Avinash.

N Anil Kumar Leeladhar Kumar

Failures of Trait theories led researchers to develop a new theory called Behavioral Theories It is started in the late 1940s through the 1960s to go in a different direction

Ohio State Studies University of Michigan Studies Managerial Grid

Research begin about leadership in the Ohio State University in the late 1940s Researchers sought to identify independent dimensions of leader behavior in over 1000 dimensions

Initiating structure Consideration

It refers to the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his/her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment. It includes behavior that attempts to organize work, work relationships and goals. It defines leader as assigns group members to particular tasks, expects workers to maintain definite standards of performance, and emphasizes the meeting of deadlines.

It refers about a person is likely to have job relationships that are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees ideas and regard for their feelings. It defines leader as one who helps employees with personal problems, is friendly and approachable, treats all employees as equals, and expresses appreciation and support.

A survey states that 66 percent of employees are motivated through appreciation. A review of 160 studies found that both Initiating structure and Consideration were associated with effective leadership. Consideration was strongly related to individual. Initiating structure was strongly related to higher levels of group and organizational productivity and positive performance evaluations.

Research begin about leadership in the University of Michigans Survey Research Centre in the late 1940s. It studies behavioral characteristics of leaders that appeared to be related to measures of performance effectiveness.

Employee Oriented Leaders Production-Oriented Leaders

It described as emphasizing interpersonal relations. It took a personal interest in the needs of their employees and accepted individual differences among members.

To emphasize the technical or task aspects of the job. The main concern was in accomplishing the groups tasks, and the group members were a means to that end.

The conclusions of the Michigan researchers arrived at strongly favored the leaders who were employee oriented in their behavior. Employee-Oriented leaders were associated higher group productivity and greater job satisfaction. Production-Oriented leaders tended to be associated with low group productivity and low job satisfaction.

Managerial grid was proposed by Blake and Mouton. It is also called Leadership Grid. It is obtained from Ohio state and Michigan studies. It is based on the styles of concern for people and concern for production.

C O N C E R N F O R P E O P L E

1,9

9,9

5,5

1,1

9,1

concern for production

The managers were found to perform best under a 9,9 style. 9,1 is authority type style 1,9 is laissez-faire type style.