk - and business.
responsible for claims made. Liability for These U.L. Approved, ALL
correctness o f material limited to cor- WANTED: Measurements 59 grid dipper. Also interested
in HF and UHF tuning heads. Jim Fisk, WlHR, Ham
METAL units were remov-
rected ad in next available issue Radio, Greenville, NH 03048. ed from large apartment complex being
DEADLINE 15th o f second preceding torn down. 115 Volt AC input. Sensitivity
WANTED: Davco DR230 receiver. Please state price and
month. condition in first letter. Jim Fisk. WlHR. Ham Radio. to smoke is 2% per ft. max. Paint may
SEND MATERIAL TO: Flea Market, Ham Greenviiie. NH 03048. be scratched but all units tested before
Radio, Greenville, N.H. 03048. shipment. Buy now - Don't delay
SEE OUR AD in this issue, Pyramid Data, Page000
longer. $8.95 ea. ppd.
B6K TEST EQUIPMENT. Free catalog. Free shipping.
Dinosaur discounts. Spacetron-CE, 948 Prospect, Elm-
I HAVE A BEAUTIFUL KENWOOD TS-520s transceiver
hurst, lL60126.
Transformer: 115V AC Primary 1 2 volt
that happens to be surplus to my present needs. it is llke
new, has ail cables, manual, warranty card (not filled in)
200 mA Secondary. PC Board type - A
end is In perfect condition, Inside and out. i will include
MOTOROLA HT2M. HT2W. and Pageboy service and very handy unit $1 .OO ppd.
a new MC-50 matching microphone wlth the rig. I prefer
not to ship, but will ship, it you Inslst, in original factory
carton and protective cover. This rig has the CW fllter
modifications performed at reasonable rates. WA4FRV
(804) 32@4439.evenings.
-- -
4-.
clrculls and proven "hands on" lroubleshool~ngeblllty. and much, much more
YOUwill have lull responslbllity lor maintenance 01 com.
plex shipboard communications, electronlcs navigation. All Prepaid & Charge Orden
and computer systems and be required to handle all Shipped NO CHARGE In U.S.
shlps communical~ons.A second class FCC radio-lele. Sales l a x 43'. to Virginla resndmts only.
graph Incense is required. If you lack the FCC license bul
are Otherw~sequslllied we can train you. Outstanding
vacatlon and lringe benellts. Submit resume In conll-
ELECTRONC
I EQUP
I MENT BANK, INC.
dence to: Radio Otlicers Unlon. ATTN: IME. 70 Hudson 516H M i l l St.. Vienna, VA 22180
703-938-3511
,
Street. Room 710, Hoboken. New Jersey 07030 or telb
phone 207.6597370.
F""-;'. '
ANTENNA: All ham bands (80 lhru 10) $25 poslpald
U S.A. (CA residenls add 11.50 sales tax) Rudy Plak. PO.
Box 966. San Marcos. CA 92069.
9) -I-------
BUILD-IT-YOURSELF \$
AVIONICS FOR
v OUAOINAOI BUILDERS
-
CHANGEOVER '
4
to lbleet. Stracghl, slrong, vaulllng poles. S.A.S.E. lor
I Free catalogue describes high tech- I
RELAY Automat~c
lnlo. Guaranteednew $30 W KSWSE. Box 2DAA. San An-
tonio. Texas 78201. (512)6999260. I nology, low cost avionics and test I
o p e r a t t o n ~ oc ~ r c u ~ t(. p~
556
- 5 AXI~
Bracket. wall m o u n t
$17.95
$ .95 model wtlh latest processor and blanker. Mint. Must sell Radio Systems
Prices s~rhrectm chungr u r f h < r u,lofn.c,
~
lor ltnancial reasons Pick up only $700.00 (2121
591.5796
I Technology, Inc.
56.313 SOLID STATE RCVR. 8015M 6 SW broadcast.
NOW IN STOCK Transmitting
A-m.ssb. 6 CW xtal l~lters.$225 plus shopping. WD4GRI.
Variatdes Roller I n d u c t o r s Counter 1907 Lodgepole. No. Augusta. SC 29841
D ~ a l s Air Wound C o i l s Couplings -
U Knobs Receiving Variables Toroids CLEANINO OUT SHACK: Scopes. Xmters. Recvrs.
R.F. C h o k e s C o i l F o r m s And Generators. Counters. Antennas. Tubes. Racks. Meters.
m u c h m o r e from n a m e s like Millen etc, 15 yr, collection. price right. SASE lor llsl. WABGFR
3358Wesl130th.Cleve.Ohlo44111.
E.F. J o h n s o n B a r k e r & W i l l ~ a m s o n
J.W. Miller H a m m a r l u n d THE "CADILUC" o l OSL's! Samples: $1.00 (Relun-
dable) - W5YI. B o x L l l 7 l . D ; G a r l a n d .
For RUSH ORDERS Call Texas 75040.
.-
MADE I N USA-Factory Assembled-8 Hr Burn-In Tesl 6 C a l i h l l o n
..
Bun11tn 800MHz Preauler with RF Prwmp-Not an addon Bull1 ~n800MHz Preauler 6 RF Preamp-Not and Mdon
7 Large Bnpht-M lnch LEO Readouts 8 Lsrw Br~phl-M lnch LED Readouls
Resolutton-1OHz Non Prescalea 1WHz PmscaIM. .lsac Gale TWOSeleclable Gale Tlmes- I sec 6 1 sac lOOHz l o -Hz
ACCURACY a 1 PPM + one counl *
. A c c u r r y 2 5 PPM t ona COunf + 1 PPM per six months f m S0.F l o 1OOF
...
t PPM per sIx months t m 6S.F to 85'F .
• SENSITIVIW-54 MuRms I M lo 2MMHz lWMv O 4MMHz
Gale Time Lopht-AUIQIU~IC Oecfmal Polnl Placement
A~tomalacLeadlnp Zero Blanklnp When No lnpul Slgnal 1s Present .. S.nsl11~1ly-tOMvRma 150 l o ZMMHz MMv @ 4MMHz
Gate llme 6 Oven Llphl-AUIQIUIIC LkclmaI Polnt Plecemenl
Aulornaltc Leadlnp Zero Blanking-When No lnpul Slpnal la presenl
NO Direct RF Connection Required-Wlth Supplled Antenna
..
NO RF Conmfcllon Requbred wlth Supplled Antenna
..
SO238 Conneclors Supploed for Olrecl Probs Input • 5023s HI2 Input MHZ to 7SMnz-So230 Low z toMHz 1oBOOMHz
AC or DC Opwatlon-115 VAC SQ(BO Hz 8 5V l o 135 VDC 0 3ahu AC or DC Oparallon 1I 5 VAC 50160 Hz, 8 5V l o I 3 5VDC O 4 0 0 1 ~
Camprehenslve Ownen Manual wllh Complete Schemallcs MHz l o 800MHz Slm, or Square Wave Input
Stze 2 7 4 H x 8 W x 5 Deep FCC C.rtlllsbl.-Dt)slpr~~~ for the P r o l e a s l ~S.nlca
l TechnlClUI
Re~ol~lto 1 nHz Non Prescslad IOHz P1escsl.d O 1 sec Gale
.................................................................................
Dayton, Ohio 28,29,30 April Baton Rouge, LA 5.6, 7 May Birmingham, ALA 13, 14 May
or NO EXTRA COSTS
Call Toll F m (800)054-2049 DSI Instruments Inc
FREE ~ h ~ p p anywhen
~ng ~nUSA.
Name
Address
............................:
:Strongest warranty in the counter field.
Clty S t a t e L l p Code ONE YEAR Parts and Labor :
Please send mom lnfomutlonon your full llne of Instruments
Check Enclosed O C.O.D.
............................
Satisfaction Guaranteed.
Please charge my: 0 Bank Ameriurd VIES Master Charge AE Dennls Romack WABOYl
Card I Exp. Date VP Marketing. DSI
I Slgnatum
Callfomla Residents add 6% State Sales T u and Call Collect (714)565-8402
7914 Ronson Road No. G, San Diego, CA 921 11
More Details?CHECK-OFF Page 142 june 1978 1
1 flea market
TECH MANUALS for Govt. surplus gear - $6.50 each:
SP-GOOJX, URM-25D, 0s-8NU. TS-1731UR. Thousands
more available. Send SO$ (coin) for 22-page list. W31HD,
7218 Roanne Drive, Washington, DC 20021.
-
QSL FORWARDING SERVICE - 30 cards per dollar.
Write: QSL Express. 30 Lockwood Lane. West Chester.
PA. 19380.
EZ deals are the best! Try me and see for Yaesu, Drake.
KLM, Swan, Cushcraft, DenTron, VHF Eng, ICOM, CDE.
Hustler. Wilson and more. Call, see or write WOU. Bob
Smith Electronics, RFD 3, Hwy 169 8 7, Fort Dodge, IA
sO50l. (515) 576-3806.
TRAVEL.PAK QSL KIT - Send call and 2%; receive your
call sample kit in return. Samco. Box 203, Wynantskill,
NY 12198.
THE MEASUREMENT SHOP has usedlreconditioned
test equipment at sensible prices; catalog. 2 West 22nd
St., Baltimore, MD21218.
WBSJKT, WBSZ RADIO MUSEUM NOW OPEN. Free admission, 15.000 1,000's OF CRYSTALS
and WNSANF pieces of equtpment from 1850 telegraph instruments to
.H25C Case Scanner Monitor
.
.
amateur and commercial transmittors of the 1920s. Ama-
serving you with.. teur station W2AN. Write for information: Antique Wire-
less Assn., Main St., Holcomb, NY 14469.
010.7 Amateur Ham
Ameco ASP Atlas 02 Meter, CB, Standard
. .
AMATEUR MICROPROCESSOR EXPERIMENTERS: 10
Belden Bird CDE CIR *
MHz 20 ppm Coldweld crystals. 1 ppmlyr. 32 pF. Co 6 1 to 9 10 to 49 50 and UP
CES Collins Cushcraft
pF. $4.25 ea. postpaid. Savoy Electronics, Inc., P.O. Box
5727, Ft. Lauderdale, FL33310.305563-1333.
$3.70 $3.00 $2.50
-
Dentron Drake HAL WE BUY ELECTRON TUBES, diodes, transistors, inte-
grated circuits, semiconductors. ASTRAL ELEC.
Hy-Gain Icom KLM TRONICS, 321 Pennsylvania Avenue, Linden, NJ 07038.
201-486.3300.
Kenwood Larsen MFJ
AUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTOR F9FT Antennas.
Midland Mosley NPC Microwave Modules. RIW Products' new tandem reflec-
tor, 19 element, 432 MHz Yagi - Radio Clinic - N2MB P \
Newtronics Nye
Regency Shure Swan
Standard TPL Tempo
. (formerly WA2BIT) 212-327-4952.
Coming Events 50', plus fre~ght.Weoffer brand-new COE rotors, shlpped post-
paid in the cont~nentalU. s.: BT-1 (programmable) @ $78;
CD-44 @ $101: Ham, IIi @ $118: and Tail Twister @ $212.
Clubs and groups: wr~tefor quotes on lowersh~pments.Orders
of $1500 net. or more, are
MARYLAND: Frederick ARC 1st annual Hamfest Sunday, shipped freight prepaid 10 Write TEXAS TOWERS
June 18. Frederick Fair Grounds, East Patrick St., Gerald Williamson. KSGW
Frederick. Grounds open 6 AM for comrnerclal displays, most
Rock~es. states
TO place
eastanOforder.
the
or request ~ntormation Starla or,ve
general admission 8 AM. Talk-In 146.52, 13473. Prizes, ex-
hibits. Write: Mike Staley, 2 W. Main St., New Market. MD w r i t e o r call T O O A V ! Plano, TX75074or call
BA~VISAO~ MC accepted. 214-423-2376 nlnlwe8kends
21774.
-ONLY $34.95
including crystal
I., check
r r r r r rrr v w v r v r
R70 6-channel VHF Receiver Kit for 2M, 6M, IW,
......
--
12.00 r h i p p l n g 6 h o n d l l n g
lE!dEl
K A N W Ham Butchen Net Picnic. June 18. Kelley
Park. Burllnglon. On Highway 75. Covered dlsh lunch.
Prizedrawing. flea market. Talk-in 146.52 or 3.963 MHz.
&
Yet off-frequency calls can be
i t!, , mtg. 10 A m p -
Tested -
MINNESOTA: AMATEUR FAIR '78. Swapfest h Exposl. ZOOV P.I.V. $1.75 ea. ppd.
heard. G r e a t f o r c o n t e s t operators. loon. Saturday. June 3. 9:00 AM to 6:W PM. Minnesota 4 W V P.I.V. $1.95 ea. ppd.
Stale Fatrgrounds. Admission: S2.W Under 12 free. COOV P.I.V. 12.15 ca. ppd.
cw nets. General admission ticket required to sell. Non.
commercial car selling and Inside tables n o extra
25 AMP
2M)V P.I.V.
- TESTED
$2.25 ea. ppd.
Send f o r free brochure.
charge. Indoor commercial space S10.001table. AD. 400V P.I.V. $2.50 ca. ppd.
O r d e r direct. $39.95 in U.S. a n d COOV P.I.V. 12.85 ea. ppd.
Canada. Add $2.00 s h i p p i n g 1
VANCE RESERVATIONSREQUIRED. Call (613 9332823.
Malor prizes. FM forum. Mlcroprwessor Forum. ARRL NEW
6'
-
- L I N E CORDS
Blk - - US -
7 AMP
50'. en. 4/$1.50 ppd.
h a n d l i n g . C a l i f o r n i a residents a d d
Forum. FCC QhA Session Ta1k.i" on 16176.52152.
8' - Gray - 6 0 ~ .ea. 4/11.90 ppd.
PENNSYLVANIA: MARC HAMFEST. While Deer EDGEVIEW METERS 250 ,La 'S METERS
sales t a x .
Township, Flremen Grounds. Allenwwd. PA. 8:W AM l o NEW - 12.65 ea. 3/$7.25 ppd.
5:W PM, Sunday. June 4. $2.50 advance replslralion for NEW SIZES - VERTICAL MOUNT
sellers and tailgaters. 13.W gate. XYL and ch~ldrenfree. PC BOARD POTENTIOMETERS
d
American m a d e (CRL) Cermet ' I D
Auction swapping, surplus and commercial electronlc sizes: 25K. lOOK ohms. 5/11.30 ppd.
equlpmenl. Cash door prizes. Dozens of prizes. Parking CTS B l u e wheel. Values: 750. 1K.
for Flea Market. Bring your own table. Snack Bar. QSL 1.5K. 50K. 300K ohms. 5/$1.25 ppd.
and Frequency Guessing Contests. Indoor and out.
doors. Talk-in Frequencies 3940 kHz. 2 meler FM.
14634.94, ,371.97. 52/52 For Inlormallon: J e w William.
son. WA3SXQ. 10 Old Farm Ln.. Milton. PA 17647.
(m.
\
ureinlchenker
353. IRWIN.
ricclronic spcc~all~es-BOX Pb 15642
717-742.3027.
C MOS - T T L -
4000 .15 7400 .15 7473 .25 741 76 1.25 74H72 .45 7481 33 .40
4001 .15 7401 .15 7474 .30 74180 .75 74H101 .75 748140 .55
4002 .20 7402 .20 7475 .35 74181 2.25 74H103 .75 7451 51 .30
4004 3.95 7403 .20 7476 .40 74182 .95 74H106 .95 74S153 .35
4006 .95 7404 .15 7480 .55 74190 1.75 74S157 .75
4007 .35 7405 .25 7481 .75 74191 1.05 74 LOO .25 748 158 .30
4008 .95 7406 .35 7483 .95 741 92 .75 74L02 .25 745 194 1.05
4009 .45 7407 .55 7485 .75 74193 .85 74 LO3 .30 74S257 (8123) 1.05
401 0 .45 7408 .25 7486 .25 74194 1.25 74 LO4 .30
401 1 .2C 7409 .15 7489 1.35 74195 .95 74L10 .30 74 LSOO .25
401 2 .20 7410 .10 7490 .55 74196 1.25 74L20 .35 74 LSO 1 .35
401 3 .40 741 1 .25 7491 .95 74197 1.25 74L30 .4 5 74LS02 .35
401 4 .95 7412 .30 7492 .95 74198 2.35 74L47 1.95 74 LS04 .30
401 5 .90 7413 .35 7493 .35 74221 1.00 74151 .45 74LS05 .45
401 6 .35 7414 1.10 7494 .75 74367 .85 74L55 .65 74LS08 .25
401 7 1.10 7416 .25 7495 .60 74L72 .45 74 LS09 .35
401 8 1.1 0 7417 .40 7496 .80 75108A .35 74L73 .40 74LS10 .35
4019 .50 7420 .15 74100 1.15 751 10 .35 74L74 .45 74LSll .35
4020 .85 7426 .30 74107 .35 75491 .50 74L75 .55 74 LS20 .25
4021 1.OO 7427 .45 741 21 .35 75492 .50 74 L93 .55 74 LS21 .25
4022 .85 7430 .15 74122 .55 74L123 .85 74 LS22 .25
4023 .25 7432 .30 74123 .55 74H00 .15 74LS32 .40
4024 .75 7437 .30 74125 .45 74H01 .25 74SOO .35 74 LS37 .35
4025 .30 7438 .35 741 26 .35 74H04 .20 74802 .35 74LS40 .45
4026 1.95 7440 .25 74132 1.35 74H05 .20 74S03 .30 74LS42 1.10
4027 .50 744 1 1.15 74141 .90 74 H08 .35 74804 .30 74LS51 .50
4028 .95 7442 .45 74 150 .85 74H10 .35 74805 .35 74LS74 .65
4030 .35 7443 .65 741 51 .65 74H 11 .35 74808 .35 74 LS86 .65
4033 1.50 7444 .45 741 53 .75 74H15 .45 74S10 .35 74LS90 .95
4034 2.45 7445 .65 741 54 .95 74H20 .30 74Sll .35 74LS93 .95
4035 1.25 7446 .95 741 56 .95 74H21 .25 74820 .35 74LS107 .85
4040 1.35 7447 .95 741 57 .65 74H22 .40 74S40 .20 74LS123 1.00
404 1 .69 7448 .65 74161 .85 74H30 .20 74850 .20 74LS151 .95
4042 .95 7450 .25 74163 .85 74H40 .25 74851 .25 74LS153 1.20
4043 .95 7451 .25 74164 .60 74H50 .25 74864 .20 74LS157 .85
4044 .95 7453 .20 74165 1.50 74H51 .25 74874 .35 74LS164 1.90
4046 1.75 7454 .25 74166 1.35 74H52 .15 7481 12 .60 74 LS367 .75
4049 .45 7460 .40 741 75 .80 74H53J .25 74S114 .65 74 LS368 .75
4050 .45 7470 .45 74H55 .20 74C04 .25
4066 .95 7472 .40 74C151 2.25
4069 .40
407 1 .35 MCT2 .95 LINEARS, REGULATORS, etc.
4081 .70 8038 3.95 LM320T5 1.65 LM340K15 1.25 LM723 .50
4082 .45 LM201 .75 LM320T12 1.65 LM340K18 1.25 LM725N 2.50
MC 14409 14.50 LM301 .45 LM320T15 1.65 LM340K24 .95 LM739 1.50
MC14419 4.85 LM308 (Mini) .95 LM324N .95 78L05 .75 LM741 (8-141.25
LM309H .65 LM339 .95 78L12 .75 LM747 1.10
LM309K (340~-5185 7805 ( 3 4 0 ~ 5 ) .95 78L15 .75 LM1307 1.25
9000 SERIES LM310 1.15 LM340T12 1.OO 78M05 .75 LM1458 .95
9301
9309
9322
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pz9602
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LM311 D ( ~ i n i ) .75
LM318 ( ~ l n l ) .95
LM340T15
LM340T18
1.OO
1.OO
LM373 2.95
LM380(8-14P I N ) .95
LM3900
LM75451
.50
.65
LM320K5(7905)1.65 LM340T24 .95 LM709 (8.14 PIN).^^ NE555 .50
MICRO'S RAMS, LM320K12 1.65 LM340K12 1.65 LM711 .45 NE556 .95
CPU'S,' ETC. NE565 .95
74s 188 3.00 NE566 1.75
1702A
MM5314
4.50
3.00
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS UNLIMITED NE567 1.35
MM5316 3.50
2102-1 1.45 7889 Clairemont Mesa Boulevard, San Diego, California 921 11
2102L-1 1.75
(714) 278-4394 (Calif. Res.) SPECIAL
TR1602B 4.50 DlSCOUNTS
TMS 4044-45N L 14.50 All orders shipped prepaid N o minimum Total Order Deduct
8080AD 12.00 $35 - $99 5%
8T13 1.50 Open accounts invited COD orders accepted
8T23 1.50 $100-$300 10%
8T24 2.00 Discounts available at OEM Quantities California Residents add 6% Sales Tax $301 - $ l o 0 0 15%
8T97 1.OO All IC's PrimeIGuaranteed. All orders shipped same day received. $1000 - Up 20%
21078.4, A
2708 4'00
11.50 24 Hour Toll Free Phone 1-800-854-2211 American Express / BankArnericard 1 Visa / Mastercharge
4
flea market
THE TRI STATE AMATEUR RADIO ASSN lTARAl 16th
annual hamlcsl Sunday June 4 1978 I 1 30AM Camden
Park Rte 60 Wost Hunllngton T a l k ~ nW8VAl8 04164.
16/76 34194 For tnlormal~onand llckels wtlle TAR*.
P 0 Box 1295 Hunllngtan W VA 25715
- -
only
only $29.95
2349.95 wire and tested
SST T-3
Mobile Impedance Transformer
Matches 52 ohm cnax to the lower impedance ofa moblle SST A-1 VHF AmpMer Kit
urhip or vertical. 12-pmiUon switch ~ 4 t htatm spread 1 watt lnprt glvm you 15 warn output acroRR the entire
hctween 3 and 52 ohms. I3madband fmm 1-30 Mhz. 8111 2 meter band withrn~tre-Inning. Thts easy-to-bulld kit
work with virtually any tran~celver-:WW) uatt outplt (appmx. 1/2 hr. awmbly) Includes everyfhing you need
power capability. SO-2'39 connectors. Tomld inductor fnr for a complete ampliner. 1\11 tnp quallty mmponents.
sn~allsi7n: 2-:3/4* x 2.' x 2-1/4". A n m v e bmwn finish. Compatible ulth all 1-3watt 2-meter transceivers. Short
and open pmtected-not damaged by hlgh SM'R.
GUARANTEE Klt Inclucfm
1:Rched and drllled G-10 epoxy solder plated b d .
All W produch are guaranteed for 1 year. In addltlon, IIeat stnk and mounting hardware.All nrmponenw-
they may be returned within IOdays fora fullrefund(lenn lncludlng pre-wound a)lls.
shipping) if yolr ruu not satisfled for any rasnn. Please Tcq) quallty 'IRW J W p a v e rtransistor.
add 112 for shipping and handling. Calif. residents, please Cnmplcte auuemhly Instruction ~ 4 t hdetails on a
a&i sales tax. COI) orders OK by phone. ennicr operated T/R nultch.
,:.- .,.
Wrile: ARRL Alaska Convention 78. Anchorage ARC. PO
.-- Box 1987. Anchorage. AK99510.
-
.. .-
-
-
- -:4/I:=-
--/
am
.
WlMU (Wyoming. Idaho. Montana. Utah) The 48lh Annual
--e-
-5-.. 4 -=:.:-- WlMU Hamfest i s scheduled lor August 4.5. and 6.1978
.-
*-
--
. a1 Mack's Inn. Idaho; 25 miles Soulh of Wesl
=.,=s
.---. .-A
/
~--
e';' Yellowslone. Montana. Talk.in 146.34IO4 and 3935. Ad.
vance registration: $6.00 lor adults and 12.00 for
children, belore July 25th. 1978. Lalelregular regislra.
!#on: S7.W and $2.50. SPECIAL PRIZE DRAWING FOR
1st PLACE EAST COAST VHF SOCIETY
1977 ANTENNA GAlN CONTEST
I a INTEGRAL nTVPE N
CENTRAL MlCHlOAN Amateur Repealer Associallon BALUN. 50
Founh Annual Swap 6 Shop in Midland. Michigan. June
3rd at the Midland County Fairgrounds. Camping 6 P r e
' There's
nothing gram Frlday evenlng. Computer Demonstrations. Door
Prizes. Donation S2.Wal door. $1.50 In advance. Talk.in:
146071146.67 WRBAKN. 146.131146.73 WRBAHM and a
ALL ELEMENTS INSULATED FROM BOOM-
NO GAlN LOSS FROM WEATHERINGI
TION, hosled by the Houston Echo Soclety. August 4. 5. SURVIVES 85MPH WINDS
6. 1978al the Galleria Plaza Hotel off Interstate Loop610
1
callbaok
RADIO AMATEUR
at Westheimer Road. M~croprocessorslm~crocomputers.
hidden transmitter hunt. OSCAR communications. VHF.
FM a c l i v ~ l ~ eARRL
s L FCC lorums. open hospilal~ty
WEIGHS ONLY 2.314 POUNDS!
.PbTLNT PLNOING
Respected worldwide as
sulle. ladles' acltvll#es,Aslrodome-Aslroworld tours lor
the kids. Exhibitors, and prlzes. Saturday nlghl banquet
MODEL
432.19 4sm 5 PREPAID UPS IN
CONTINENTAL USA
featuring Btll Tynan. W3X0, &#tor o l O S r s "World
Above 50 MHz", as guesl speaker. For inlormallon and
the only complete authority resewatlons write FM Society Summer Conventlon, P 0.
Bar 717. Tomball. Texas 77375.
for radio amateur
MANASSAS HAMFEST SPONSORED BY The "Ole
QSL and QTH information. Vdrglnla Hams" A R C June 4. 1978 a1 the Prince Willlam
County Fairgrounds one-hall mile south o f Manassas.
V~rginiaonRt. 234. Gales open 7 AM lor tailgating. 8 AM
The U. S. Callbook has over lor general admbssion. Fanlaslic Prlzes. Admission S3.W
a
Orcult. CA 9-54
GET ON WITH THE BEST:
Foreign Callbook $13.95
Stolen Equipment
Order from your favorite electron- STOLEN FROM AIRLINE BAGGAOE, probably ellher In
Ics dealer or dlrect from the pub- MinneapolislSt. Paul or San Francdsco. Wilson WE400
lisher. All direct orders add $1.50 tor
shipping. Illinois residents add 5%
Sales Tax.
sln 12521811 wllh 10 while "no b r a n d NI.Cad batlerles
inslde. llex antenna wllh UHF ell connector and UHF l o
BNC conneclor. Also homebuilt battery charger wlth 723
IC. Milt Nodacker. WATTFE. Box 2632. Pocalelio. ID
Midland 13-510
Synlhes~zed
144 1 4 8 M H z
.
M~dland13-513
Synthes~zed
220 225 MHz
1 or 25 walls • 1 10 20 walls
83201. - Reg $399 95 Reg $499 95
STOLEN EOUIPMENT: 1. KLM 180 watt amplifier. no I.D.
RADIO AMATEUR 2. Black Heath 2036 wlth Micoder and several obvious OURPRICE S348" OUR PRICE S438"
mad~licallons:hl-low power aeiector on squelch knob. Master Charge and VISA welcome.
Varlable power on lnlernal polentlonwler. RCA plug
replaced wlth 50.239, Social Security No. 350.301717
Lake Bluff. 111.60044 etched i n loll on Iransmltler board. Darrel Dorsetl.
KQJKZ. KankakeeArea Career Center. Rl. 2. Road IW W .
B U R B A N K CALIFORNIA 91506
Bourbonnals. IL60914.
(213) 843-1647
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MAIL 0RDI;H ELI~.'('IKONI('.S k'ORLDWIUE
1021 HOWARD AVENUE. SAN CARLOS. CA 94070
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~lec;ronic Signal Products, Inc. ~ ' w m o d m ' s f a 2 9Crmmrcl
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__-_----__-__----_----------
60007 2)
2250 G Landmeier Rd.. Elk Grove. IL (31 364-0080 fmgwMIICan llyl be 5vVpllcd
I
1Z $4.00 Postpaid (U.S.)
I
Z
es,E Electronic Slpnsl Products. lnc. m'mMnLam
III~IIIII.~a,,.mtl:nl. U(O
144 5 mmm bh 11 1 5 9 9 5 w h
5'1 ials.., lbt
Canada $5.00, Foreign (Air). $7.00 I
Name
2 2 5 0 G Landmeel Rd .EIkGrove I I BOW7
0
11 -
VISA -*I, -- n
CI fl
159 95 exh
w n 2ncm m a
440 bit at %9.%
i KENGORE COW. D e ~ tHR
9 James Avenue
. i
I I t k u r , m mooldw Iw I
I I K e n d a l l Park. N. J. 08824 1
Antenna
Sale!
MOSLEY Regular Special
Classic 33 3 ele. 10. 15, 20 Mtr. beam $232.50
Classic 36 6 ele. 10, 15, 20 Mtr. beam 310.65
TA-33 3 ele. 10, 15, 20 Mtr. beam 206.50
TA-36 6 ele. 10, 15, 20 Mtr. beam 335.25
TA-33 Jr. 3 ele. 10, 15, 20 Mtr. beam 151.85
TA-40KR 40 Mtr. add on 92.25
CUSHCRAFT
ATB-34 4 ele. 10, 15, 20 Mtr. beam 239.95
ARX-2 2 Mtr. Ringo Ranger 32.95
A147-20T 2 Mtr. Twist 54.95
A144-10T 10 ele. Twist 2 Mtr. 34.95
A144-20T 20 ele. Twist 2 Mtr. 54.95
A14T-MB Mounting Boom 15.95
HUSTLER
4BTV 10-40 Mtr. Trap Vertical 99.95
RM-75 75 Meter Resonator 15.50
RM-75s 75 Meter Super Resonator 30.00
G6-144-A 6 db. 2 Mtr. Base Colinear 67.55
HY-GAIN
TH6-DXX Super Thunderbird 249.95
TH3-MK3 3 ele. 10, 15, 20 Mtr. beam 199.95
Hy-Quad 2 ele. Quad 10, 15, 20 Mtr. 219.95
TH3-Jr. 3 ele. 10, 15, 20 Mtr. beam 144.50
18 HT Hy-Tower 10-80 Mtr. Vertical 279.95
14AVQlWB 10-40 Mtr. Trap Vertical 67.00
18AVTlWB 10-80 Mtr. Trap Vertical 97.00
203 3 ele. 2 Mtr. beam 12.95
205 5 ele. 2 Mtr. beam 16.95
208 8 ele. 2 Mtr. beam 19.95
214 14 ele. 2 Mtr. beam 26.95
W l LSON
System One 5 ele. 10, 15, 20 Mtr. beam 259.95
System Two 4 ele. 10, 15, 20 Mtr. beam 199.95
CDE ROTORS
Ham Ill $125.00
T2X Tail Twister $249.00
CD-44 $105.00
18HT
Call for SUPER price on Consolidated Tower and Berk-Tec Coax Cable
I,,TO WERS .. - - -
MADE IN ALUMINUM
P. 0. BOX 19442 DALLAS, TEXAS 75219
PHONE ORDERS (2141823-3240) ON MASTERCHARGE & VISA It
* TELESCOPING
(CRANK UP)
* GUYED
* TILT OVER MODELS
I'
TOTAL SECURITY1 Cornplst.ly onvmible ullraronc IZ3KHZI Sound beam workr like a pho~aeleclr#c beam but r uneffected
by Itght, h e a l or noire Sewlate Tranrmrler and Receiver can be used from 6 lncher t o 25 feet, A rolsd object breaking thc:
IXsmEau~elan ovtpul to go o w t h a t w l r n k up to 150 MA to Drrve a Relay. TRIAC, erc Complete elecfron~crareprovided
Works on 12VDC lunreguiafediand draws lerr than 100 M A Use ~t lor burpler alarms. obisct counten. aufarnattcdoor o p n a n .
automatbc door balls. electronnc rat trapl7l and more
COMPLETE KIT LESS CASES 21.50 O p t o n i t v n l , ~riridy ,~ncliinlrn Tmruk,t C r c u i (95
w I s o u r r e ,I# i n k up 111 200 MA DC
SPECIAL
PS-14 HIGH CURRENT REGULATED 1 L2EL t o
T I LS3A
CornmOn Anode
d e n c s . ordsrs
lakc 10%
Ordarr under add 1 0 % (or
dI5Count
over $50
Florida lo wa
California
BOB SMITH ELECTRONICS
AGL ELECTRONICS, INC. RFD #3, HIGHWAY 169 and 7
C & A ELECTRONIC ENTERPRISES 1800-8 DREW ST.
2529 EAST CARSON ST. FT. DODGE, IA 50501
CLEARWATER, FL 33515 5 15-576-3886
P. 0. BOX 5232 813-461.HAMS
CARSON, CA 90745 For an EZ deal.
West Coast's only full service
2 13-834-5868 Amateur Radio Store.
Not the Biggest, but the Best - Kansas
since 1962.
MARC'S
COMMUNICATIONS CENTER CENTRAL EQUIPMENT CO., INC. ASSOCIATED RADIO
705 AMADOR STREET 18451 W. DIXIE HIGHWAY 8012 CONSER P. 0. B. 4327
VALLEJO, CA 94590 NORTH MIAMI BEACH, FL 33160 OVERLAND PARK, KS 66204
707-642-7223 305-932-1818 913-381-5901
Who else has a Spectrum See Marc, WD4AAS, for complete Amateur Radio's Top Dealer.
Analyzer? Amateur Sales & Service. Buy - Sell - Trade
-- -
--
sales and servlce.
"HAM" BUERGER, INC.
6 8 N. YORK ROAD
WILLOW GROVE, PA 19090
2 15-659-5900
Communications specialists.
Sales and service.
HAMTRONICS, DIV. OF Handymen! Hobbyists!
TREVOSE ELECT.
4 0 3 3 BROWNSVILLE ROAD
TREVOSE, PA 19047
DO-IT-YOURSELFERS!
215-357-1400 Let Kester Solder aid you in your home repairs or hobbies. For that household
Same l o c a t ~ o nfor 2 5 years. item that needs repairing - a radio, TV, model train, jewelry, appliances, minor
electrical repairs, plumbing, etc. - Save money - repair it yourself. Soldering
with Kester is a simple, inexpensive way to permanently join two metals.
Tennessee When you Solder go "First Class" -use Kester Solder.
GERMANTOWN AMATEUR SUPPLY
3203 SUMMER AVE.
MEMPHIS, TN 3 8 1 1 2
800-238-6168
No monkey business. Call
I For valuable soldering information send self-addressed stamped envelope to
Kester for a FREE Copy of "Soldering Simplified".
I
Toll Free. KESTER SOLDER
Litton 4 2 0 1 W R I G H T W O O D A V E N U E / C H I C A G O , ILLINOIS 60639
Texas
AGL ELECTRONICS
3 0 6 8 FOREST LANE, SUITE 3 0 9
DALLAS, TX 7 5 2 3 4 R F ENGINEER
214-241-6414 (within Texas)
Out-of-State, Call our toll-free A n immediate opportunity exists w i t h our well-established,
number 800-527-7418. growing electronics firm, located i n beautiful San Diego.
HARDIN ELECTRONICS
5635 E. ROSEDALE
FT. WORTH, TX 76112
817-461-9761
Your Full Line Authorized
I
I
Requires a BSEE with a minimum of 5 years experience in HF, VHF, and UHF RF design.
Candidates must be comfortable with independent state-of-the-art transceiver design and
PLL servo theory. Licensed amateur operator desired.
Our offer includes excellent salary and a full range of company sponsored benefits.
Yaesu Dealer.
CALL WILL GORDON (714) 277-6780, Ext. 245
Wisconsin or send resume to:
AMATEUR
ELECTRONIC SUPPLY, INC.
4 8 2 8 WEST FOND d u LAC AVENUE
MILWAUKEE, WI 5 3 2 1 6
414-444-4200
Open M o n & Fri 9-9, Tues, Wed,
Thurs, 9-5:30, Sat, 9-3.
SWAN ELECTRONICS
A Division of Cubic Corporation
9233 Balboa Ave., San Diego, Ca., 92123
An Equal Opportunity Employer A
Washington
-
AMATEUR RADIO SUPPLY CO.
6 2 1 3 13TH AVENUE SOUTH
SEATTLE, WA 9 8 1 0 8
206-767-3222
F ~ r s itn H a m Radio i n Washington
Northwest Bird Distributor
Wyoming
DENCO COMMUNICATIONS CENTER
1728 EAST 2 n d STREET
CASPER, WY 8 2 6 0 1
307-234-9197
Sales, Service t o Wyoming
and t h e Northern Rockies.
I
OUR B E S T SELLER:
ECONORAM 11" I YEZhf OF?ORAII I T KIT )
I I
S- 100 ompallble 8 K x 8 In a cost-effective
c S - 100 compalible 16K x 8 memory. Static design.
package. All I#IIY+ h~I11.1v.d, Iasl. low power. ~ d n l q u ~ c u # r e # t !uodvr
2000 mA, manual wrlte protect rwll.
<o~~l,q~lr.>l~rin
.I\ l w u 4K hlorkr, handlpr DMA. and c h w for 4K blocks. can be used with or w8lhoul phan
mdnb othrr lcnrurrr . packed on a hiqh quallly lorn ltrlr. . a n d 11 aclually roslr less than dynamnr
board ond us~nu . hiuh .
. aual8tv. .Darts lall sockclr 4". e."ivalmlc!
I
~luded).lotally rlalic deriqn.
Scr the 1178 issue of Kllobaud lor an in.deplh
evolualion. or rend SASE lo K B Reprinl" and we'll
send you a copy. ..or beller yrl. talk to somebody
uh* owns one.
Klt: 0135.00: 3 klts: S375.00:
Assembled: S155.00
-
COMING s u O N :
2 4 K ECONORAM VII'" KIT
1
Jusl around Ihr corner lor the S-100 burs.. .we
Ituuh y o u I 1 lhht, 11 411 I!><.
E<c>t~ordrn\. IILI,
an ILrormram . . wnlrh lor (I!
tt,qular l ~ a l ~ ~ e ~ o f o ~ r ~ l ~ l
50n?*,rrtras. 11's slatsr. 4 1 s 24K. 11's
I
H8 COMPATIBLE
ECONORAM VI'" KIT
m CB standard Communlcatlon ILK x 8 for the HB, wtlh the same features that
have mad? Econoram the rlame In 5-100 buss
memory. \I,IITI LIY*#,I~I ~UIICIIIII([>Iusall ~o<ket< and
m Marine VHF Ibvt,,35r I.II,% are dl,, d t l ~5r~ldwt.d~ I place
I 50 you can
qt.1 rollh~tcxto ~ h rbc.-l
. part ul k81 bu~ldtnq
K i t form: 5235.00
Ft Myers. Flortda
Come to Dallas!!
Join thousands of Ham Radio
& Computer Enthusiasts
gathering for the Southwest's
top Ham & Hacker Huddle.
With a giant flea market on a
paved lot, timely seminars, top I
I
trade db*&, f a m field ~ p s , DUNFEY'S ROYALCOACH YN*3800 W. NORTHWEST HWY
ladies' programs, great prizes, FCC Tests An Day Giant Flea Market
Micmprocessor Seminar Antenna
and a big barbeque, Seminar Ham Radio & the Law RTIY and
Ham-Corn/ 78 will be too Micropmessors AMSAT Demonstrations
much to miss. Fun Activities for the Whole Family
1- ADDRESS
Ladles Luncheon & Styleshow $5 00 per person f o r p e o p l e
Flea Market auto reglswallon (n $3 00 per automob~lespace (per Call) 5
f l e a Market second aulo space (u $800 per automob~lespace (per Call) 5
I
~ r n
Double Room for Double Cvcupancy fa $16 00 per person for
_peoples Amval dale $ I
I STATE Z1P
Singk Room for Stngle Occupancy 6 $25 00 per p r l o n for
_people' Anwal date
-
Station call is XEZBC headed by XE210. XEZSI. XEZAZR with an assist from the
Lunar gang; Chip NGCA and Louis WBGNMT. For skeds contact Lunar. BY WBZDFA. SEE I A N '78 HR. PGS 81.87
a DOUBLE SIDED. PLATED THRU BOARD a
-. LUNAR'S COMPLETE LINE OF AMATEUR EQUIPMENT! a USES POWERFUL 6504 MICROPROCESSOR
a 256 CHARACTER BUFFER om 64 CHARAC.
LUNAR'S Linearized TER RECALLABLE BUFFER FOR CQ's. HERE
IS . . . ETC. ma 5 TO 99 W.P.M. SPEED
RANGE am XTAL CONTROLLED aam
EXPANDABLE MORSE CHARACTER SET ma
,..,.
. ,,*.do
.>5,,,re,
4-
(71n
\ -
-,
-12V I n ~ w Jack
t .Gate L l ~ h t .Crystal Time Bare I 1 pp!n after ,.a1 I
~POIIs t , ~ n ? p ~~ u .r ldl d d r ~ ~ sc.nvcInP~'
~tl
7208U GO0 MH, Kt! . $149 9 5 7208A Arrefrlblen $199 9 5
OPTIONS . . 011 Portable wlN1 Cad Battery lBu8ll 8" Charger1 . . . . . . . .3 3 9 9 5
021 crystal oven 11 pprn o vo 60°C1 $39 9 5 031 Handle $5 00
G R A Y Electronics
1041 Butlt In Preamr, 1 0 M V C 150 MHI $10 0 0 -3.2 .*
P.O.Box941, Monroe, M i c h . 48161
Sprt ~ ~ l t z o n~nqu5cd l r s l rqu8pmrnl
OAVlS ELECTRONICS 636 Sheridan Or,.Tonawa~~da.N I 14150 7 1 6 9 1 4 5 8 4 8
\
f REPEATER USERS - stay in Touch - with DSI )
I UNIVERSAL
The Data Signal TTP Series of keyboard encoders is used t o
generate the standard 12 or 16 DTMF digits. The encoders
TOUCH-TONE@ ENCODERS
~ r o v l d e fully automatic transmitter kevona and feature a
delayed Transmit Ready light, an interdiglt i;mer, and a built.
i n audio rnonltor. Fealurer also Include all solid-state. crystal-
controlled, dtg~tally-synthesizedtones and an o p t ~ o n a linternal
mouht Automatnc Number ldentifler (ANI).
TTP-1 (12.digit) $59.00
TTP.2 ( l b d i g i t ) 569.00
MODEL DTM - Completely self-contained miniature encoder
for hand-held portables. Only 5/16" thick. Three wire con-
nectlon. Autamatlc PTT keyin optional. Wtth our choice o f
keyboards. Price DTM -
$39.&, DTM-PTT $44.00. -
.Touch-Tone is a registered trade name of ATBT.
POWER .
I MAINTAINS VOICE QUALITY
IMPROVES INTELLIGIBILITY
NO CABLES OR BENCH
SPACE REQUIRED
EXCELLENT FOR
PHONE PATCH
NO ADDITIONAL ADIUST-
-
MENTS MIKE GAIN ADJUSTS
Ad
2:p
CLIPPING LEVEL
UNIQUE PLUG-IN UNIT- NO
MODIFICATIONS REQUIRED
-
--'\ the
I ~ h l si s RF Envelope Clipping-
feature being used i n new
transmttter designs for amateur
a
-:nd m i l l t a w use.
AR $22:'
tor 2 yeors, when operoted within Dedicated to E x c e l l e n c e
specifications.
Mounting cushion provided. 53. ELSEWHERE
JAMES K. VINES
611 Fannvfew Rd.
Park Forest South. IL
AZ r e s i d e n t s add 5%
s a l e s tax.
$595 Only $5.95 OSO-T and OSO-TI A NEW lape and a NEW
We stock good used equipment from Collins, method1 Thts casselle lape s~rnulalesactual OSO s
Drake Heath aAd other manufacturers. Hundrcds and will help glve you Ihe lump on !he new FCC ex.
of te;t itrnns also available. Call for specific re.
quirenlents, or ams Answer key ~ncluded JUSI ~nlroducedIS a
speedy 20. 13. and 76 wpm (OSO-TI J cassetle Also
write for free catalog. avatlable 7 ' / ~ . 10. 13. 15 wpm IOSO-11 one-hour
DAMES COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS casse~~e $4.95 ea.
201-998-4256
10 SCHUYLER AVENUE TEST EQUIPMENT FOR THE
NORTH ARLINGTON, N. J. 0 7 0 3 2 RADIO AMATEUR
All equipment sold checked
and realigned
r
Clip ICoupon a1i d Mail NI
W i t h t h e O m e g a - l Antc:nt~aN o i s e Rridae - -
oso-r ; 10 13 1 !, w m , 1,tpP
O Check or Money Enclosed I!
n o w ! G e t m o r e d e t a i l s or order today.
n oso-TI ' r 3. ;r, w ~ i t t :aar
~
s4 95
5495 ....VISA L1 Master Charge
!
-
~0d.1 ma I-~rn . ..
mfa rutpa: W.P6 HCCl
Modal m a . ..lOm MHZ MOO: W.95 P Can't wait? Call TOLL FREE ~ x pdate -MC Bank # - H
ELECTROBPACR
SYBTEMB. INC.
n
-
-qP-2!jR-535,7
f- d , A
F
Name
P.O. B O X 1 3 5 9
RICHARDSON. T E X A S 75080 rl P
T E L E P H O N E (214) 231.9303 Address !
S o l d at Amateur Radlo Dealers 1 Clt~ State ZIP p
o r Direct l r o m Electrospace Systems. Inc.
rush your n a m e to the companies big stock of their R H Bauman S a l e ~ C.o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
~~.
whose names you "check-off" latest and best gear! Budwtg Mfg. Co . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Bullel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Burbank Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
F:
P l a c e y o u r c h e c k m a r k in t h e s p a c e e t w e e n C-Comm 137
CFP Cammunicatiom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13.4
n a m e a n d n u m b e r . Ex: Ham R a d i o _ A3 4 CW Electronic Salea Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Clean
Communications Canter . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.. . . . . 129
INDEX CornmunlcanansS w l s l iso. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.51
C o n l ~ n s n lSpeclelt#es
l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Cwrral Baolimg Servrcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
AR Tech. -687 I C M -066 Cushcrafl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.47 .
AGL - 558 I n o g. Circvttr -518
DGMElectron~cs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
A N .
ALDA -625
Adv . Elect.
Int C m m l -W
Jameco
Jan -067
- 333 Have you Inlu(1111 d ~ o u lYaesu s F I 901D Sertes
01 compelllloll grant HF Iranscetvers7 Take Ihe
DSI lnstrumnn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
DXEngjneer~ng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
A w l . -677 Jones - 628 Dames Communicalions System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
F T 901DM lor exdrnple an all mode lranscejver Dames.Ted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
Aluma - ! B K Enlerptisa -071
.
Antenna Inc. -686 Kenpare UB deslgned l o glve you Ihe compeltllve edge ellher al Data Signal. Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
Davis Electron8cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130.138
Atlsnlme Surplus -644 home or on a DX pedllion Look al lhese lealures
Allar - 198 relectlon lunlng var~ableIF bandwidth luntng and
Dt.nTronRadboCmoanv . .......................... 7
Bsuman -017 Lafayens -59B DrscCap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Budwg -233 Long's - 4Ea audio peak lrequency lunlng plus dlgtlal and analog 0.108
U r a k e ~.o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
.
Bullel -328 LUMI - m lrequency dlsplay a bull! in C u r l ~ s8043 keyer c h ~ p
Ehrhorn Taehnologi~
Bunker Ramo -517 Lyle -373
Burbank - 669
and much much more' Come In . call . or wrlle Electraam l n d u s l r ~ .a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
MFJ -082 ........................... 110
CComm -688 Madnon ' TODAY and make you own dream come lrue Electron~cD,rtr~butom
CFP .- 022 N u D a l -455 Ele~lranocEqulpment Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
CW Elec -5X3 . Oak Hlll Ac . Am . Radio AGL also takes great pride in
Eleclronac S8gwl Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Clegg -m 7 Sass - 213
Communicatmns Oploeleclronics - 352 stocking these other great lines
Center -534
Comm. S p c .
Con! . Spec. -348
- 330
Palomar Eng. -093
Partrtdgs -4 3
Plpo - 481
of Amateur radio equipment . EmryEnterpr8~ B S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Fssr Rad,oSsles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Fax-TangoCorporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
m-lml
C w l i l l Banking - 573 Prome Comp . -627 GLB . 130
Cushcraft -035 P.C.P. - &18 Godbwt Eleclronics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
DGM -458 Pyramid - 678 Grey Eleclron8cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
DSI - 655 OSA(89-69) Gregory Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
DX ~ n. g - m RF Power Labs -802 Gull Elecrron~cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Dames Comm. -551
.
Dames Ted -324
Data Signal -270
Davtr Elect.
DenTron -X9
- 332
R.I.W. -
Cellbook - 100
679
Redm Sya. Tech.
Redlo World
-
- - 422 KLJf +BBR! cs
Hal Commun~cationsCorp
HalTroncr
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Ham-Com.78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
HamRadmCenar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Hnm R~dio'sCommunications 8o&slan) . . . . . . . . 140.141
Dsc-Cap -449
Rammy
Regency - 102
442
.
Hamtron~csInc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Drake - 039 Rohn - 410 HesthCompny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Henry Rad~oSl- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C m r I1
E 1.0. SST 375 b t engdneering
-
[m
- 1com. . . 5
_
Eleclrocm Bb3 Shew& -435
Elscl. Dslr . DM Step - 232 lntegraled Cnrcuits Unlimited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Inrernal8onal C r w l l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7l
Elect. Equip. Swca - 107
Jemeco Elaclron~cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Bank - 288 Spsclronicr - 191
JanCrynmls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Elect. Sgnal -670
Electroscace -407
Spectrum In1.
Swan - 111
1-
.
Jones . Marlin P b Aploc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Ertckson M7 TPL - 240 K E n t e r p r m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
1-
Esrery En1. T I T Comm - KengweCoq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 .
.
Tr8o Kenwood Communicatiom Inc. . . . . . . . . . . 8.9.72. 73
Fa##Rsdlo -LME
Fox-Tango
GLB -552
- €57 Tsn-Tsc
Texas T-rs
.
Tandv Comp. - 1 s
-881
KeslerSoldar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Lafavecte Radto Elserronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Godburt -647 The Comm. Center -6?4 Long's E I e c l l o n l ~. ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Gray -066
Glegw
Gull
Hal
-
-g35
057
Tvstao
Turner
Vanguard
-
_
.
118
BE)
VHF Eng. -. 121 Z
e
ln
Tm
Rod10 Co inc
Lunar Eleclrorlics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
LyleProduclr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
MFJ Enrerpr!sa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.110
Madiron Elect,onicSu@+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91.124
Hal-Tronix -254
Hallloaftan -632
Varlan .- M3
HIDLAN
D
NuDala Eleclrona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Oak Hrll Academy Amstsu, RadioSagion . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
E~o
iCJIFh*~~r, .NA( Optoelectronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
.
(
Harn.Com '78 '
Hammand -624 Palomsr Englnssn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 122
Ham Cenler -491 Parlrldge IHRI Eleclronica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
HRCB - 150 Plpc, Commun~cattons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Hamrronics - 246 Prlnlmi C~lrcv81 Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 .
Hsalh -080 h r a m l d Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Henw - 062 the n o m e 01o ~,~,..,~ OSA 9 3 Ameteur Radio Canter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
-
RFPmverLabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
R l W Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
'Please COnlC1 this adYt)niYIr diroctlv .
We'll see you in Atlanta Red8oAmarsur Callbmk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126 131
.
Rsd~oSyrlems Technoloey Inc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
.
Limit 15 inquiries per request. June 3rd and 4th, and in Rad~oWorld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
Dallas June 17th and 18th . Ramssv Electronicr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
RegencyElectrontca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Unarco-Rohn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
June 1978 CALL US TODAY
Please use before July 31 1978
PROCESSING IN A CLASS BY
ITSELF. . . for "talk power." low
distortion, and ease of use, it has
ALPHA: Sure you can buy a cheaper linear..
But is that REALLY what you want?
.
I
-
included Transceive or separate PTO Wide range receivin where peak performance is desired Frequency coverage: 3.5 to
-
AGC Constant calibration mode to mode Solid-state V F ~
Shifted-carrier CW VOX or PTT Output impedance is ad-
justable CW semi-break-in Audio output: 3 watts * Receiver
Incremental Tuning.
4.0MHz. 7.0to7.3MHz 14.0to 14.35MHz, 21.0to21.45MHz.28.0
to 29.7 MHz Input impedance: 50 ohms resistive Insertion
loss: 0.5 dB or less Wattmeter accuracy i 5% of reading 1000
watts RF continuous. 2000 W PEP.
799.00 list price. Call Toll-Free for quote. 250.00 list price. Call Toll-Free for quote.
h
-
Remember, you can call TOLL FREE: 1-800-633-3410 in U.S.A. or call 1-800-292-8668 in
Alabama for our low price quote. Store hours: 9:00AM ti1 5:30 PM, Monday thru Friday.
-
144
vlu
MAIL ORDERS P0
june 1978
Long's Electronics
BOX 11347 BIRMINGHAM AL 35202 STREET ADDRESS 2808 7TH AVENUE SOUTH BIRMINGHAM. ALABAMA 35233
Stale
ZIP
Depl. 122420
Send for you1
''
-)
nenlr; auto,
marine and
r l n r a l l accas-
sorlas; digital
clocks and
weather
instruments:
Amaleur
r
' Radio;
color TV:
personal
7' compulers
and lots morel