Cardiovascular System I

BIOL 1006 Spring, 2011

Arterial System

Venous system

Circulation

Systemic circulation

Arteries carry oxygenated blood to tissues Veins return deoxygenated blood to heart
Arteries carry deoxygenated blood to lungs Veins return oxygenated blood to heart

Pulmonary circulation

Cardiovascular system
Heartpumps blood Arteriesconduct blood away from heart Veinscarry blood toward heart Capillary bed between arterial and venous systems

Circulation
Systemic

Delivers oxygenated blood to body

Pulmonary

Delivers deoxygenated blood to lungs

Venous blood from GI tract passes through liver before returning to heart

Hepatic portal

Heart
Typical mammalian heart 4 chambered 2 separate systems

Systemic circulation Pulmonary circulation

Heart
Can think of as 2 separate pumps which happen to be next to each other

Heart
CRANIAL

CAUDAL

Relative position of heart: dog

Under triceps muscle From ~3rd-6th intercostal space Can listen at various spots to accentuate sound of different valves

Canine heart in thorax

Heart

Contained within thoracic cavity in mediastinum Surrounded by pericardium

Heart

Thoracic cavity

Heart in chest cavity

Pericardium
Fibrous sac surrounding heart

ferret

Heart structure
Pericardium surrounds heart

Fibrous sac Lined by serous pericardium Serous pericardium is reflected and forms epicardium over heart muscle

Heartblood flow

Another technicolor view

Heart structure
Myocardiumcardiac muscle Majority of heart tissue is myocardium Cardiac muscle

Striated with branching fibers Not under conscious control Does not tire like skeletal muscle

Myocardium of left ventricle is thickest of four chambers

Heart structure
Endocardiuminner lining of heart

3 layers
Contacting myocardium

Collagen, random Purkinje fibers Collagen, parallel Elastic fibers

Middle

Inner Endothelial cells,

continuous with blood vessel endothelium

Heart structure--valves

Valves regulate blood flow through chambers of heart

Mitral valvebetween left atrium and ventricle Tricuspid valvebetween right atrium and ventricle Pulmonary valve between right ventricle and pulmonary artery Aortic valvebetween left ventricle and aorta Aortic and pulmonary valves also called Semilunar valves

Regulation of heart activity

Contraction/relaxation of chambers needs to be coordinated Intrinsic pacemaker

Sino-atrial nodein right atrium Electrical impulse begins at SA node, propagates throughout atrial tissue in multiple directions Result is atrial contraction

Regulation of heart activity

Ventricular contraction mediated by atrio-ventricular node Slower conduction than SA node gives delay before contraction of ventricles Conducted along Bundle of His Purkinje fibers

Conducting system

Electrical activity-EKG
Electrical activity of heart can be measured by placing electrodes on skin Deviations from normal help in diagnosis of different diseases/conditions

Monitoring cardiac function

EKGregisters electrical activity of heart Echocardiogram ultrasound of heart Heart rate monitor measures heart rate.

Often used in surgery with small animals Often used as a conditioning tool in horses

Echocardiography
Combination of ECG and ultrasound Can assess movement of heart muscle and valve function Look for abnormal blood flow

Regulation of heart activity

Nervous system input to heart can modify rate, force of contraction Intrinsic pacemaker sets base rhythm

Heart sounds
Auscultation=listening to sounds Typically with a stethoscope Normal heart sounds:

lub-dup lubclosing of AV valves dupclosing of semilunar valves

Heart sounds
Listen for normal/abnormal sounds

Abnormal sounds=murmurs Caused by turbulent blood flow Fast=tachycardia Slow=bradycardia

Listen for ratefast/slow

Listen for rhythmregular/irregular

Heart sounds--normal
Sound generated by movement of blood S1:Closure of AV valves, initial ejection of blood into aorta and pulmonary artery S2: Closure of pulmonary and aortic valves S3: End of rapid filling phase of ventricle S4:Atrial contraction

Heart sounds--abnormal
Sound generated by movement of blood Murmursabnormal sounds due to abnormalities of blood blow Can be described by

When they occur during cardiac cycle Point of maximum intensity How they sound (musical, machinery, etc.) Intensity of sound

Heart sounds

S1:AV valve closure, initial ejection of blood into aorta, pulmonary arteries S2:pulmonary/aortic valve closure S3: rapid flow through mitral valve S4:atrial contraction forcing blood into L ventricle S1 and S2 are beginning and end of systole S3 and S4 not normally heard in small animals

Check this out:

Canine Cardiology: A multimedia guide to cardiac auscultation http://vetvisions.com/p411.htm