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The orbit is a pyramidal, bony cavity in the facial skeleton with its base anterior and its apex posterior
The orbits contain and protect the eyeballs and their muscles, nerves, and vessels, together with most of the lacrimal apparatus. The bones forming the orbit are lined with periorbita (periosteum of the orbit), which forms the fascial sheath of the eyeball
The periorbita is continuous at the optic canal and superior orbital fissure with the periosteal layer of dura The periorbital is also continuous over the orbital margins and through the inferior orbital fissure with the periosteum covering the external surface of the skull (pericranium).
The medial wall is formed primarily by the ethemoid bone, along with contributions from the frontal, lacrimal, and sphenoid bones; anteriorly, the paper-thin medial wall is indented by a lacrimal fossa for the lacrimal sac and the proximal part of the nasolacrimal duct. The medial walls of the two orbits are essentially parallel, separated by the ethmoidal sinuses and the unpper nasal cavity.
The inferior wall(floor) is formed mainly by the maxilla and partly by the zygomatic and palatine bones; the thin floor is partly separated from the lateral wall of the orbit by the inferior orbital fissure. The lateral wall is formed by the frontal process of the zygomatic bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid; the lateral wall is thick, especially its posterior part, which separates the orbit from the middle cranial fossa. The lateral walls of the two orbits are nearly perpendicular to each other.
The,apex of the orbit is at the optic canal, in the lesser wing of the sphenoid just medial to the superior orbital fissure.
Orbital Contents
The contents of the orbit are : the eyeball optic nerve ocular muscles fascia nerves vessels fat lacrimal gland and conjunctival sac.
Anterior margin
All four recti muscles attach to the sclera on the anterior half of the eyeball.
Medial and lateral recti rotate the pupil medially and laterally, respectively Superior rectus rotates the pupil superiorly (elevation) Inferior rectus rotates the pupil inferiorly (depression). The inferior oblique directs the pupil laterally and superiorly; therefore, when it works synergistically with the superior rectus, superior movement of the eyeball occurs. Similarly, the superior oblique directs the pupil inferiorly and laterally; therefore, when it works synergistically with the inferior rectus, an inferior movement results.
Tendinous ring
Lower part
transmits only the inferior ophthalmic vein All recti muscles orginated from the ring
Orbital Contents
The contents of the orbit are the eyeball, optic nerve, ocular muscles, fascia, nerves, vessels, fat, lacrimal gland, and conjunctival sac.
1-Orbicularis oculi
2
Frontal Nerve
The frontal nerve arises from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. It enters the orbit through the upper part of the superior orbital fissure passes forward on the upper surface of the levator palpebrae superioris beneath the roof of the orbit It divides into the supratrochlear and supraorbital nerves that wind around the upper margin of the orbital cavity to supply the skin of the forehead; the supraorbital nerve also supplies the mucous membrane of the frontal air sinus.
Trochlear Nerve
The trochlear nerve enters the orbit through the upper part of the superior orbital fissure It runs forward and supplies the superior oblique muscle
Oculomotor Nerve
The superior ramus of the oculomotor nerve enters the orbit through the lower part of the superior orbital fissure .It supplies the superior rectus muscle, then pierces it, and supplies the levator palpebrae superioris muscle(
The inferior ramus of the oculomotor nerve enters the orbit in a similar manner and supplies the inferior rectus, the medial rectus, and the inferior oblique muscles. The nerve to the inferior oblique gives off a branch that passes to the ciliary ganglion and carries parasympathetic fibers to the sphincter pupillae and the ciliary muscle
Nasociliary Nerve
The nasociliary nerve arises from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. It enters the orbit through the lower part of the superior orbital fissure( .It crosses above the optic nerve, runs forward along the upper margin of the medial rectus muscle, and ends by dividing into the anterior ethmoidal and infratrochlear nerves
Abducent Nerve
The abducent nerve enters the orbit through the lower part of the superior orbital fissure( .It supplies the lateral rectus muscle.
Ciliary Ganglion
The ciliary ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion about the size of a pinhead and situated in the posterior part of the orbit. It receives its preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the oculomotor nerve via the nerve to the inferior oblique. The postganglionic fibers leave the ganglion in the short ciliary nerves ,which enter the back of the eyeball and supply the sphincter pupillae and the ciliary muscle. A number of sympathetic fibers pass from the internal carotid plexus into the orbit and run through the ganglion without interruption
Ophthalmic Veins
The superior ophthalmic vein communicates in front with the facial vein The inferior ophthalmic vein communicates through the inferior orbital fissure with the pterygoid venous plexus. Both veins pass backward through the superior orbital fissure and drain into the cavernous sinus. Lymph Vessels No lymph vessels or nodes are present in the orbital cavity
Intrinsic Muscles
The involuntary intrinsic muscles are the ciliary muscle and the constrictor ,and the dilator pupillae of the iris take no part in the movement of the eyeball and are discussed later.
The eyeball
consists of three coats, which, from without inward, the fibrous coat, the vascular pigmented coat, the nervous coat .
lence cornea
Vitreous Body
The vitreous body fills the eyeball behind the lens( )and is a transparent gel. The hyaloid canal is a narrow channel that runs through the vitreous body from the optic disc to the posterior surface of the lens; in the fetus, it is filled by the hyaloid artery, which disappears before birth. The function of the vitreous body is to contribute slightly to the magnifying power of the eye. It supports the posterior surface of the lens and assists in holding the neural part of the retina against the pigmented part of the retina.
The end
. Folds on its internal surface the ciliary processes secrete aqueous humor, which fills the anterior and posterior chambers
The anterior chamber of the eye is the space between the cornea anteriorly and the iris/pupil posteriorly, The posterior chamber of the eye is between the iris/pupil anteriorly and the lens and ciliary body posteriorly
The iris which literally lies on the anterior surface of the anterior surface of the lens, is a thin, contractile diaphragm with a central aperture the pupil for transmitting light. When a person is awake, the size of the pupil varies continually to regulate the amount of light entering the eye. Two muscles control the size of the pupil: the sphincter pupillae closes the pupil and the dilator pupillae opens it.
In the fundus (posterior part) of the eye is a circular depressed areathe optic disc (optic papilla)where the optic nerve enters the eyeball. Because it contains nerve fibers and no photoreceptors, the optic disc is insensitive to light. Just lateral to this "blind spot" of the retina is the macula lutea (L. yellow spot).
The yellow color of the macula is apparent only when the retina is examined with red-free light. The macula luteaa small oval area of the retina with special photoreceptor conesis specialized for acuity of vision; it is not normally observed with an ophthalmoscope,( a device for viewing the interior of the eyeball through the pupil). At the center of the macula lutea is a depressionthe fovea centralis (L. central pit)the area of most acute vision. The fovea is approximately 1.5 mm in diameter; its centerthe foveola does not have the capillary network visible elsewhere deep to the retina.
The functional optic part of the retina terminates anteriorly along the ora serrata (L. serrated edge), an irregular border slightly posterior to the ciliary body. The ora serrata marks the anterior termination of the part of the retina
light-receptive
the retina is supplied by the central artery of the retina, *a branch of the ophthalmic artery. The cones and rods of the outer neural layer receive nutrients from the choriocapillaris, A corresponding system of retinal veins units to form the central vein of the retina.
The aqueous humor in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye is produced by the ciliary processes. This clear watery solution provides nutrients for the avascular cornea and lens. After passing through the pupil from the posterior chamber into the anterior chamber, the aqueous humor drains into the scleral venous sinus (L. sinus venosus sclerae, canal of Schlemm) at the iridocorneal angle.
The lens, posterior to the iris and anterior to the vitreous humor of the vitreous body, is a transparent biconvex structure enclosed in a capsule. The lens capsule is anchored by the suspensory ligament of the lens to the ciliary body and encircled by the ciliary processes. The convexity of the lens, particularly its anterior surface, constantly varies to focus near or distant objects on the retina. The ciliary muscle in the ciliary body changes the shape of the lens; in this way the isolated unattached lens assumes a nearly spherical shape.
Stretched within the circle of the relaxed ciliary body, the attachments around its periphery pull the lens relatively flat so that its refraction enables far vision. When parasympathetic stimulation causes the smooth muscle of the circular ciliary body to contract, the circlelike a sphincterbecomes smaller in size and the tension on the lens is reduced, allowing the lens to round up. The increased convexity makes its refraction suitable for near vision. In the absence of parasympathetic stimulation, the ciliary muscles relax again and the lens is pulled into its flatter, far vision shape
The vitreous humor is a watery fluid enclosed in the meshes of the vitreous body, a transparent jellylike substance in the posterior four-fifths of the eyeball posterior to the lens (postremal or vitreous chamber, or posterior segment). In addition to transmitting light, the vitreous humor holds the retina in place and supports the lens.
Several branches of the ophthalmic nerve (CN Vi) pass through the superior orbital fissure and supply structures in the orbit.
The lacrimal nerve arises in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus and passes to the lacrimal gland, giving branches to the conjunctiva and skin of the superior eyelid and providing secretomotor fibers conveyed to it from the zygomatic nerve (CN V2
The frontal nerve divides into the supraorbital nerve and supratrochlear nerve, which supply the upper eyelid, forehead, and scalp. The nasociliary nerve, the sensory nerve to the eye, supplies several branches to the orbit-
The infratrochlear nerve, a terminal branch of the nasociliary nerve, supplies the eyelids, conjunctiva, skin of the nose, and lacrimal sac The ethmoidal nerves, also branches of the nasociliary nerve, supply the mucous membrane of the sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses and the nasal cavities, and the dura of the anterior cranial fossa.
The short ciliary nerves, branches of the ciliary ganglion , carry parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers to the ciliary body and iris. . The ciliary ganglion is a small group of nerve cell bodies between the optic nerve and lateral rectus toward the posterior limit of the orbit. The short ciliary nerves consist of postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers originating in the ciliary ganglion, afferent fibers from the nasociliary nerve that pass through the ganglion, and postsynaptic sympathetic fibers that also pass through it. The long ciliary nerves, branches of the nasociliary nerve (CN Vi), transmit postsynaptic sympathetic fibers to the dilator pupillae and afferent fibers from the iris and cornea.
Lacrimal Apparatus
The lacrimal apparatus consists of: Lacrimal glands, which secrete lacrimal fluid Lacrimal ducts, which convey lacrimal fluid from the lacrimal glands to the conjunctiva! sac Lacrimal canaliculi (L. small canals), each commencing at a lacrimal punctum (opening) on the lacrimal papilla near the medial angle of the eye, which conveys the lacrimal fluid from the lacrimal lakea triangular space at the medial angle of the eye where the tears collectin the lacrimal sac, the dilated superior part of the nasolacrimal duct
Lacrimal Apparatus
Temporal Region
The temporal region includes the temporal and infratemporal fossaesuperior and inferior to the zygomatic arch, respectively
Temporal Fossa
The temporal fossa, in which the temporal muscle is located, is bounded: Posteriorly and superiorly by the temporal lines. Anteriorly by the frontal and zygomatic bones Laterally by the zygomatic arch Inferiorly by the infratemporal crest