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By Joon Ha Kim
More about Krakow by Joon Ha Kim

How did Medieval Poland look like?

North BALTIC SEA

Warsaw

West
Krakow

BLACK SEA South

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In the Medieval Ages, Poland was not Poland but Poland-Lithuania Union. They agreed and confirmed to cooperate and join together from 1385 to 1793. As you can see in the picture, Poland-Lithuania was large in the Jagiellonian Period. Poland-Lithuania had natural barriers like, mountains and the Black Sea on the south, Baltic Sea in the north, marshes in the east. However, in the land of Lithuania, it was quite open to Russia, so it was somewhat vulnerable. It was 1 East million squared kilometers! Despite the large land, there were only about 1 million people. Krakow was the capital city as you know. It was chosen by Casimir the Great in 1038.. Poland-Lithuania Union was a monarch-controlled country. The country traded grain, timber, livestock, etc. usually from west to east, Baltic Sea to Black Sea because Poland was located in an important geographical cross-road.

How about now?

This is the map of Poland nowadays. Poland is an independent country now. Its capital city is now Warsaw. Krakow is nowadays, a very historical sight because Krakow is very important because Krakow had been the capital of Poland in Renaissance and the Golden Age. This was important because in Renaissance, art and culture started to rise.

BALTIC SEA
Warsaw Krakow

BLACK SEA

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Are there any changes?

BALTIC SEA
Warsaw Krakow

BLACK SEA
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Poland-Lithuania Union shrunk to the west and the capital city changed to Warsaw by Zygmunt the Old in the 16th century. The picture here shows the difference between Poland-Lithuania and Poland nowadays. As you may see, Poland shifted to the west and Poland is almost 1/3 of PolandLithuania. Now, there are hardly any mountains in Poland. As I said, in medieval ages, there were at least some mountains on the south.

MAP OF KRAKOW
The distinct changes are that there are less hills and trees, This is the Wawel Castle and but has more roads. It was This is the Wisla River Europes largest city by having Cathedral 200m and 200m ed dimension. Nowadays, 327 squared meters.

[NOW]
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[MIDDLE AGES]

What was their Religion?

In the middle ages, citizens believed in a lot of religions such as Catholic, Calvinists, Lutherans, Orthodox, and Jew (but mostly Catholic and Orthodox). However, the most distributed religion in Poland-Lithuania was Catholic and Orthodox. Religion effected art and architectures. As you can see, when you go to historical cities, most architectures are abbeys, basilicas, and churches. Also, if you look at the art drawn those days, you can see it is all related to Jesus, the Cross, and etc. Religious and church-related literature thrived in Medieval Times. When people in the medieval ages made religious literature and art, people nowadays dont consider religion as crucial as in the past. Even though people nowadays build churches, they dont use religious architectural traits to build them. Also, even though people nowadays dont think its important, Polands 90% believes in Catholic.

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Symbols of Believes

These famous monuments show how Poland respected and considered religion as a crucial factor.

St. Benedcitine Abbey

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Mariacka Basilica

Mariacka Basilica
History/Background
The Gothic style basilica was started to be built from 1222. In Krakow, there is the Mariacka Basilica in the center of square. There is a sad story of the Basilica. In the legend, a bishop ordered two brothers to build it. The elder was in charge of the South tower, and the North for the younger brother. When the younger brother wanted to build it faster and higher, the elder concentrated on the structure. Since the elders was better, the younger brother killed his brother and committed suicide. .According to the legends, in the spring of 1241, the Mongols attacked Poland, a trumpeters song stopped abruptly because of the arrow that penetrated the trumpeters throat. Nowadays, the trumpet song is played every hour to memorize the his death.

Description
The Basilica is located in the Rynek Glowmy, the square. Two Towers South tower is taller than the North Outside the basilica, you can see 18 heads on the door that represents 12 Jesuss followers and 6 saints Inside the basilica, there is a famous wooden effigy that accommodates almost 2000 people There are beautiful stained glass too

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Saint Benedictine Abbey

History
The Benedictine Abbey is located on a cliff above the Vistula. The abbey was established from 1076 to 1079 by Boleslaw II Smialy, and eventually became the most splendid house of Benedictine in Poland in the 11th century. The architecture has undergone a lot of changes in the history.

Description
St. Benedictine Abbey, that was built in 1070, was a Roman styled abbey and a palace in the past. Modern churches and buildings in the abbey are all typical Baroque styles. The Abbey has a great view because it has a lake next to it. Monks have a mundane live in the abbey. They woke up at 5 oclock. and prayed five times a day. At 6 AM, noon, 3 PM, 6 PM, and 8:30 PM. Monks and Nuns lived in different monasteries. Monks follow the Rule of Benedict which is a rule of a pattern of prayer and work.

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Are there IMPORTANT values in Krakow?

Barbican

Cloth Hall

Wawel Castle

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Barbican
About the Barbican
The Barbican was built around 1489.The Barbican was an architecture built for defense and watch-out in the 15th century. The Barbican is important because these kind of barriers are really rare in Europe. This is the largest Barbican in Krakow. There are seven towers on the Barbican with a flag for each. The flag has an eagle which represents Poland.

Why is this a value?

The Barbican is a value because the building was used for defense and watch out which many citizens and militants relied on. Nowadays, it is not used as a defense system; however, the place still represents power which makes it valuable. Before, it obviously represented power because it was their important building that would help them block antagonists from other countries.

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Cloth Hall
About the Cloth Hall
The Cloth Hall was built in 1344, and done around 1392. It was a Gothic-styled building; however, due to Gian Maria Padorvano renovated it by changing the style to Renaissance after a fire. However, later again, the Cloth Hall was reconstructed by Tomasz Prylinski in 1875 (finished four years after), and thats how it looks like now. In the Middle Ages, the cloth hall was used for trading cloths. The Cloth Hall could be reached by boat; however, now, its covered and can be only reached by foot.

Why is this a value? The Cloth Hall was used for trading, buying, and selling cloth as you know by the name. It was built around 1344 and ended around1392. The Cloth Hall undergone many architectural changes. I chose this as a value because this was the shopping mall in the past. If there was no Cloth Hall, it wouldve been hard for them to buy or trade cloth in one place. Nowadays, it is used also as shops; however, it is also used for exhibition. This is also an example of communication because it was another way Krakow shared ideas and cultures to other people and countries.

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Wawel Castle/ Cathedral

More Details
The Wawel Cathedral that is a Gothic, Baroque, and Renaissance style architecture was built from 1018 to 1320. The golden, semi-sphered roof was built from 1519 to 1533 is called Kaplica Zygmuntowska. The Zygmunt Bell on the top of the Cathedral was established in 1520. Some people say that if you touch the bell and wish for something, then it will come true. -------------------------------------------------------

Why is this a value?

Wawel Castle and Wawel Cathedral was and is a value Krakow. In the Wawel Cathedral, there are famous kings and queens buried there. There is also President Lech Kaczynski and his wife, Maria buried in the Cathedral. The Wawel Castle and the Wawel Cathedral was and is a value because kings resided in the Wawel Cathedral which symbolized power. Also, for the Castle, I chose this as a value because kings and queens dwelled in the Castle. However, nowadays, there are no presidents or kings buried in the Wawel Castle. We just use this value as a monument.

The Wawel Castle which was built in the 11th century, has a Gothic and Renaissance style architecture nowadays because it was renovated in 1502~1546. There are 71 halls in the castle.

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Are there any Customs?

Bagels were used as gifts to women in childbirth A king asked a baker to make bagels and thats how it all started In the 13th century, people started baking Bagels and Casimir the great allowed people to sell fresh Bagels on the street.

Differences between now and the past.

Nowadays, we use bagel carts that have rubber wheels, and has glass that keeps the bagels warm (as you can see in the picture). In the past, they also used these bagel carts, and the bagels were really expensive. They were carried by horses, and didnt have any wheels or glasses. I thought the Bagel Cart was a custom because it was a tradition or culture in medieval and modern times. Now, you can find the bagel carts all over the streets. The custom where when we touch the bell and wish for something and comes true is also a custom because it is a tradition, and it is what everybody believes on and does.

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Were technology and science important?

Science/ Technology Nicholas Copernicus
Nicholas Copernicus was born in 1473 and died in 1543. He was a student in the Jagiellonian University, which is a very famous university in Krakow and Poland. He figured out that Earth wasnt the center of space but the sun was. At that time, he was a priest so he couldnt say something about the Earth because in the bible, it said that Earth was the center of everything. However, Galileo Galilei helped him to publish the theory.

Salt Mine
The Salt Mine is a great example of technology because it shows an old mine engineering. It was 327 m deep and it is hard to believe how old technology could dig that deep! It was started mining from the 13th century. Besides, the technology in transporting the salt was outstanding because they didnt use human powered sources. Also, the technology in how they mined salt by pushing something that looks like a barrel was an other technology they used, and considered it crucial.

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Was communication important?

Medieval Poland
It was important; however, it wasnt as important as nowadays. There were some people who didnt know how to speak Polish. So how did they communicate with others? Well, in the medieval times, people used the cloth hall and the square to communicate. Trading in the cloth hall is also a communication because they shared ideas and cultures by trading their countrys traditional clothing, foods, and etc. Besides the Cloth Hall, the trumpet players song in the St. Mariacka Basilica, also was a communication because the song told people that enemies were coming and they should prepare.

Modern Poland
Nowadays, since 99.8 % of Poland knows how to speak Polish, we use languages to communicate. Besides that we still communicate with other countries by trading and immigrating.. The square still is used for communication to share music, cultures, and etc. Nowadays, there are no trumpet players; however, the same song is played every hour to memorize the players sacrifice.

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THANK YOU

Thank you
Created by: Joon Ha Kim Helped by: many books and information from people Thank you for listening Credits:
Library Sources Books Websites (Copyright)

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Books:

Davies, Norman. God's Playground: A History of Poland. New York: Columbia UP, 1982. Print. Kuczman, Kazimierz. Wawel Hill: Guide-book. Second ed. Krakow: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1980. Print. Bentchev, Ivan. Poland. Ed. Sebastian Wormell. London: Pallas, 2002. Print. Seo, Joon, ed. Poland. N.p.: CIP, 2008. Print. (there is an English copy) Articles or websites:

MacTutor. "Nicholas Copernicus." Copernicus, Nicholaus (1473-1543). N.p., n.d. Web. <http://webpath.follettsoftware.com/resource/viewurl?encodedUrl=QA3e1ZmfGQTyUhHafxGQj2XunHjjVOl5WhlWqmvyEQ&version=1&appsignature=Destiny&appversion=10.1.3.1+%28AU1%29>.

"Life in a Monastery." RE:Quest Education. PO Box 429, Bridgwater, Somerset TA6 9FD, n.d. Web. <http://webpath.follettsoftware.com/resource/viewurl?encodedUrl=plo2j1Ikxcj5uQozTpkxQ8Mh5xXZrEg2NXnXO-wDMM&version=1&appsignature=Destiny&appversion=10.1.3.1+%28AU1%29>
Pictures/ Images: (also from the books above)

The Barbican of Krakow. 2008. Photograph. Krakow, Poland. Britannica Image Quest. Web. <http://quest.eb.com/images/131_1862008?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=Barbican+Poland&localizeMetaData=false>. Schedl, Hartmann. Kaz Krak. 1493. Krakow, Poland. Krakow Info Online. Web. <http://www.krakow-info.com/krakow-info.htm>. Difference between Modern and Medieval Poland. Personal photograph by author. 2012.Copied by Computer and Drawn by my self Flag of Poland. Digital image. Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://quest.eb.com/images/309_365267?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=Poland+flag&localizeMetaData=false>. Ludek. Obwarzanki Na Ulicy. N.d. Photograph. Krakow, Poland. Wikipedia. Web. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Obwarzanki_na_ulicy.jpg>. Mathew, Madinna. St. Benedictine Abbey. 2012. Photograph. Krakow, Poland. Madina, Matthew. School Picture In Krakow. 2012. Photograph. Krakow, Poland Modern Poland. Personal photograph by author. 2012.Copied by Computer and Drawn by my self Sensor. ZygmuntDzwon. N.d. Photograph. Krakow, Poland. Wikipedia. Web. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ZygmuntDzwon.JPG>. Medieval Poland. Personal photograph by author. 2012.Copied by Computer and Drawn by my self

Sunday Cross. N.d. Photograph. Britannica Image Quest. Web. <http://quest.eb.com/search?keyword=catholic+cross&collectionId=0&subjectId=0&resultsPerPage=15&page=2&localizeSearchMetaData=false>.

Sweeney, Jane. Wawel Castle, Wawel Hill, Krakow, Poland, Europe. 2010. Photograph. Krakow, Poland. Britannica Image Quest. Web. <http://quest.eb.com/images/151_2491277?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=Wawel+Castle+Poland&localizeMetaData=false>.

about Krakow by Joon Ha Kim of the Wawel Royal Castle. N.d. Photograph. Krakow, Poland. Britannica Image Quest. Web. PLC / Photolibrary /More Universal Images Group. The Courtyard <http://quest.eb.com/images/131_1879773?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=Wawel+Castle&localizeMetaData=false>