HB Plants PPT 2011

BIOLOGY
CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition

Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor
CHAPTER 17 Plants, Fungi, and the Colonization of Land

Modules 17.1 17.3
From PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Plants and FungiA Beneficial Partnership Mutually beneficial associations of plant roots and fungi are common
These associations are called mycorrhizae
They may have enabled plants to colonize land
Citrus growers face a dilemma

They use chemicals to control disease-causing fungi But these also kill beneficial mycorrhizae
17.1 What is a plant? Plants are multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes

They share many characteristics with green algae
However, plants evolved unique features as they colonized land
PLANT LEAF performs photosynthesis CUTICLE reduces water loss; STOMATA allow gas exchange
STEM supports plant (and may perform photosynthesis) Surrounding water supports the alga WHOLE ALGA performs photosynthesis; absorbs water, CO2, and minerals from the water ALGA
ROOTS anchor plant; absorb water and minerals from the soil (aided by mycorrhizal fungi)
HOLDFAST anchors the alga Figure 17.1A
Unlike algae, plants have vascular tissue

It transports water and nutrients throughout the plant body
It provides internal support
Figure 17.1B
PLANT EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY 17.2 Plants evolved from green algae called charophyceans
Molecular studies indicate that green algae called charophyceans are the closest relatives of plants
Figure 17.2A, B
Cooksonia was one of the earliest vascular land plants
Sporangia
Figure 17.2C
17.3 Plant diversity provides clues to the evolutionary history of the plant kingdom Two main lineages arose early from ancestral plants
CENOZOIC
Charophyceans (a group of green algae)
Seedless vascular plants (e.g., ferns, horsetails)
Bryophytes (e.g., mosses)
MESOZOIC
Gymnosperms (e.g., conifers)
Radiation of flowering plants
First seed plants
PALEOZOIC
Early vascular plants
Origin of plants
Figure 17.3A
One lineage gave rise to bryophytes

These are plants that lack vascular tissue Bryophytes include mosses, which grow in a low, spongy mat
Figure 17.3B
Vascular plants are the other ancient lineage Ferns and seed plants were derived from early vascular plants and contain
xylem and phloem well-developed roots rigid stems
Ferns are seedless plants whose flagellated sperm require moisture to reach the egg
Figure 17.3C
A major step in plant evolution was the appearance of seed plants

Gymnosperms Angiosperms
These vascular plants have pollen grains for transporting sperm They also protect their embryos in seeds
Gymnosperms, such as pines, are called naked seed plants

This is because their seeds do not develop inside a protective chamber
The seeds of angiosperms, flowering plants, develop in ovaries within fruits
ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS AND PLANT LIFE CYCLES 17.4 Haploid and diploid generations alternate in plant life cycles The haploid gametophyte produces eggs and sperm by mitosis
The eggs and sperm unite, and the zygote develops into the diploid sporophyte
Meiosis in the sporophyte produces haploid spores, which grow into gametophytes
Gametophytes (male and female) n Spores n
Gametes (sperm and eggs) n
Meiosis
HAPLOID
Fertilization
DIPLOID
Zygote 2n
Sporophyte 2n
Figure 17.4
17.5 Mosses have a dominant gametophyte Most of a mat of moss consists of gametophytes
These produce eggs and swimming sperm
The zygote stays on the gametophyte and develops into the less conspicuous sporophyte
5 Mitosis and
development Spores (n)
Sperm (n) (released from their gametangium)
1
Gametophytes (n)
Gametangium containing the egg (n) (remains within gametophyte) Egg Fertilization
HAPLOID
Meiosis Sporangium Stalk
DIPLOID
2 4
Zygote (2n) Gametophyte (n) Sporophytes (growing from gametophytes)
3 Mitosis and
development
Figure 17.5
17.6 Ferns, like most plants, have a dominant sporophyte Ferns, like mosses, have swimming sperm
The fern zygote remains on the small, inconspicuous gametophyte

Here it develops into the sporophyte
Mitosis and development
Sperm (n)
Spores (n)
Gametophyte (n) (underside) Egg (n)
Meiosis Sporangia
HAPLOID DIPLOID
Fertilization
2
Zygote (2n)
3 Mitosis and
development New sporophyte growing out of gametophyte Figure 17.6
Sporophyte (2n)
17.7 Seedless plants formed vast coal forests Ferns and other seedless plants once dominated ancient forests
Their remains formed coal
Figure 17.7
Gymnosperms that produce cones, the conifers, largely replaced the ancient forests of seedless plants
These plants remain the dominant gymnosperms today
17.8 A pine tree is a sporophyte with tiny gametophytes in its cones Sporangia in male cones make spores that develop into male gametophytes
These are the pollen grains
Sporangia in female cones produce female gametophytes
Haploid spore cells in ovule develop into female gametophyte, which makes egg.
Female gametophyte (n)
Egg (n) Sperm (n)
5 Male gametophyte (pollen)

grows tube to egg and makes and releases sperm.
Male gametophyte (pollen grain) MEIOSIS
Ovule
Scale Sporangium (2n)
HAPLOID DIPLOID
Fertilization
Seed coat
3 Pollination
HAPLOID Pollen grains (male gametophytes) (n) MEIOSIS Integument Embryo (2n)
Zygote (2n)
1 Female cone
bears ovules.
6 Zygote develops
Seed Seed falls to ground and germinates, and embryo grows into tree. into embryo, and ovule becomes seed.
2 Male cone produces

spores by meiosis; spores develop into pollen grains Sporophyte
Figure 17.8
17.9 The flower is the centerpiece of angiosperm reproduction
Most plants are angiosperms

The hallmarks of these plants are flowers
Pollen grains Anther Stigma
CARPEL
Ovary STAMEN
PETAL
Ovule
SEPAL
Figure 17.9A, B
17.10 The angiosperm plant is a sporophyte with gametophytes in its flowers The angiosperm life cycle is similar to that of conifers
But it is much more rapid In addition, angiosperm seeds are protected and dispersed in fruits, which develop from ovaries
2 Haploid spore in each

ovule develops into female gametophyte, which produces egg.
Egg (n)
Stigma
3 Pollination
and growth of pollen tube
Pollen grain
Ovule
1 Haploid spores
in anthers develop into pollen grains: male gametophytes.
Sperm Pollen (n)
Pollen tube
HAPLOID
Meiosis
DIPLOID
Fertilization
Zygote (2n) Seed coat
Food supply Seeds Ovary Ovule
7 Seed
germinates, and embryo grows into plant. Embryo (2n)
5 Seed
Sporophyte
6 Fruit
Figure 17.10
BIOLOGY
CHAPTER 31 Plant Structure, Reproduction, and Development

Modules 31.1 31.4
PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 31.2 The two main groups of angiosperms are the monocots and the dicots
Angiosperms, or flowering plants, are the most familiar and diverse plants
There are two main types of angiosperms
Monocots include orchids, bamboos, palms, lilies, grains, and other grasses Dicots include shrubs, ornamental plants, most trees, and many food crops
Monocots and dicots differ in seed leaf number and in the structure of roots, stems, leaves, and flowers
SEED LEAVES
MONOCOTS
LEAF VEINS
STEMS
FLOWERS
ROOTS
One cotyledon
Main veins usually parallel
Vascular bundles in complex arrangement
Floral parts usually in multiples of three
Fibrous root system
DICOTS
Two cotyledons
Main veins usually branched
Vascular bundles arranged in ring
Floral parts usually in Taproot multiples of four or five usually present
Figure 31.2
31.3 The plant body consists of roots and shoots Root system
Provides anchorage Absorbs and transports minerals and water Stores food
Root hairs increase the surface area for absorption
Shoot system
Consists of stems, leaves, and flowers in angiosperms
Stems are located above the ground and support the leaves and flowers Leaves are the main sites of photosynthesis in most plants
Terminal bud
Blade Leaf Petiole Axillary bud Stem SHOOT SYSTEM Flower
Node Internode
Taproot ROOT SYSTEM
Root hairs
Figure 31.3
The terminal bud is located at the tip of a stem

It is the growth point of the stem
Axillary buds can give rise to branches
In apical dominance, the terminal bud produces hormones that inhibit the growth of axillary buds
This results in a taller plant that has greater exposure to light
31.4 Many plants have modified roots and shoots
Roots and stems are adapted for a variety of functions

Storing food
Asexual reproduction
Protection
Plant breeders have improved the yields of root crops by selecting varieties, such as the sugar beet plant, with very large taproots
Figure 31.4A
Modified stems include

runners, for asexual reproduction rhizomes, for plant growth and food storage tubers, for food storage in the form of starch
STRAWBERRY PLANT
Runner
POTATO PLANT
Rhizome
IRIS PLANT
Rhizome Tuber Taproot
Root Figure 31.4B
Modified leaves include tendrils and spines

Tendrils help plants to climb Spines may protect the plant from plant-eating animals
Figure 31.4C
31.6 Three tissue systems make up the plant body Roots, stems, and leaves are made of three tissue systems
The epidermis
The vascular tissue system The ground tissue system
Leaf
Stem
Root Epidermis Ground tissue system Vascular tissue system Figure 31.6A
The epidermis covers and protects the plant

The cuticle is a waxy coating secreted by epidermal cells that helps the plant retain water
The vascular tissue contains xylem and phloem

It provides support and transports water and nutrients
The ground tissue system functions mainly in storage and photosynthesis

It consists of parenchyma cells and supportive collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells
The ground tissue system of the root forms the cortex

The cortex consists mostly of parenchyma tissue
The selective barrier forming the innermost layer of the cortex is the endodermis
VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM
Xylem Phloem
Epidermis
GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM
Cortex Endodermis
Figure 31.6B
These microscopic cross sections of a dicot and a monocot indicate several differences in their tissue systems
Figure 31.6C
The three tissue systems in dicot leaves

The epidermis consist of pores called stomata (singular, stoma) flanked by regulatory guard cells
Figure 31.6D
The ground tissue system of a leaf is called mesophyll and is the site of photosynthesis
Figure 31.6D
The vascular tissue consists of a network of veins composed of xylem and phloem
Figure 31.6D
PLANT GROWTH 31.7 Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots Most plants exhibit indeterminate growth
They continue to grow as long as they live
In contrast, animals are characterized by determinate growth

They cease growing after reaching a certain size
Annuals complete their life cycle in a single year or growing season

Examples: wheat, corn, rice, and most wildflowers
Biennials complete their life cycle in two years, with flowering occurring in the second year
Examples: beets and carrots
Perennials live and reproduce for many years

Examples: trees, shrubs, and some grasses
Growth in all plants originates in tissues called meristems

Meristems are areas of unspecialized, dividing cells
Apical meristems are located at the tips of roots and in the terminal buds and axillary buds of shoots
They initiate primary growth, lengthwise growth by the production of new cells Roots and stems lengthen further as cells elongate and differentiate
Terminal bud
Axillary buds
Arrows = direction of growth Root tips Figure 31.7A

Vascular cylinder
Cortex Epidermis
DIFFERENTIATION
Root hair ELONGATION CELL DIVISION
Cellulose fibers
Apical meristem region Root cap Figure 31.7B
Leaves
Apical meristem
Axillary bud meristems
Figure 31.7C
31.8 Secondary growth increases the girth of woody plants An increase in a plant's girth results from secondary growth
Secondary growth involves cell division in two cylindrical meristems

Vascular cambium Cork cambium
Vascular cambium thickens a stem by adding layers of secondary xylem, or wood, next to its inner surface
It also produces the secondary phloem, which is a tissue of the bark
Cork cambium produces protective cork cells located in the bark
Figure 31.8A
Everything external to the vascular cambium is considered bark

Secondary phloem
Cork cambium
Protective cork cells
Heartwood in the center of the trunk consists of older, clogged layers of secondary xylem Sapwood consists of younger, secondary xylem that still conducts water
A woody log is the result of several years of secondary growth

Sapwood Rings Wood rays Heartwood Sapwood Vascular cambium
Bark Heartwood
Secondary phloem Cork cambium Cork
Figure 31.8B
PLANT REPRODUCTION 31.9 Overview: The sexual life cycle of a flowering plant
The angiosperm flower is a reproductive shoot consisting of

sepals petals
Anther Carpel Stigma
Ovary
Stamen
stamen
Ovule Sepal
carpels
Petal Figure 31.9A
Sepals are usually green and resemble leaves in appearance

Sepals enclose and protect the flower bud before the flower opens
Petals are often bright and colorful

They attract insects (pollinators)
Stamens are the male reproductive organs of plants

Pollen grains develop in anthers, at the tips of stamens
Carpels are the female reproductive organs of plants

The ovary at the base of the carpel houses the ovule
The life cycle of an angiosperm involves several stages

Ovary, containing ovule
Embryo
Fruit, containing seed
Seed
Mature plant with flowers, where fertilization occurs
Seedling
Germinating seed Figure 31.9B

31.10 The development of pollen and ovules culminates in fertilization The plant life cycle alternates between diploid (2n) and haploid (n) generations
Double fertilization is unique to plants
Figure 31.10
31.11 The ovule develops into a seed After fertilization, the ovule becomes a seed
The fertilized egg within the seed divides to become an embryo The other fertilized cell develops into the endosperm, which stores food for the embryo
A resistant seed coat protects the embryo and endosperm
Triploid cell
OVULE
Zygote Two cells Cotyledons Endosperm Shoot Seed coat
Embryo Root SEED Figure 31.11A

Seed dormancy is an important evolutionary adaptation in which growth and development are suspended temporarily
It allows time for a plant to disperse its seeds It increases the chance that a new generation of plants will begin growing only when environmental conditions favor survival
Comparison between dicot and monocot seeds

Seed coat Embryonic shoot
Embryonic leaves Embryonic root COMMON BEAN (DICOT) Fruit tissue Cotyledon Seed coat Endosperm Embryonic shoot Embryonic root Figure 31.11B
Cotyledons
Embryonic leaf Sheath CORN (MONOCOT)

31.12 The ovary develops into a fruit The ovary develops into a fruit which helps protect and disperse the seeds
Figure 31.12A
There is a correspondence between flower and fruit in a pea plant

The wall of the ovary becomes the pod The ovules develop into the seeds
Upper part of carpel
Ovule Seed
Ovary wall Sepal

Pod (opened)
Figure 31.12B
The small, threadlike structure at the end of the pod is what remains of the upper part of the flower's carpel
The sepals of the flower stay attached to the base of the green pod
Upper part of carpel
Ovule Seed
Ovary wall Sepal

Pod (opened)
Figure 31.12B
Simple fruits develop from a flower with a single carpel and ovary
Apples, pea pods, cherries
Aggregate fruits develop from a flower with many carpels

Raspberries
Multiple fruits develop from a group of flowers clustered tightly together

Pineapples
Figure 31.12C
BIOLOGY
CHAPTER 33 Control Systems in Plants

Modules 33.1 33.5
PLANT HORMONES 33.1 Experiments on how plants turn toward light led to the discovery of a plant hormone Hormones coordinate the activities of plant cells and tissues The study of plant hormones began with observations of plants bending toward light
This phenomenon is called phototropism
Figure 33.1A
Phototropism results from faster cell growth on the shaded side of the shoot than on the illuminated side
Shaded side of shoot
Light
Illuminated side of shoot
Figure 33.1B
Experiments carried out by Darwin and others showed that the tip of a grass seedling detects light and transmits a signal down to the growing region of the shoot
Light
Control
Tip removed
Tip covered by opaque cap
Tip covered by transparent cap
Base covered by opaque shield
Tip separated by gelatin block
Tip separated by mica
Figure 33.1C
DARWIN AND DARWIN (1880)
BOYSEN-JENSEN (1913)
It was discovered in the 1920s that a hormone was responsible for the signaling Darwin observed
This hormone was dubbed auxin Auxin plays an important role in phototropism
Shoot tip placed on agar block. Chemical (later called auxin) diffuses from shoot tip into agar. Agar Block with chemical stimulates growth.
Control
Offset blocks with chemical stimulate curved growth.
Other controls: Blocks with no chemical have no effect.
NO LIGHT
Figure 33.1D
33.2 Five major types of hormones regulate plant growth and development Hormones regulate plant growth and development by affecting
cell division cell elongation cell differentiation
Only small amounts of hormones are necessary to trigger the signal-transduction pathways that regulate plant growth and development
Table 33.2

HB Plants PPT 2011

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

HB Plants PPT 2011

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BIOLOGY

CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition

CHAPTER 17 Plants, Fungi, and the Colonization of Land

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Citrus growers face a dilemma

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

17.1 What is a plant? Plants are multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes

However, plants evolved unique features as they colonized land

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

HOLDFAST anchors the alga Figure 17.1A

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Unlike algae, plants have vascular tissue

It provides internal support

Cooksonia was one of the earliest vascular land plants

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Charophyceans (a group of green algae)

Seedless vascular plants (e.g., ferns, horsetails)

Bryophytes (e.g., mosses)

Gymnosperms (e.g., conifers)

Radiation of flowering plants

First seed plants

Early vascular plants

One lineage gave rise to bryophytes

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

A major step in plant evolution was the appearance of seed plants

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gymnosperms, such as pines, are called naked seed plants

The seeds of angiosperms, flowering plants, develop in ovaries within fruits

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gametophytes (male and female) n Spores n

Gametes (sperm and eggs) n

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Sperm (n) (released from their gametangium)

The fern zygote remains on the small, inconspicuous gametophyte

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Mitosis and development

Gametophyte (n) (underside) Egg (n)

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Sporangia in female cones produce female gametophytes

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Female gametophyte (n)

Egg (n) Sperm (n)

5 Male gametophyte (pollen)

Male gametophyte (pollen grain) MEIOSIS

Scale Sporangium (2n)

2 Male cone produces

17.9 The flower is the centerpiece of angiosperm reproduction

Most plants are angiosperms

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2 Haploid spore in each

Zygote (2n) Seed coat

Food supply Seeds Ovary Ovule

CHAPTER 31 Plant Structure, Reproduction, and Development

Main veins usually parallel

Vascular bundles in complex arrangement

Floral parts usually in multiples of three

Fibrous root system

Main veins usually branched

Vascular bundles arranged in ring

Floral parts usually in Taproot multiples of four or five usually present

Root hairs increase the surface area for absorption

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings