Introduction to Disasters And Their Impacts

Dr. Mukta Girdhar

The size of disaster risks in India

One of the most disaster prone countries in the entire world-losses

due to disaster in terms of lives lost and property damaged is highest in India Annual average deaths due to disasters- 4000 30 million people affected by disaster every year The value of property loss is astronomical Due to geo-climatic changes the severity and frequency of disasters are on the rise in our country

 59% of the land mass is prone to earthquakes (21 States

and 229 districts in Zone IV & V-including the countrys capital) India has experienced some of the strongest earthquakes-it is the fourth most quake prone countries in the world An average of three earthquakes of 6.0 or > in the Richter scale occur in India every year We can any moment be hit by an earthquake which could inflict heavy casualties.

 8% of the country (about 8000 kms. Coast line vulnerable

to cyclone and associated hazards (storm surge/inundation, flooding) 40 million acres(12%) of the land mass is prone to flood 28% of land mass prone to periodic droughts Altogether 85% of the geographical land mass of the country and its inhabitants are prone to multiple disaster risks

TEN DEADLIEST NATURAL DISASTER Rank Death toll (estimate ) Event 1931 China floods 1887 Yellow river flood 1556 Shaanxi earthquake 1970 Bhola cyclone 1839, India, cyclone 526 Antioch earthquake Location China China Shaanxi Province China East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) India Antioch byzantine Empire (now turkey ) 7. 242,419(the death toll has been estimated to be as high as 665,000) 1976, Tangshan earthquake Tangshan. hebei, July28, 1976 Date July, November,1931 Sept, Oct, 1887 January 23, 1556 November 13,1970 November 25,1839 May 526

1. 1,000,000-2,500,000 2. 900,000-2,000,000 3. 830,000 4. 500,000 5. 300,000 6. 250,000-300,000

8.
9.

234,117
230,210

1920 Haiyuan earthquake

2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

Haiyuan, Hingxia,

December16,1920

Sumatra,Indonesia December26,2004 and also affected India SriLanka,Maldives Port-au-Prince, Haiti January 12, 2010
5

10.

222,570

2010Haiti earthquake

New Delhi, September 7, 2011 Terror strikes Delhi It was a dark Wednesday for Delhi as terror struck the national capital when a powerful bomb exploded outside Gate No 5 of Delhi high court

The death toll in Wednesdays blast outside the Delhi High Court on Thursday rose to 14 with one of the victims succumbing to injuries at a hospital here. A man injured in the blast breathed his last at the Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital this morning, police sources said. The man, who was in his mid-30s, is yet to be identified. A high intensity briefcase bomb ripped through the crowded reception area in the Delhi High Court on Wednesday. 75 people were injured in the blast that took place between Gate No.4 and 5 when around 200 visitors, mostly litigants, were waiting in queue to get passes to enter the premises. Several lawyers were also present at that time. 2 kg explosives used in Delhi High Court blast: Home Ministry

Hurricane Irene hits New York

NEW YORK: The edge of Hurricane Irene hit New York late Saturday, bringing torrential rain, freshening winds and fears of widespread flooding after killing at least eight people in its run up the US east coast. The first hurricane to hit the Big Apple in a generation swept in overnight, accompanied by lightening, reports of tornados and deafening rainfall. The city was a ghost town after 370,000 people were told to evacuate flood-prone areas, including near Wall Street and at Coney Island. Subway trains, buses and the famous Staten Island ferry were all shut down Saturday.

People arrive at a shelter on the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, Saturday, Aug. 27, 2011

Japan Earthquake-March2011 Magnitude 9 on Richter Scale One Disaster Multiple dimensions

8/27

Multiple dimensions
Massive Earthquake

11/27

Gigantic Tsunami
13/27

Huge fires
15/27

Nuclear Disaster

16/27

17

18

19

20

At Fukushima radiation 100k times above normal

Sharply elevated radiation at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear complex raised the possibility of spreading contamination and forced an evacuation of a part of one of the buildings at the damaged plant, but Japanese utility officials later called the reading a mistake. The Nuclear and Industrial safety. Agency said that water seeping out of the crippled No. 2 reactor building into the adjacent turbine building contained levels of radioactive iodine 134 that were about 10 million times the level normally found in water used inside nuclear power plants. An official of Tokyo Electric Power Co. the operator of the Fukushima plant, later on Sunday night said that the measurement may have been inaccurate.

Sea near Fukushima sees 1,250-fold radiation spike

Tokyo: Radiation levels have soared in seawater near Japanscrippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant, as engineers struggled to stabilize the power station two weeks after it was hit by a massive earthquake and tsunami.

US rushes fresh water to help N plant Plutonium in soil, toxic water leak

22

Total devastation

24

26

27

At $309 billion, Japan quake costliest-ever disaster

The Japanese government said that this months tsunami which has killed over 9000 people so far may have caused damages of upto $309 billion( nearly Rs.13.85 lakh crore) making it the largest-ever natural catastrophe in terms of economic damage. So far the record was held by Huricane Karina, which is said to have caused damages of around $75 billion. The first official estimates from Japan mean that the tsunami's economic impact is nearly four times that of Katrina. At this scale, the damage caused by the tsunami is 10% higher than Indias total spending in 2011-12, which is budgeted at Rs.12.58 lakh crore.

As on 23rd March2011
DEATH TOLL MISSING PERSON BUILDING DAMAGED ECONOMIC LOSS :9079 : 12782 :120,000

$309 billion( nearly Rs.13.85 lakh crore) :

Before & After Disasters Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant

The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear complex. Radiation leaked from the crippled plant after explosions in three of its six reactors. Fire at a fourth reactor spells more trouble.

In this town, search for survivors turned into a search for bodies. Among the dead are mostly elderly people. The Natori river here grew from a sedate flow to a raging wall of destruction. Yuriage Town

The tsunami left a trail of devastation,reducing the airport to a water world. The runway was inundated, aircraft swept away and the terminal building badly damaged.

Mayapuri Radiological Accident

A gamma irradiator no longer in use since 1985 in a chemistry laboratory at Delhi University was auctioned on a scrap market of Mayapuri The orphan source was sent to one of the many scrap yard existing at Mayapuri (12th March) Sometimes in March (20?) the source dismantled by workers (not aware of the hazard related to the highly radioactive content of the machine); cutoff pieces of the source and gave it to another dealer In April 2010, the locality of Mayapuri affected by a serious radiological accident.

CONSEQUENCES: 1 FATALITY, 7 INJURIES

Oil Rig Explosion-BP

On April 20, 2010 BP's Deepwater Horizon

oil rig exploded in the Gulf of Mexico, killing 11 workers and commencing months of oil leaking unrestrained into the ocean.
Efforts to manage the spill with controlled

burning, dispersants and plugging the leak were unsuccessful until BP capped the well in mid-July, temporarily halting the flow of oil after THREE months.

 This oil spill was the worst oil spill in US history. It is estimated that over 205 million gallons of oil was released into the Gulf.

The damage throughout the ocean, poses a serious threat to fishermen's livelihoods, marine habitats, beaches, wildlife and human health.

Bombay High Offshore

Wednesday, July 27, 2005, was one of the saddest days in

the history ONGC, as a major fire broke out 130 km off the Bombay coast. The fire totally destroyed the country's largest oil platform, rendered useless a safety and support ship, claimed 10 lives .

Consequences of Incident
Terminal Storage capacity 60,000 KL Petrol, 40,000 KL Diesel & 13,500 KL Kerosene 6 consecutive Explosion Intensity of First Explosion was 2.3 on the Richter Scale Fire in 11 storage tanks 11 Personnel Died

150 personnel seriously injured

Pollution in Environment

5,00,000 people shifted to safe location

Devastating fire at IOC Oil Depot Jaipur, India

IOCL Terminal Jaipur, Fire 29/10/2009

A massive fire broke out at the Indian Oil Corporation depot in Sitapura Industrial Area of Jaipur on Thursday night. This led to an uncontrollable fire which engulfed 12 huge tanks.Nearly one lakh kilolitres of fuel, worth Rs 500 crore just burn out. The flames, had thrown up huge columns of thick, black smoke which blocked sunlight. Officials and firefighters finally decided to wait for the burning fuel to get consumed and for the fire to extinguish by itself, as there seemed to be no other alternative.An area of 5 km radius had been marked as danger zone.

The Figures
186 dead about 700 persons missing and
Thousands affected

Bhopal Gas Tragedy

Worst industrial disaster in history 2,000 people died on immediate aftermath Another 13,000 died in next fifteen years 10-15 persons dying every month 520,000 diagnosed chemicals in blood causing different health complications 120,000 people still suffering from
Cancer

Tuberculosis
Partial or complete blindness, Post traumatic stress disorders, Menstrual irregularities

Rise in spontaneous abortion and stillbirth

Existed on Paper But, Enforcement Lacking.

Most Crucial Responder NOT Formally Part of Response Plan.

Technological Shortfall Many Lives Could have Been Saved.

GujaratEarthquake of magnitude26on Richter scale 2001 Earthquake - 6.9 January

Epicenter - Chaubari village, north of Bhachau, Kutch. Reported lives lost 13,805 167,000 persons suffered injury Over 2,22,035 Over 10 million houses completely people affected destroyed and by the calamity 9,17,158 houses Over 10,000 small and Over 300 damaged medium industrial hospitals units went out of destroyed 7,633 villages production Around 5 million people adversely affected, needed to be given 450 villages immediate relief all over the flattened totally 50,000 artisans lost State .that their livelihoodtoo in the wake of two consecutive years of drought. One of the worst earthquakes in the last 180 years

Bachau(Near Epicentre) Totally devastated

To nurture the culture of safety and integration of disaster prevention and mitigation into the development process the guidance and direction to this achieve this paradigm shift will need to flow from NDMA in the true spirit of the DM Act, 2005, to all stakeholders including State Governments, UTs, right upto the PRIs. 11th Five Year Plan Document

COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

BBC HARD Talk (World Debate during Geneva Conference) (June 2009):

One Dollar invested in Mitigation saves Seven Dollars. Saves Livelihood. Saves Countless Lives. Saves Untold Misery.

Building a Culture of Prevention is not Easy. While the Costs of Prevention have to be Paid in the Present, their Benefits lie in a Distant Future. Moreover, the Benefits are Not Tangible; they are the Disasters that Did Not Happen. Kofi Annan

BANGLADESH - A SUCCESS STORY IN PREPAREDNESS & RESPONSE CYCLONES AREA COX BAZAAR
500000 450000 400000 350000 300000 250000 200000

500,000

Losses of Lives
Remarks
1. 2.

150000 100000 50000 0

138,000

127111
1970 1997 1991 1994

Even when Population had doubled

Losses of lives shown for Cyclones with equal Intensity. Success as a result of well defined Responsibilities and Coordinated & Efficient Response Mechanism.

62/30

Disaster Definition

Disaster means a catastrophe , mishap, calamity or grave

occurrences in any area arising from natural or manmade causes or by accidents or negligence which result in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to and destruction of property or damage to or degradation of environment and is of such a nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of community of the affected area
(DM ACT 2005)
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General Effects of Disaster

Loss of Life Injury Damage to and destruction

of property
Damage to infrastructure

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General Effects Damage to livelihood source

National Economic Loss Environmental Damage

Sociological & Psychological

after effects
Community needs emergency shelter, food, clothing, medical, social care,. . ..
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Disaster Events by global Region Europe, Africa, 1 17% 7% Oceania, 3% America, 22% Asia, 44 %
Europe America Asia

Total number of reported disasters by continent and by year (1999 to 2008 )

1999 Africa 144 2000 2001 2002 202 183 197 2003 2004 169 164 2005 170 2006 198 2007 178 2008 159 Total 1764

America 140

150

134 156

126

135

139

103

133

138

1354

Asia

256

303

295 310

292

314

359

299

255

226

2,909

Europe

92

130

96

115

96

98

127

92

103

52

1001

Oceania

16

13

18

19

20

22

16

18

11

10

163

Total

648

798

726

797

703

733

811

710

680

585

7,191

Disasters in Asia Pacific

60% percent of all major natural disasters occur in the

Asia Pacific region. From 1991 to 2000, about 46 % of the world's total recorded disasters occurred in the regions of Asia and Oceania.

 In the Asia Pacific region, disasters account for an

annual average economic loss of US$ 41 billion only direct damages and in all likelihood, are conservative estimates.

FACTORS FOR INCREASING NUMBER OF DISASTERS

Population Growth Bad Governance Lop sided Development of Urban Areas.

Development Practices
Pro-active Role of Media.

Climatic changes
Effect of Environmental degradation

Growing Natural Disasters

Global Losses Through Natural Disasters

According to Reinsurance Company Munich Re costs associated with natural disasters has gone up 14 fold since the 1950s. Each year from1991 to 2000, an average of 211 million people were killed or affected by natural disasters seven times greater than the figure for those killed or affected by conflict. Towards the end of the 1990s,the world counted some 25 million environmental refugees- for the first time more people had fled natural hazards than conflict.
Source: World Disasters Report, 2001

Comparison of Economic Losses

Decade
1950-59 1960-69 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99

Loss in US$bn
39.6 71.1 127.8 198.6 607.0

Table 4 Total amount of disaster estimated damage, by continent and by year (1999 to 2008 ) in millions of US$ (2008 prices)

1999 Africa 802

2000 1,248

2001 808

2002 438

2003 6,480

2004

2005 38

2006 244

2007 784

2008 341

Total 13,097

1,915

Americas 28,602 6,672 16,006 15,446 25,357 Asia Europe

44,427 27,204 15,743 15,914 27,734 65,714 22,254 2,403 40,431 21,496

74,301 190,499 7,251 75,600 30,603 2,079 17,323

18,293 61,983 444,411

24,961 35,874 115,935 413,995 2,594 22,393 2,803 199,489

Oceania 2899

670

698

2,610

694

630

241

1,373

1,493

90

1,399

Total

142,443

58.048

35,658 74,838 81,761 154,525 238,704 36,424 78,838 181,15 1,082,391

COMPARISON OF PERCENTAGE LOSSES IN THE WORLD DUE TO DISASTERS, 1991-2001

OCEANIA (1 %)

AFRICA (0 %)

EUROPE (21 %) AMERICA (26 %)

ASIA (52 %)

ASIA

AMERICAS

AFRICA

EUROPE OCEANIA

The Cost of Disaster Damage

Human Impact of Disasters America, 2% Africa, 6%

Asia, 90%

America

Africa

Asia

Total number of people reported killed, by continent and by year (1999 to 2008 )
1999 Africa 2,690 2000 5,392 2001 4,520 2002 7,639 2003 2004 2005 3,192 2006 5,780 2007 3,464 2008 2,943 Total 46.,026

6,160 4,246

Americas

33,998

2,066 3,077

2,108

2,196

8,321

5,437

1,558 2,884

2,672

64,317

Asia

98,944

88,056 105,960 89,777 38,977 238,103 90,936 20,478 15,558 236,302

1 023,081

Europe

19,535

1,622

2,338

1,808

73,373 1,259

1,130

5,699

1,684

722

109,170

Oceania Total

116 155,283

205

91

64

35

46

24

273

23

886

97,341 115,904 101,423 120,770 251,964 100,741 33,539 23,853 242,662, 1 243, 480

Total number of people reported affected by continent and by year (1999 to 2008 ) in

thousands

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Total

Africa 37,634 46,000 45,445 44,601 29,213 36,902 22,856 22,892 12,526 18,220

316,289

Americas17,277

975 10,913

2,517

3,995

9,478

8,308

1,450

8,940

19,684

83,537

Asia

241,095 206,644 186,203 66,070 234,974

132,289 129,716

118,356 190,886 175,73

2278,965

Europe 6,311

2,929

787

,493

1,546

538

527

260

1646

268

16,304

Oceania
Total

151

31

41

38

119
179,325

28

38

172
14,170

92
213,99 6

718
2,695,813

302,467 256,556 243,380 711,722 269,765

161,436 142,995

INDIA
ECONOMIC LOSSES DUE TO DISASTERS
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 91 - 95 96 - 00
PERIOD

86

Losses in Thousand Crores

54 36
50 % 139 %

'01 - 05

Annual- Impact on People 1. Losses in lives - 4334. 2. People affected - 30 Million. 3. Houses lost - 2.34 Million.

Annual- Financial Losses 1. Percentage of GDP 2%. 2, Percentage of Central Revenue (for relief) 12%.

Major Earthquakes in India,

Date Location Magnitude

August 21,1988 Bihar-Nepal Border 6.4 October 20,1991 Uttarkashi, Uttar Pradesh 6.6 September 30,1993 Latur- Osmanabad, 6.3

May 22, 1997 March 29, 1999 January 26,2001 October 8 2005

Maharashtra Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh Chamoli, Uttar Pradesh Bhuj, Gujarat Jammu and kashmir

6.0 6.9 7.7 7.6

Source : Indian Meteorological Department and US Geological Survey

Impact of Disaster on livelihood potential

Productive adults fall ill / injured
Labour shortage for production activities Increased expenditure on medical care Increased time spent caring for the sick

Sale of non-productive assets Children taken out of school Use of savings

Reduced fishing income, therefore reduced cash for agricultural inputs Sale of larger livestock (living bank and productive assets)

Declining household food production Sale of boats and nets to purchase food and medicine Reduced food consumption

Sale of land and smaller livestock Subsistence through low-paid wage labour, low-margin trading activities or prostitution Stigma of infection erodes social capital

Further adult household members fall ill or die Remnant households headed by grandparents or children, subsist by begging and low-status activities Few remaining productive assets, no buffers against further shocks Chronic food insecurity

Collapse in productive capacity of the household The sick are neglected, children are abandoned, sent to orphanages or to live with relatives Houses are abandoned and the remnant family is dispersed

BUILDING A BETTER FUTURE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN INDIA

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Paradigm Shift

The national vision is of a paradigm shift, from erstwhile

response- centric, syndrome to a proactive prevention, mitigation and preparedness driven approach to DM.
The paradigm shift from response to preparedness has

enhanced the importance of pre-disaster preparedness measure.

Capacity building of the role players is crucial for

comprehensive disaster management efforts.

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Some Important Achievements

High Powered Committee on Disaster Management, in

August 1999. National Committee on Disaster Management, after Gujarat Earthquake,2001. Working Group on Disaster Management Disaster Management Act -2005 Disaster Management Policy, 2009 Planning Commission : Chapter on Disaster Management: The Development Perspective in X th &XI th Plan Document .
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CENTRAL SECTOR SCHEME FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT - SALIENT FEATURES

Setting up of Disaster Management Authority Setting up of National Centre for Disaster Management / NIDM Setting up of Disaster Management Authorities in States and Districts. Programme for Community Participation and Public Awareness

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Disaster Response Structure

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
CENTRAL RELIEF COMMISSIONER

STATE GOVERNMENT
RELIEF COMMISSIONER

DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION
DISTRICT COLLECTOR

Primary responsibility with the state Government Government of India Supplements the state efforts

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Management Mechanism -India

Ministry of Home Affairs is the Nodal Ministry Central Relief Commissioner - Nodal Officer

Financial assistance to state from central govt based on the reports of the finance Commission.

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NATURAL DISASTER RESPONSEARRANGEMENTS IN GOVT. OF INDIA

UNION CABINET
NATIONAL CRISIS MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE (NCMC): HEADED BY CABINET SECRETARY. CRISIS MANAGEMENT GROUP (CMG): HEADED BY CENTRAL RELIEF COMMISSIONER.

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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA : NODAL MINISTRIES / DEPARTMENT FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

DISASTER Air Accidents Civil Strike Railway Accidents NODAL MINISTRY Ministry of Civil Aviation Ministry of Home Affairs Ministry of Railways

Chemical Disasters
Biological Disasters Nuclear Accident s Droughts Natural Disaster

Ministry of Environment
Ministry of Health & family Welfare Dept. of Atomic Energy Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Home Affairs

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138

DISASTER RESPONSE ARRANGEMENTS IN THE STATES

STATE CABINET STATES CRISIS MANAGEMENT GROUP: HEADED BY CHIEF SECRETARY. STATE CONTINGENCY PLAN S / RELIEF CODE.

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NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE

GOVT OF INDIA
CABINET COMMITTEE ON MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL CALAMITIES PLANNING COMMISSION
NATIONAL CRISIS MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE

HIGH LEVEL COMMITTEE

CABINET COMMITTEE ON SECURITY

NDMA NEC
STATES
SDMAs SECs

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE NATIONAL DISASTER MITIGATION RESOURCE CENTRES MINISTRIES & DEPARTMENTS OF STATES STATE POLICE

C O M M U N I T Y

MHA
MINISTRIES & DEPARTMENTS OF GOVT OF INDIA

ARMED FORCES
CENTRAL PARAMILITARY FORCES HOME GUARDS CIVIL DEFENCE

DISTTs DDMAs
LOCAL AUTHORITIES

STATE DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE FIRE SERVICES

NCC, NSS & NYKS

ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS

PROFESSIONAL BODIES CORPORATE SECTOR

SCIENTIFIC ORGANISATIONS TECHNICAL INSTITUTIONS

C O M M U N I T Y

CORPORATE SECTORS NGOs

143

2002
Zone V IV III MM IX or more MM VIII MM VII
IV

Zone II MM VI I MM V or less together now make Zone II MM VI or less.

V

V IV V

Area under the zones V 12% IV 19% III ~28% Total damageable ~ 59%

III

III

LANDSLIDES ZONATION MAP OF INDIA

Severe Risk Area High Risk Area Moderate Risk Area Unlikely Occurrence

1
4

10
17 3
*Even though affected only by Drought but suffers heavy Financial Losses averaging Rs. 3 to 8 Thousand Crores, Annually.

*Types:

Earthquake, Cyclone, Tsunami, Flood, Drought & Landslide.

Orissa Supercyclone, 1999

National Disaster Management Planning

Gujarat Earthquake, 2001

Same mistakes repeated again. Lesson learning exercises.

Tsunami, 2004

Caught unprepared yet again. No plan had ever covered tsunami.

NATURAL DISASTERS LESSONS LEARNT

1. 2. 3. Mitigation Systems Require Manifold Improvement & should be Technology Driven. Weakness in Early Warning Systems and Dissemination of Information to Far Flung Areas. Decision to Provide Aid :(a) Slow because of Procedures. (b) Request from States not backed by Proper Assessment. States Organizations Not Geared to Guide & Receive Aid. Disaster Response Resources at State Level Very Inadequate.

4. 5.

NATURAL DISASTERS LESSONS LEARNT

6. 7. 8. 9.
10.

Non Availability of Specialist Equipment, (Incl Mobile Field Hospitals). Assistance from NGOs NOT Coordinated & Optimised. People - Principal Actors -- Focused Public Awareness Campaign a Must. Post Disaster Relief & Reconstruction - Lot of GAPS. Positive Lesson -- Role of the Armed Forces

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161

162

163

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Where can disaster reduction best begin?

THANK YOU