Smart Grid - A Reliability Perspective

Presented by :
Ayush Chitrey B.tech 6th semester 1022221010 Electrical & Electronic Engineering I.T.S. Engineering College, 46,Knowledge Park-III, Greater Noida.

Contents
Key words Introduction RELIABILITY CHALLENGES RELIABILITY IMPACTS OF MAJOR SG RESOURCE TYPES ULTIMATE RELIABILITY IMPACT OF SG RESOURCES IT INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SMART GRID SYNERGIES WITH CURRENT PRACTICES CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES BIOGRAPHIE

Key words:
Smart grid(SG), Power grid IT infrastructure Architecture Autonomous system Global coordination Large-scale system Distributed system Power system security Power system reliability

Introduction

What is Smart Grid?

Smart grid is an electrical grid that uses information and communications technology to gather information such as information about the behaviors of suppliers and consumers, in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics of the distribution & production system.

RELIABILITY CHALLENGES
Factors contributing to the challenges includes: Larger transfers over longer distances increasing loss and reducing reliability margins. Insufficient investment. Aging infrastructure Sudden increasing in energy consumption and peak demand creating problem for limited transfer capability.

RELIABILITY IMPACTS OF MAJOR Smart Grid RESOURCE TYPES

Renewable Resources: It

generally have adverse impact on grid reliability due to the following factors:
1. Low correlation with the load profile.(case of wind.) 2. Operational performance issues such as voltage and regulation.

Example of wind energy:

Power varies with time and average value remain almost constant.

RELIABILITY IMPACT OF Smart Grid RESOURCES

Under ideal conditions, demand, response, storage and electric supply curve would be nearly flat. But its is no so in practical use.

This implies that the grid would be operated closer to near-peak load conditions almost all of the time.

IT INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SMART GRID

A distributed architectural is based on modern technologies:
Faster control devices: based on power electronics to enable fast automated control actions. Embedded intelligent devices (IEDs) (i.e. Autonomous local control action, Autonomous restoration of equipment ). Integrated and secure communications( i.e. bidirectional communications between all operators and agents). Internet technology(internet protocols to facilitate data exchange).

Architecture
Autonomous intelligent architectures infrastructure to provide:
Data Acquisition and Model Management System Monitoring (e.g., security analyses, lookahead/forecasting) Performance Enhancement (e.g., efficiency enhancement, corrective/preventive actions) Control Action (e.g., AGC, automatic emergency controls, special protection schemes)

SYNERGIES WITH CURRENT PRACTICES

iPhone Old Phone Transformation stage Transformation stage

CONCLUSIONS
An ideally the smart grid resources leads to a flatter net demand curve that eventually increase reliability issue. An architectural approach is essential to the transformation of the grid to a smarter grid that increases the reliability and for its architecture that led to an explosion of functionality of the system(smart grid).

REFERENCES

[1] Smart Grid Policy, [reference No. PL09-4-000], Issued July 16, 2009, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, USA. [2] Title XIII - Smart Grid, Sec. 1301, Statement of Policy on Modernization of Electricity Grid, Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA), USA. [3] Smart Grid Systems, SB1438, California, USA. [4] American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, P. L. 111-5, USA. [5] Cost of Power Interruptions to Electricity Consumers in the United States (U.S.), LBNL-58164, by Kristina Hamachi LaCommare, and Joseph H. Eto, February, 2006. [6] http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/ [7] 20% wind Energy by 2030, May 2008, published by Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Department of Energy, USA.
And many more....

BIOGRAPHIES

Dr. Ranjit Kumar received his Ph.D. from the University of Missouri (now known as Missouri University of Science and Technology). He has over 30 years of experience in research and development of algorithms and software for the design, operation and real-time control of power systems and markets. He has made several contributions related to power system stability, fuel resource scheduling, and dynamic security analysis. He has been active in various aspects of smart grid research since 2003.