Human Development Theories

What do we mean by Development

Traditional approach New approach

Core values
Sustenance the ability to meet basic needs Self Esteem To be a person with self respect. Freedom from servitude to be able to choose.

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Human Development Theories

Three objective Development.
1. To make and increase the availability of and widen the distribution of basic life-sustaining goods such as food, shelter, health and protection. 2. To raise level of living by providing more jobs and education while paying greater attention to cultural and humanistic values. 3. To expand the range of economic and social choices available to individual or nation by freeing them from the servitude and dependence in relation to others.

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Trade and HumanDevelopment Theories Human Development

Gender equality is at the core of human development concept, a concept that does not discriminate and limit womens choices.

Human development concept implies that people must participate in the processes that shape their lives. They must help make and implement decisions and monitor their outcomes.

Human Development Theories

Human Development focus on Human Security (UNDP, 1994) which refers to safety from chronic hunger, disease and repression. It also means protection from sudden, harmful disruption in the pattern of daily life.

In economic context, it protects people from threats to their incomes, food security and livelihood.
Earlier writer, intellectual like Aristotle, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Robert Malthus, Karl Marx and contemporary authors have talked about human development.

Human Development Theories

Human Development is different from human oriented approaches to development. For example, Human Resource approach emphasizes Human Capital and treats human beings as inputs into the production process, not as beneficiaries.

The Basic Need approach focus on peoples minimum requirement, not their choices (Maslows hierarchy of need).
Human welfare approach looks at people as recipient, not as active participants in the process that shape their lives. Human Development treats people as the subject of development, not the object.

Trade and HumanDevelopment Theories Human Development

MDG The objective of human development were codifed in the Millennium Development Goals (UN,2000). These goals are : Halving extreme income poverty and hunger, achieving universal primary education and gender equality in primary education, reducing under-5 mortality by two-thirds and maternal mortality by three quarters, reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS and other major diseases and halving the portion of people without access to safe water.

Human Development Theories

In contrast to the previous conception of the development, Human Development is seen as Enlargement of the choices of People It concentrated around three choices: The opportunity to lead a long and healthy life The opportunity to acquire knowledge And the opportunity to have access to resources needed for decent standard of living

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Human Development Theories

Latter addition Political Freedom Human rights Human Development for women and men Environmental and other aspects of sustainability Themes regarding citizens participation and opportunities to affect the political decision in society. It was quite paradigm shift and this new paradigm called PARADIGM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT or it was just like Development by People.

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Economic Development
Amartya Sens conception of Development
Development as freedom Virtuous Circles It consists of five freedoms Political freedoms Economic facilities Social opportunities Transparency guarantees Protective security Each of these distinct types of rights and opportunities helps to advance the general capability of a person. Public policy to foster human capabilities and substantive freedoms in general can work through the promotion of these distinct but interrelated instrumental freedoms.

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Economic Development
Dudley Seers, a British Development Economist, advocated growth fetishism with social development. He raise a three question to measure the level of development. What has been happening to poverty? What has been happening to unemployment? What has been happening to inequality?

According to him if all three of thee have declined from high level then there has been development. And if any one of these three growing worse then it would be strange to call the result development.

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Human Development Theories

People are real wealth of nations. The main goal of development creating an environment for people to enjoy long, health and creative lives.

Development process of expanding and enlarging peoples choices, allowing them to live secure lives with full freedom and rights. It requires sustainable economic growth It requires gender equality and encouraging peoples participation in decision that affect their lives.

Human Development Theories

Forgotten Human Development during 1950s, 60s, 70s and 1980s.

Trade and HumanDevelopment Theories Human Development

Defining development in the light of these theories.
People make choices economic, social, political and cultural. Ultimate goal of development is not to create more wealth or to achieve growth. It is enlarge human choices and enhancing their outcomes.

Trade and HumanDevelopment Theories Human Development

MDG The objective of human development were codifed in the Millennium Development Goals (UN,2000). These goals are : Halving extreme income poverty and hunger, achieving universal primary education and gender equality in primary education, reducing under-5 mortality by two-thirds and maternal mortality by three quarters, reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS and other major diseases and halving the portion of people without access to safe water.

Human Development Theories