PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL

Three-Dimensional
Lattice Types
.
There are seven crystal classes or crystal system, each
of which is a parallelepiped (pa-ra-lel-li-pi-ped). Figure
below shows the scheme whereby these seven types
are defined

o

3
a

1
a

2
a

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Three-Dimensional
Lattice Types
System Number of
lattices in
system
Lattice symbols Restrictions on
conventional cell axes and
angles
Triclinic 1 P o = | =
Monoclinic 2 P, C o = = 90= |
Orthorhombi
c
4 P, C, I, F o = | = = 90
Tetragonal 2 P, I o = | = = 90
Cubic 3 P or sc
I or bcc
F or fcc
o = | = = 90
Trigonal 1 R o = | = < 120, = 90
Hexagonal 1 P o = | = 90
= 120
Table 1 The fourteen lattice types in
three dimensions
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The cubic space
lattices
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Characteristics of
cubic lattices
sc bcc fcc
Volume, conventional cell
a
3
a
3
a
3
Lattice point per cell
1 2 4
Volume, primitive cell
a
3
a
3
a
3
Lattice points per unit
volume
1/a
3
2/a
3
4/a
3
Number of nearest
neighbors
6 8 12
Nearest-neighbors
distance
a 3
1/2
a/2 = 0.866a a/2
1/2
= 0.707a
Packing fraction
1/6 1/8 3 1/6 2
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Simple cubic
The simple cubic has 1 lattice point per unit cell, with
total area a
3

Number of nearest neighbours:6

Conventional = Primitive cell
Note: a= lattice constant
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Wikipedia: Atomic packing fraction is the fraction
of volume in a crystal structure that is occupied by
atoms. It is dimensionless and always less than
unity. For practical purposes, the APF of a crystal
structure is determined by assuming that atoms are
rigid spheres. The radius of the spheres is taken to
be the maximal value such that the atoms do not
overlap.
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Body-centered Cubic
Figure 9 Body-centered cubic
lattice, showing a primitive cell.
The primitive cell shown is a
rhombohedron of edge 1/2\3a,
and the angle between adjacent
edges is 109
o
28 . Here, the
conventional cubic cell is not
primitive. There are two lattice
points per cubic cell due to the
extra lattice point at the body
centre of the cell.
Figure 10 Primitive translation vectors of
the body-centered cubic lattice; these
vectors connect the lattice point at the
origin to lattice points at the body centers.
The primitive cell is obtained on completing
the rhombohedron. In terms of the cube
edge a the primitive translation vectors are
) (
2
); (
2
); (
2
3 2 1
z y x
a
a z y x
a
a z y x
a
a + = + + = + =

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Body-centered
Cubic
The body-centered cubic lattice has 2 lattice points per
unit cell

Number of nearest neighbour: 8

Conventional Primitive cell
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bcc
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Three-Dimensional
Lattice Types
Figure 11 The rhombohedral
primitive cell of the face-
centered cubic crystal. The
primitive translation vectors
connect the lattice point at the
origin with lattice points at the
face centers. As drawn, the
primitive vectors are:
). (
2
); (
2
); (
2
3 2 1
x z
a
a z y
a
a y x
a
a + = + = + =

The face-centred (fcc) in which there is a
lattice point at the centre of each cube
face. Again, the fcc conventional cubic
cell is not primitive. There are four
lattice points per cubic cell. The
primitive translation vectors for the fcc
are shown in fig. 7.
From these figures, you can see that the
primitive vectors/cells of both the bcc
and fcc are much too complicated. It is
much easier to classify them as a form of
cubic structure from which symmetry
operations can be visualised more
easily.
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The face-centered cubic lattice has 4 lattice points per
unit cell

Number of nearest neighbour: 12

Conventional Primitive cell
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Three-Dimensional
Lattice Types
Figure 12 Relation of the
primitive cell in the
hexagonal system (heavy
lines) to a prism of
hexagonal symmetry. Here
a = b = c. Three such
rhombic prisms can be put
together to form a right
prism of hexagon, hence
the term hexagonal system