Chapter 8 Statistical Quality Control, 7th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

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 Process Capability

Natural tolerance limits are defined as follows:

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 Uses of process capability data:

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Reasons for Poor Process Capability

Process may have

good potential
capability

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 Probability Plotting

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 Figure 8.5

• The distribution may not be normal; other types of

probability plots can be useful in determining the
appropriate distribution.

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 For the hard bake process:

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 One-Sided PCR

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 Interpretation of the PCR

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 Assumptions for Interpretation of
Numbers in Table 8.2

• Violation of these assumptions can lead to big trouble in using the

data in Table 8.2.

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 • Cp does not take
process centering
into account
• It is a measure
of potential
capability, not
actual capability

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 A Measure of Actual Capability

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 Normality and Process Capability
Ratios
• The assumption of normality is critical to the
usual interpretation of these ratios (such as
Table 8.2)
• For non-normal data, options are
1. Transform non-normal data to normal
2. Extend the usual definitions of PCRs to handle
non-normal data
3. Modify the definitions of PCRs for general
families of distributions

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 Other Types of Process Capability Ratios

• First generation
• Second generation
• Third generation
• Lots of research has been done to develop
ratios that overcome some of the problems
with the basic ones
• Not much evidence that these ratios are used to
any significant extent in practice
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Process Capability
Analysis using Control
Charts

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 Since LSL = 200

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 8.1 The Cumulative Sum Control Chart

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 The Cumulative Sum Control Chart

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 The Tabular Cusum

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 Cusum Status Chart (Figure 9.3a)

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 MINITAB Version of Cusum Status Chart

Minitab calculates the lower Cusum this way

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 The Standardized Cusum

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 More on Cusums

• Cusums are often used to determine if a process has

shifted off a specified target because it is easy to
calculate the required adjustment
• One-sided cusums are often useful
• Cusums can also be used to monitor variability
• Cusums are available for other sample statistics
(ranges, standard deviations, counts, proportions)
• Rational subgroups and cusums

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 The Cusum V-Mask

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 9.2 The Exponentially Weighted Moving
Average Control Chart

The EWMA is

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 Steady-state
control limits

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Chapter 15 49 Statistical Quality Control, 7th
Edition by Douglas C.
 Learning Objectives

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Edition by Douglas C.
 15.1 The Acceptance Sampling Problem
Typical application of acceptance sampling is for lot disposition, sometimes
referred to as lot sentencing, for receiving inspection activities
Accepted lots are put into production
Rejected lots may be returned to supplier or subjected to other lot-
disposition action
Sampling methods may also be used during various stages of production

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 Situations where acceptance sampling is likely to be useful:

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Chapter 15 53 Statistical Quality Control, 7th
Edition by Douglas C.
Chapter 15 54 Statistical Quality Control, 7th
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 Types of sampling plans

• One major classification is by data type, variables and attributes

• Another is based on the number of samples required for a decision. These include:
– Single-sampling plans
– Double-sampling plans
– Multiple-sampling plans
– Sequential-sampling plans
• Single-, double-, multiple-, and sequential sampling plans can be designed to
produce equivalent results. Factors to consider include:
– Administrative efficiency
– Type of information produced by the plan
– Average amount of inspection required by plan
– Impact of the procedure on manufacturing flow

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 Lot Formation and Random Sampling
• There are a number of important considerations informing lots for
inspection, including:
• Lots should be homogeneous.
• Larger lots are preferred over smaller ones.
• Lots should be conformable to materials-handling systems used in both
supplier and consumer facilities.

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 15.1.5 Guidelines for Using Acceptance Sampling
• An acceptance-sampling plan consists of sample size and acceptance/rejection
criteria for lot sentencing
• An acceptance-sampling scheme is a set of procedures consisting of acceptance-
sampling plans in which lot sizes, sample sizes, and acceptance/rejection criteria
along with amount of 100% inspection and sampling are related
• A sampling system is a unified collection of one or more schemes

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