GRID DISTANCE PROTECTION REPLACEMENT PROGRAMME

TRAINING COURSE

TOPIC OBJECTIVES
Better understanding of: why and how the Power system design have influence on the security of the system possible causes of faults on lines, transformers, busbars or equipment in switchyards switchgear arrangements - maintainability and reliability hardware and software of fault clearance and control system specifics about Electric Power System of Nigeria

GRID DISTANCE PROTECTION REPLACEMENT PROGRAMME

TRAINING COURSE

Power system design

Protection

Power system

Auxiliary systems Control

GRID DISTANCE PROTECTION REPLACEMENT PROGRAMME

TRAINING COURSE

The design of power system has a significant influence on the security, consequence of faults, probability of faults, maintainability etc

Transmission lines design

Voltage level

Overhead line or cable

Single or double circuit Insulator chain design Towers design Shield wires Tower footing earthing Conductor thermal capability
GRID DISTANCE PROTECTION REPLACEMENT PROGRAMME

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Faults on transmission line possible causes

GRID DISTANCE PROTECTION REPLACEMENT PROGRAMME

Lightning Switching Pollution Salt storms Growing trees Bush fires Damage or sabotage

The most often!

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Power transformers design

Purpose and capacity Step up or step down, ratio

Insulation levels
Neutral point earthing Tap changing (off/on load) Dry or oil immersed
Voltage level kV Insulation level kV Group

Cooling system
GRID DISTANCE PROTECTION REPLACEMENT PROGRAMME

Single phase or three phase Two/three windings or autotransformer Efficiency (loses) Impedance Vector group

0.4 0.415 1 6 10 11 15 20 33 35 66 110 132 220 330 400 750 1000

0.42
LV

7.2 12 12 15.75 24 36 38 72 123 145 245 362 420

TRAINING COURSE

MV

HV

EHV

Power transformers vector groups

EARTHING TRANSFORMER
ZNyn1 n a b c YNd11 a b c C B mc

TERTIARY WINDING

N A B C N A
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N YaNd11 ma A mb a b c

TRAINING COURSE

B C

POWER TRANSFORMER 132/33 KV

INTERCONECTION AUTOTRANSFORMER 330/132 KV

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Power transformer faults possible causes:

Deterioration and ageing of insulation Mechanical damage of insulation Damage of conductor, poor contact in joints Tap-changer, wear, mechanical failure Tap-changer switching during overcurrent condition Transient overvoltage , e.g. at lightning or switching Contaminated oil Corona discharge Mechanical forces on windings and bushings Heavy current during external faults, switching-in, or at resonance Overheating High load current or circulation current between parallel transformers Reduced or lost cooling, sustained through-fault current Overexcitation or voltage rise with transformer core saturation
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GRID DISTANCE PROTECTION REPLACEMENT PROGRAMME

TRAINING COURSE

Power transformer faults

Earth fault Short circuit Turn-to turn fault Flash over from HV to LV winding Core fault Tank fault External fault IEEE statistics about transformer faults

GRID DISTANCE PROTECTION REPLACEMENT PROGRAMME

TRAINING COURSE

Switchyard design
In many cases there is a tendency to have richly equipped switchyards. The reason for this is often to have high dependability for the fault clearance, have a high probability of fault disconnection. We have to keep in mind that more equipment we have , the higher probability for faults in the equipment we get!

GRID DISTANCE PROTECTION REPLACEMENT PROGRAMME

TRAINING COURSE

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Switchyard design: HV equipment

Busbar conductors and drop off connections, fittings Isolators/disconnectors Circuit breakers Current transformers Voltage transformers Surge arrestors Earthing switches Line (wave) traps
GRID DISTANCE PROTECTION REPLACEMENT PROGRAMME

TRAINING COURSE

The most important is type of switchgear arrangement and the placement of HV equipment
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Switchyard design: Single breaker - single busbar

GRID DISTANCE PROTECTION REPLACEMENT PROGRAMME

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Cheap, simple, in distribution sector

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Switchyard design: Single busbar with bus section

Bus section

GRID DISTANCE PROTECTION REPLACEMENT PROGRAMME

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For more feeders and incomers

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Switchyard design: Single busbar with transfer bay

Transfer bay

GRID DISTANCE PROTECTION REPLACEMENT PROGRAMME

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Transfer bus

No feeder outage during maintenance of CB Switching logic of tripping to Line CB or Transfer bay CB
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Switchyard design: Double busbar

GRID DISTANCE PROTECTION REPLACEMENT PROGRAMME

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Bus coupler
The most common arrangement
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SWITCHGEAR ARRANGEMENTS: Breaker and a half

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For two lines Three breakers =3/2 = 1

1/2

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SWITCHGEAR ARRANGEMENTS: Double breaker

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Design is cleaner but more expencive

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SWITCHGEAR ARRANGEMENTS

Single busbar + Reserve busbar 13%

Double busbar 42%

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Single busbar 27% Poligone (ring) busbar 1%

Double busbar + Reserve busbar 7% Triple busbar 4% Double busbar with 1.5 breaker 4%

Double busbar with 2 breakers 2%

CIGRE statistics about applied switchgear arrangements

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SWITCHGEAR ARRANGEMENTS: Busbar faults

Type and number of faults Fault cause PE Flash over on busbar insulators Circuit Breaker failure Insulation on switching devices Other on insulation Current transformers Disconnector opening on load Not removed temporary earthing
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Total PPE 6 2 2 1 4 3P 1 2 1 Unknown 27 20 22 9 3 1 1 1 1 15 6 8 2 1 24 1 1 3 15 15 13 5 129

%
21% 16% 17% 7% 2% 12% 12% 10% 4%

20 16 19 4 3 8 6 9 2 87

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Contacts (birds and other) Misc. and unknown Total

67%

12%

19%

2%

100 %
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CIGRE statistics for 400 kV busbars 91-96.

FAULT CLEARANCE SYSTEM

CIRCUIT BREAKER FAULT CURRENT TRANSFORMER

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER TRIP COIL

GRID DISTANCE PROTECTION REPLACEMENT PROGRAMME

TRAINING COURSE

TELE COM

PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

DC SYSTEM

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FAULT CLEARANCE SYSTEM

CIRCUIT BREAKER FAULT

HARDWARE DC supply system Current transformers Voltage transformers Protective relays Switching devices Telecommunication equipment Wiring
GRID DISTANCE PROTECTION REPLACEMENT PROGRAMME

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER TRIP COIL

TELE COM

PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

DC SYSTEM

SOFTWARE Design Construction (installation) Configuration of the protection relays Setting of the protection relays Maintenance
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TRAINING COURSE

CONTROL SYSTEM
Metering (current, voltage, power, temperature ) Indications (position, status ) Alarms (protection trips, alerts, warnings) Control commands (open, close, raise, lower ) OLTC voltage control Synchro-check

GRID DISTANCE PROTECTION REPLACEMENT PROGRAMME

TRAINING COURSE

Katampe 330/132 kV s/s CONTROL BOARD

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Specific characteristics of Power system of Nigeria

Still in development

Waste area with very different population density and consumption

Still unable to supply the nations demand for electricity needs to build new generating plants and rehabilitate existing but not operational capacities Hydro generation in middle belt (Kainji, Jebba and Shiroro)

Thermal generation on south (Egbin, Sapele, Afam, Delta)

Total energy loses are still very high (about 30 %) Long lines needs to build new substations Radial lines needs to build new lines to close the loops
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Parallel SC lines, double circuits lines Low reliability of plants due to insufficient maintenance Low security and transient instability Persistent and frequent black-outs Deregulation and privatization in power sector goes very slow
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TRAINING COURSE

GRID DISTANCE PROTECTION REPLACEMENT PROGRAMME

Transmission Power Network of Nigeria

TRAINING COURSE

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330 kV Transmission Power Network of Nigeria

90 MVA 310 km SC 150 MVA 90 MVA 2X60 MVA

KADUNA

KANO
230 km SC 197 km SC 265 km SC 2 x 150 MVA

BIRNIN KEBBI
2x 120 MW 2 x 100 MW 4 x 80 MW 96 km 2XSC

GOMBE

2x150 MVA

2 x 150 MVA

JOS JEBBA
81km 2XSC 244 km 2XSC 4 x 150 MW 5,6 km DC 60 MVA

SHIRORO HPP
2 x 150 MVA

KAINJI HPP
6 x 90 MW

G
4 x 200 MVA 144 km DC 2 x 150 MVA

G
157 km 3 x SC

OSHOGBO
251 km SC

KATAMPE

JEBBA HPP
119 km SC

AJAOKUTA
3 x 50 MVA 195 km 2 X SC

2 x 150 MVA

2 x 90 MVA BENIN

AIYEDE
137 km 2 x SC

256 km SC

ONITSHA

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2 x 90 MVA 95 km SC

NEW HAVEN
2 x 150 MVA

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IKEJA WEST
5 x 90 MVA 280 km DC 17 km DC 4 x 150 MVA 62 km DC 2 x 150 MVA 150 MVA 90 MVA 60 MVA

137 km 2 X SC

SAPELE TPP
50 km DC 6 x 120 MW 4 x 71.25 MW

AKANGBA

138 km SC

175 km SC

107 km

G
2 x 150 MVA 16 km DC

G
6 x 220 MW

6 x 140 MVA 2 x 168.5 MVA

63 km

ALAOJI

G DELTA IV TPP

17 km

ALADJA G

AFAM
25 km DC 2 x 150 MVA

AJA

EGBIN TPP

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Historical growth of NEPA generation

GRID DISTANCE PROTECTION REPLACEMENT PROGRAMME

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Not suppressed power demand is 12,000 MW (unofficially)

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GRID DISTANCE PROTECTION REPLACEMENT PROGRAMME

Generated energy in NEPA Power plants

TRAINING COURSE

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GRID DISTANCE PROTECTION REPLACEMENT PROGRAMME

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Status of NEPA Hydro power plant (2004)

89 %
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GRID DISTANCE PROTECTION REPLACEMENT PROGRAMME

Status of NEPA Thermal power plant (2004)

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GRID DISTANCE PROTECTION REPLACEMENT PROGRAMME

Status of NEPA Thermal power plant (2004)

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Status of NEPA Thermal power plant (2004)

In addition to NEPAs own generating plant, there is one IPP in operation Ebute Power Barge 9 x 30MW OCGT plant. (developed by Enron, but completed by AES in 2002.)

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47 %

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New power plants up to 2007

Okpai Power Project (Agip) Afam VI (Shell) Geregu (Siemens) Papalanto (Chinese Gov.) Omotosho (Chinese Gov.) Alaoji Shell PDC Afam 450 MW 700 MW 414 MW 335 MW 335 MW 400 MW 700 MW

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3334 MW
By Plan in 2007

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8500 MW
In total will be connected on network
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