Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MARINE STRUCTURES
APPLIED MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS DEPARTMENT
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
To understand the process of littoral drift
To learn about the littoral drift along DK Coast
SOME BEACHES HAVE BEAUTIFUL GOLDEN SAND WHEREAS OTHERS HAVE LESS ATTRACTIVE SHINGLES BUT THERE IS A REASON WHY BEACHES LOOK SO AS THEY DO
OVERVIEW
WHAT IS LSD? HOW IT WORKS?
TYPES
FEATURES DK COAST
WHAT IS LSD?
LSD is a geological process by which sediments such as sand or other materials move along a beach shore Natural movement
CONTINUED
Finally, the waves break. As the wave breaks the swash carries material up the beach at the same angle as the wave approached As the swash dies away any material carried by it falls back down the beach during backwash due to gravity
CONTINUED
During the breaking process, the associated turbulence causes some of the seabed sediments to be brought into suspension. These suspended sediments, plus some of the sediments on the seabed, are then carried along the shoreline by the longshore current, which has its maximum near the breaker line. The two transport modes are referred to as suspended transport and bed load, respectively. The sum of these is the littoral drift.
10
Schematic map of longshore drift. Waves run up the beach at an angle but return to sea as a perpendicular backwash. Creates a longshore transport of water and sand along the coast. A river of sand.
CERC Formula
The Engelund and Hansen formula (1967) The Ackers and White formula (1973) The Bailard and Inman formula(1981) The Van Rijn formula (1984) The Watanabe formula (1992) [6]
12
CONTINUED
The most common factors taken into consideration in these formulas are: 1.Suspended and bed load transport
2.Waves e.g. breaking and non-breaking 3.The flow associated with waves.
13
14
CONTINUED
k is a sediment transport coefficient
15
Grain size. The littoral drift is inversely proportional to the grain size to the power of approximately 3.
Wave incidence angle. The littoral drift is approximately proportional to sin2.5(2), where is the wave incidence angle.
16
CONTINUED
It can be seen that the littoral drift varies strongly with several parameters. It is therefore crucial to have exact data when making littoral drift calculations. It is an important point that the littoral drift over the coastal profile depends not only on the hydrodynamics but also very much on the variation of the sediment characteristics over the profile. Hence, the sediment distribution along the coastal profile should be taken into account whenever possible.
17
TYPES OF LSD?
CONSTRUCTIVE DESTRUCTIVE
18
CONSTRUCTIVE
Process which leads to the formation of spits bars tombolos LSD generally considered to be a constructive process Continuing process that nourish the beach carry sand along the shore and deposit at the end of a spit so that it grows in length and size
19
DESTRUCTIVE
20
21
CONTINUED.
BEACH SPITS BARRIERS TOMBOLOS
22
23
24
HUMAN INFLUENCES-GROYNES
Groynes are shore protection structures, placed at equal intervals along the coastline in order to stop coastal erosion Three most common groyne designs consisting of: zig-zag groynes, which dissipate the destructive flows that form in wave induced currents or in breaking waves. T-head groynes, which reduce wave height through wave diffraction. Y head, a fish tail groyne system
25
When the long shore sediment transport threatens to cause a problem such as siltation of harbour entrance etc., a long groin can be constructed just slightly up drift from the harbour entrance or river mouth. Though, it prevents sediment movement, it can cause erosion on the other side
26
SERIES OF GROINS
Another way of using groins is to build a series of small groins (groin field) at shorter intervals along the affected coast. This will tend to stabilize the entire coast by keeping the sand trapped between them.
27
28
29
CONTINUED.
Mappleton located to the NE of England Holderness coast suffer from a large amount of coastal erosion due to LSD LSD takes away the sand that protects the cliff face Stone groynes built..By this means cliff wall is protected
30
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
TOM ABBOTT, BIDDULPH HIGH SCHOOL AND MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.SLN.ORG.UK/GEOGRAPHY AND ONLY FOR NON COMMERCIAL USE IN SCHOOLS
BREAKWATER
Built parallel to coast to provide protection Stops waves from hitting the beach. Sand is deposited behind and on the upside of the breakwater. Needs permanent dredging to keep the harbor or sheltered area open.
The major influence the creation of a port or harbour can have on longshore drift is the alteration of sedimentation patterns, which in turn may lead to accretion and/or erosion of a beach or coastal system.
88
CONTINUED..
The creation of a port in Timaru, New Zealand in the late 1800s led to a significant change in the longshore drift along the South Canterbury coastline. Instead of longshore drift transporting sediment north up the coast towards the Waimataitai lagoon, the creation of the port blocked the drift of these (coarse) sediments and instead caused them to accrete to the south of the port at South beach in Timaru The accretion of this sediment to the south, therefore meant a lack of sediment being deposited on the coast near the Waimataitai lagoon (to the north of the port), which led to the loss of the barrier enclosing the lagoon in the 1930s and then shortly after, the loss of the lagoon itself. As with the Waimataitai lagoon the Washdyke Lagoon, which currently lies to the north of the Timaru port is undergoing erosion and may eventually breach causing loss of another lagoon environment.
89
Where there is net littoral drift, jetties can block the flow of sand, causing erosion and accretion. Jetties - Are used to protect inlets. Jetties keep the river or inlet openings from migrating. Sand builds up on upstream jetty, and severe erosion takes place on the down-current side of the opposing jetty.
90
Need to be built out just the right length to create a large enough tidal prism (in-and-out volume) of seawater to keep them clear. Extend well beyond the breaker zone and interfere with longshore drift.
91
92
93
CONTINUED
As we proceed northwards of Tamilnadu coast, the net drift reduces due to the interception of its movement by the breakwaters of Visakhapatnam and Paradeep ports. The said quantity is probably one of world's highest rates In Madras, depositions on the southern has caused the wide Marina beach ;erosion on the northern side has caused severe retreat of the shoreline in Royapuram area
94
CONTINUED
One eg, the inlets near Madras ie Adyar river inlet ,Ennore river inlet are constantly closed Costly dredging to keep it open
Stability of inlet in the east coast is controlled by heavy littoral drift
95
CONTINUED.
The calculated quantum of gross littoral drift in the westcoast of India about 1.28 million cubic metres/year, (Mani, 1972) with an annual discharge of sediments to the sea along Indian coast of the order of 1.2 x 10^12 kg (Chandramohan et al)
Littoral drift is less along west coast comparitively
96
97
98
99
CONTINUED
Straight coast mostly sandy beaches except at one or two points rocky outcrops are seen LD Data for the DK Coast is very scanty Reported datas does not appear to be reliable
Littoral drift on the DK coast is negligbly small.No significant influence on the coastal erosion phenomenon
100
CONTINUED
Longshore current principally responsible for longshore sediment transport Velocities of these current have mean values of 0.3 m/s or less during nonmonsoon Monsoon season 0.45 m/s directed north
101
102
Development of ports and harbours can cause drastic changes in the coastal morphology The changes can be adverse where littoral drift is as heavy as on the east coast of India Fortunately on Karnataka coast as the littoral drift is very small the adverse effects of manmade structures has not been serious
103
Breakwaters are stone or concrete structures built from the shore extending into the sea to prevent a beach from washing away. The breakwaters at Old Mangalore Port have also been responsible for the present severe erosion problem in Kotepura as they block the littoral drift.
The study also revealed the erosion in Kotepura is accentuated by building sea walls, breakwaters, small dams across the neighbouring river and due to sand mining on riverbeds and beaches.
104
In DK district the bw of NMPT extends beyond the littoral zone Northern side of port in accretion and southern side of port in erosion .Littoral drift direction from north to south
105
Studies have also shown that breakwatersa popular measure along the Karnataka coastmay protect the immediate beach concerned, but would cause severe damage to adjacent areas.
A T-groyne or sea wall would protect Ullal but obstruct the littoral drift southwards and erode the adjacent beach
106
Submerged breakwaters is a good option with comparatively lower side effects on neighbouring beaches, as it does not obstruct the littoral drift Submerged breakwaters are structures built in the shallow waters parallel to the shore that break waves and reduce their impact on the shore. It has been implemented in US and Canadian beaches, and scientists say it is the most natural way to ease erosion.
But this too will make waves converge on neighbouring beaches, thereby gradually eroding them further
107
108
109
CONTINUED
Geomorphological formations at the river mouths are not the result of littoral drift but interplay of river discharges both water and sediment and wave action.
110
CONTINUED
Changes in rivermouth like migration of sandspit very high in this season Large part of sediments by river & remaining by littoral drift
Once the Monsoon is over disharges in the river of DK district drastically reduces
Inlets are seen opened throughout the year ;Indicative that there is no significant LD in DK district
111
Northward growth of ullal spits indicates that effective shore drift is towards north(1910-1993)
Supply of sediments for these spit is from longshore drift and river discharge
112
CONTINUED
In Ullal spit coarse to medium sand whereas in mangalore spit it is moderately sorted From nature of sorting its understood that a major amt of sediment contributed by Netravathi Gurupur river system for the growth of spit
In 1967 -1993 Ullal spit drastically eroded mainly due to construction a shore normal break water on Mangalore spit
This construction which extends beyond the nearshore environment impedes the normal longshore drift & causes deposition at updrift side which might have caused the widening of Mangalore spit
113
CONTINUED Other area where interruption of littoral drift is occuring beaches adjacent to Udaiyavara river mouth where for the Malpe fisheries harbours , two bw has been constructed These breakwaters for guiding the flood waters of river in a confined way This would create sufficient velocity in monsoon months to flush the river channel from the sediments brought by the river This is necessary to maintain the required depth for the entry of fishing craft
114
CONCLUSION
During monsoon seasons(June to September);wind direction normal to the coast:waves follow wind direction Monsoon waves approaching with their crest parallel to the shore ;negligible alongshore component of wave energy flux; corresponding LD small Due to littoral drift there is no major problems of coastal sustainability
115
SUMMARY
Littoral drift phenomenon can be described as river of sand Littoral drift process can be constructive as well as destructive In east coast littoral drift rate is very high compared to west coast
116
REFERENCES
Tom Abbott, Biddulph High School and made available through www.sln.org.uk/geography
117
THANK YOU
118