PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL

Loosely bounded valence electrons are

attracted towards nucleus of other
atoms
Electrons spread out among atoms
forming electron clouds.
The removal of the valance electrons
leaves a positively charged ion.
The charge density associated the
positive ion cores is spread uniformly
throughout the metal so that the
electrons move in a constant
electrostatic potential.
This potential is taken as zero and the
repulsive force between conduction
electrons are also ignored.
PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
V

x
L
2
2
2
2
2 / 2
2
2
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
L
n
m n L m
n
t t
c

0
2
2 2
2
= +
c
c
n n
n
m
x
c

The boundary conditions are

= 0 at x = 0
= 0 at x = L
At x = L,
PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
E
F
E<E
F
E>E
F

0.5
f
FD
(E,T)
E
( ) /
1
1
F B
FD
E E k T
f
e

=
+
f
FD
=? At 0K

i. E<E
F




ii. E>E
F

( ) /
1
1
1
F B
FD
E E k T
f
e

= =
+
( ) /
1
0
1
F B
FD
E E k T
f
e

= =
+
The distribution of electrons among the levels is usually described by the
distribution function, f(), which is defined as the probability that the level
is occupied by an electron.
PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
FREE ELECTRON GAS
IN THREE DIMENSION
The free particle Schrodinger equation in three
dimension is
) ( ) ( r
k k
c =
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
r
z y x m
k
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2

If the electrons are confined to a cube of edge L, the

solution is the standing wave
z k y k x k A r
z y x n
sin sin sin ) ( =
L
n
k
L
n
k
L
n
k
z
z
y
y
x
x
t
t
t
= = = , ,
where
PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
Periodic Boundary Conditions
To apply the boundary conditions to the free electrons
wave function in a solid, it is more convenient to write the
solution to the Schrodinger equation as:
For a cubic solid of dimension L, the wave function must
satisfy the relation
PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
If we impose the above conditon in the x direction
To satisfy the boundary condition
,..
4
,
2
, 0
L L
k
x
t t
=
and similarly for k
y
and k
z
.
PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
The energy of the orbital with wavevector k
( )
2 2 2
2
2
2
2 2
z y x k
k k k
m
k
m
+ + = =

c
In the ground state of a system of N free electrons, the
occupied orbitals may be represented as points inside a
sphere in k space. Therefore all the occupied states lie
inside the sphere of radius k
F
. The energy at the surface
of this sphere is the Fermi energy. The magnitude of the
wavevector k
F
and the Fermi energy are related by the
following equation:
2
2
2
F F
k
m

= c
PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
The Fermi energy and the Fermi wavevector
(momentum) are determined by the number of valence
electrons in the system. In order to find the relationship
between N and k
F
, we need to count the total number of
orbitals in a sphere of radius k
F
which should be equal to
N. There are two available spin states for a given set of
k
x
, k
y
, and k
z
. The volume in the k space which is
occupies by this state is equal to (2/ L)
3
. Thus in the
sphere of 4k
F
3
/3 the total number of states is
( )
N k
V
L
k
F
F
= =
3
2 3
3
3
2
3 4
2
t
t
t
/
/
.
PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
3 1
2
3
/
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
V
N
k
F
t
Then
which depends only on the particle concentration.
Therefore, the Fermi energy is
3 2
2 2
3
2
/
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
V
N
m
F
t
c

The particle velocity in the orbital k is given by
The electron velocity v
F
at the Fermi surface is
m / k v =
3 1
2
3
/
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
=
V
N
m m
k
v
F
F
t
PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
Meaning of the Fermi Temperature
The Fermi temperature is not the temperature of the
electron gas!

It is a measure of where the Fermi energy is at
(typically on the order of ~ 10000 K)

So, for most metals say at room temperature, not
many electrons are excited above the Fermi energy.
PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
In phase space a surface of
constant energy is a sphere, is
as schematically shown in the
picture.
Any "state", i.e. solution of the
Schroedinger equation with a
specific k, occupies the
volume given by one of the
little cubes in phase space.
The number of cubes fitting
inside the sphere at energy E
thus is the number of all
energy levels up to E
Density of States
PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
The density of states, D() is defined as the number of
orbitals per unit energy range,
With to obtain the total number of
orbitals of energy
c
c
d
dN
D ) (
2 3
2 2
2
3
/
|
.
|

\
|
=

c
t
m V
N
c
c
t
c
2
3 2
2
2 1
2 3
2 2
N m V
D =
|
.
|

\
|
=
/
/
) (