Digital Watermarking

Definition
A digital watermark is a digital signal or pattern inserted into a digital document such as text, graphics or multimedia, and carries information unique to the copyright owner.

History

Paper Watermarks: Formed during the manufacturing process of the paper when the paper is wet, so that fibers can be disturbed according to the design of the watermark.

Types of Watermarking

Based on visibility of watermarks

Visible Watermarks Invisible Watermarks

Based on the content to be watermarked

Text Watermarking
-

Image, Audio, Video Watermarking

Example of Visible and Invisible WM

Invisible Watermarking

Visible Watermarking

Techniques Used in Watermarking

1.

Techniques for Text

1. 2. 3.

Line coding Word-Shift coding Character Encoding Spatial Watermarking Frequency Domain Water marking Checksum Techniques for Image Water Marking

2.

Techniques for Images

1. 2. 3.

Line Coding Techniques

Line coding:- Change the spacing between line

Word-shift coding
Changes the spacing between words

Character Encoding
Alter Shape of character

Techniques for Images (contin)

1.

Spatial Watermarking Just change some of the values of the pixels in the lower bit plane; e.g., Change some of the bits from 1 to 0 or 0 to 1. Frequency Domain Watermarking First convert the image to the frequency domain and then apply the watermark in the low frequency regions.

2.

Check Sum Techniques for Images

Watermarking Process

Digital Watermarking Application

Ownership Assertion Fingerprinting Authentication & integrity verification Content labeling Usage control & Copy protection Content Protection

Advantages

Embedding the checksum only changes (on average) half the number of pixel. So less visual distortion. Can hold multiple watermarks as long as they dont overlap. Extremely simple and fast.

Disadvantages

Extremely fragile. Any change to the checksum causes the failure of the verification procedure. Forger could replace a section with another one of equal size and checksum. Entire watermark can be removed by removing the LSB plane. Cant survive lossy compression.

Conclusion

First generation of copyright marking schemes is not strong enough Existing schemes provide only limited measures of marking Real problem: watermark restoration Ultimate Fairness and Credibility Arbitrary Problem Application Connection between Watermarking & Sound Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science

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