Microprocessor

Chapter 19

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Chapter Objectives
Explain the functions of Microprocessor

Explain the role of Microprocessor as a CPU

Describe the Pentium processor

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Recall
Computer organization refers to the operational unit of

the computers Main functional units of a computer are input unit, central processing unit, and output unit Four basic functions of a computer are data processing, data storage, data movement and control Three main techniques through which the microprocessor speed can be increased are by using branch prediction, data flow analysis and speculative execution.

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Microprocessors
A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable

logic device that reads binary instruction from a storage device called memory
It accepts binary data as input, processes data

according to those instructions and provides results as output

A set of instructions written for the microprocessor to

perform a task is called a program and a group of programs is called software

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Binary Digits
The microprocessor operates in binary digits, 0 and 1

which are also known as bits. Bit is an abbreviation for the term binary digit
These digits are represented in terms of electrical

voltages in the machine. Generally, 0 represents low voltage level (e.g. 0.3V) and 1 represents high voltage level (e.g. 5V)
Each microprocessor recognizes and processes a

group of bits called the word.

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Question for GD
What is a microprocessor?

Time Limit-2mins

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Microprocessor as a Programmable Device

Microprocessors can be instructed to perform given

tasks within its capability

It is a multipurpose device that can be used to

perform various sophisticated computing functions as well as simple tasks such as turning devices on or off

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Memory
Memory is like the pages of a notebook with space

for a fixed number of binary numbers on each line. These pages are generally made up of a semiconductor material
Each line is an 8-bit register that can store eight

binary bits
The registers are arranged in a sequence called

memory
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Input/Output Devices
The user can enter instructions and data into the

memory through devices such as keyboard. These devices are called input devices.
The result is displayed by a device such as seven-

segment LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) or printed by a printer. These devices are called output devices.

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Microprocessor as CPU
Microprocessor is a primary component of a

computer

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Computer with Microprocessor - I

The CPU is the primary device in communicating with

devices such as memory, input and output.

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Computer with Microprocessor - II

ALU Performs the entire arithmetic and logic

functions
Control Unit Controls the entire process of a

microprocessor
Instruction Cache Determine how the

microprocessor will function and respond to external commands

Prefetch Unit Analyzes the data and decides how

to process it by looking for instructions in the instruction cache

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Computer with Microprocessor - III

Decode Unit Decodes or translates complex

machine language instructions into a simple format understood by the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and the Registers
Bus Unit Manages the flow in and out of

instructions between the microprocessors and the main memory of computer.

Registers ALU uses registers to store the data in

order to complete the task requested by the Control Unit

Data Cache Data from the Decoder Unit which will

be used by the ALU are stored

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Question for GD

Time Limit-2mins

Draw the Block Diagram of a Computer with

Microprocessor

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Pentium microprocessor
Developed by Intel Branch is a point in a program which causes program

execution to jump to a new point instead of executing the next instruction

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Pentium Features I

Power management Dual processing support Performance monitoring On-chip APIC (Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller) 3.3V operation Integer Processor - two pipelines: U and V: 64 bit data bus On chip cache memory separate code cache and data cache each 8 KB Parity Logic available for data bus, address bus and internal transfers
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Pentium Package
Packaging - Process or method used for connecting

the microprocessor to the motherboard

Previously microprocessors were packed by using

highly protective enclosure

Packaging is done by considering the electrical and

thermal characteristics of the microprocessor

PGA package able to accommodate a large number

of I/O connections in a small area

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Intel Pentium Package Types

Intel generally uses different package types for

packing its microprocessors.

Single Edge Contact Cartridge (SECC) Single Edge Processor Package (SEPP) Plastic Pin Grid Array (PPGA) Pin Grid Array (PGA) Flip Chip Pin Grid Array (FC-PGA) Flip Chip Pin Grid Array 2 (FC-PGA2)

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Question for GD

Time Limit-2mins

List down the intel pentium package types

1. 2.

3.
4. 5.

6.

__________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________

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SECC
Microprocessor was entirely covered with a black

plastic housing Housing consisted of a heat sink and a fan Used by Pentium II and Pentium III

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SEPP
Its black plastic housing did not entirely cover the

processor Used in Celeron processors in slot 1 with 242 pins

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Question for GD

Time Limit

What is the difference between SECC and

SEPP

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PPGA
Used a square box to pack the microprocessor

It had pins under the housing and heat sink or fans

were fixed on top of them used in Celeron processors using 370 pins

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PGA
Pins at the bottom part of the housing are spread out

called as Staggered Pin Grid Array (SPGA) Used in Xeon processors with 603 pins

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FC-PGA
Has a provision for attaching a cooler fan on top of

the housing Used by Pentium III and Celeron microprocessors having 370 pins

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FC-PGA2
Heat sink is attached directly to the die of the

package Used with Pentium III and Celeron processors with 370 pins and Pentium IV with 478 pins

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Hands on
Identify the various processors

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Question for GD

Time Limit-2mins

List down the difference between PGA,

FC-PGA and FC-PGA2

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Pentium Organization
Pentium processor has 32 bit and 64 bit address bus Pentium processors use the RISC concept to execute

instruction
Pentium RISC is Superscalar technology which helps

in performing multiple execution units

It has a dual pipeline architecture

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Internal Units of Pentium II

Bus Interface Helps in providing an interface between

the processor and the remaining units of the system

Floating Point Unit Performs the floating point

arithmetic operations
Data Cache Helps in keeping copies or records of the

recently or mostly used data requested by the two integer pipelines and the Floating Point Unit
Code Cache Keeps copies or records of the regularly

used instructions

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Internal Units of Pentium II

Prefetcher Requests the instructions present in the

code cache
Prefetch Buffers There are four prefetch buffers in

the processor which work as two independent pairs

Instruction Decode Unit Decodes the instructions

fetched. Process of decoding an instruction occurs in two stages

Control Unit It consists of two units namely;

Microcode Sequencer and Microcode Control ROM

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Internal Units of Pentium III

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Used for performing

the arithmetic and logic operations set by respective pipelines

Registers Used in microprocessors to temporarily

store the results and to check how a program is executed

Address Generator - Used or generating temporary

memory addresses for data

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Question for GD

Time Limit-2mins

List down the Internal Units of Pentium 1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________ 5. __________ 6. __________ 7. __________ 8. __________ 9. __________ 10. __________ 11. __________
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Functional Organization of Pentium Microprocessor

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Pipelining
Process where the microprocessor starts executing a

second instruction before the execution of first instruction is completed Multiple instructions can be executed in less time
Types Of Pipeline Integer Pipeline
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Floating Point Pipeline

Load Pipeline
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Store Pipeline

Branch Pipeline

Integer Pipeline
Main execution units are the two integer pipelines

and a floating point pipeline

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Question for GD

Time Limit-2mins

What is the advantage of Pipelining?

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Summary - I
Microprocessor is a device that reads binary

instruction from memory, accepts binary data as input, processes data according to the instructions and provides results as output
Microprocessor operates on binary digits 0 and 1
Memory is like the pages of a notebook with space

for a fixed number of binary numbers on each line

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Summary - II
After processing the data according to those

instructions, the results can be displayed using output devices

ALU performs the entire arithmetic and logic

functions
Devices from which the user can enter instructions

and data into memory are known as input devices

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Summary - III
Control Units creates control signals to execute the

instruction by telling ALU and Registers how to operate the instructions

Instruction Cache Unit stores the set of instructions

on the chip
Prefetch Unit analyzes the data and checks in the

instruction cache or computer's main memory for the instructions that can be used to process it
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Summary - IV
The Pentium processor has 32 bit and 64 bit address

bus
Some of the main features of Pentium are

Superscalar Architecture, Functional Redundancy Check, Halt input and Power management
Different stages of an Integer pipelining unit are

prefetch, decode 1, decode 2, execute and write back

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Mind Map
Draw a mind map to summarize this chapter

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