Steam Cycle Theory

Dr. K.C. Yadav, AVP & Head,

Noida Technical Training Centre
 Learning Agenda
 H2O availability status
 Energy potential
 Power generation applications
 Thermodynamic
Properties,
Processes &
Cycles
 Steam temperature and pressure
management
confidentia
2
 H2O Energy Potential
 Potential Energy
 Kinetic Energy
 Pressure Energy
 Flow Energy

confidentia
3
Thermodynamic
Properties

confidentia
4
 Thermodynamic Processes

Non Flow Processes

P=C, W=mp(v2-v1), Q=H2-H1, U=mCvdT
V=C W=0 Q=U2-U1, U=mCvdT
T=C W=mpV1ln(v2/v1), Q=W, U=0
Poly W=m(p1v1-p2v2)/(n-1), Q=(r-n)W/n-1 U=mCvdT
Isent W=m(p1v1-p2v2)/(r-1), Q=0 U=mCvdT
H=C Free Expansion & Throttling (W, Q & U = 0)

confidentia
5
 Thermodynamic Processes

Flow Processes
P=C, Ws=0 Q=H2-H1 U=mCvdT
V=C W=-vdP Q=U2-U1 U=mCvdT
T=C W=RTln(p2/p1) Q=W U=0
Poly W=nm(p1v1-p2v2)/(n-1) Q=(r-n)W/n-1 U=mCvdT
Isent W=rm(p1v1-p2v2)/(r-1) Q=0 U=mCvdT

confidentia
6
 Steady Flow Energy Equation

q+hi+ci**2/2+gzi = w+he+ce**2/2+gze

confidentia
7
Applications of Steady Flow Energy Equation
 Nozzles; C2 = sq root of [2(h1-h2)+C1**2]
 Diffuser; C2 = sq root of [2(h1-h2)+C1**2]
 Centri. Pump; p2v2 - p1v1 + (C2**2 – C1**2)/2 + g(z2-z1)
 Turbine; W = h2-h1 : Compressor; W = h2-h1
 Condenser; q = h2-h1 : Boiler; h2-h1
 Throttling; h2 – h1 = 0 : Free Expansion; h2 – h1 = 0

confidentia
8
 Uniform State Uniform Flow Process

Qcv + Sum[mi(hi + Ci**2/2 + gzi)]

= Wcv + Sum[me(he + Ce**2/2 + gze)]

+ [m2(u2+C2**2/2+gzi)-m1(u1+C1**2/2+gzi)]

confidentia
9
 H2O Phase Cycles
 Ice – Water – Ice Cycle
 Water – Steam – Water Cycle
 Steam – Ice – Steam Cycle
 Water – Steam – Ice – Water Cycle

confidentia
10
 Two Phase Cycles

Ice Water

Water Steam

Steam Ice

confidentia
11
 Steam Cycle (Natural)
Three Phase Cycles

Steam

Water

Ice

confidentia
12
 Water/Steam Cycles

 Natural Cycle

 Carnot Cycle

 Rankine Cycle (Thermal Cycle)

confidentia
13
Carnot Cycle
 Hypothetical Carnot Equipments

Isothermal Isentropic
Heat Pressure
Addition Reducing
Device Device

Isentropic Isothermal
Pressure Heat
Raising Rejection
Device Device

confidentia
14
Carnot Cycle
 Temperature V/S Entropy

2 3

Temp

1 4

Entropy

η = 1 – T /T = 1- T /T
1 2 R A

confidentia
15
Carnot Difficulties & Rankine Solution
 T-S diagram of Possible Processes

confidentia
16
Rankine Cycle
 Four Equipment Rankine Cycle

Boiler Turbine

Boiler
Feed Condenser
Pump

confidentia
17
Why Rankine Cycle for a Coal Fired Thermal Power Plant?

Does not it related to:

 Coal combustion problems at a desired high pressure?

 High erosion rate of the prime mover due to highly erosive

impurities in the products of coal combustion?

 Metallurgical impossibility?

 Techno-economic feasibility?

confidentia
18
Rankine Cycle (Thermal Cycle)

confidentia
19
Rankine Cycle (Thermal Cycle)
 T-S diagram of simple Rankine Cycle

confidentia
20
Rankine Efficiency Comparison
Work done – work consumed
Thermal Cycle Efficiency =
Heat added

He – Hf – Wp He – Hf – Wp He – Hf – Wp
= = =
He – hb He-ha –(hb-ha) He – ha – Wp

He – Hf fun(Ta) – fun(Tr)
= =
He – ha fun(Ta) – fun(Tr)

Cycle Efficiency is function of heat addition and rejection temperatures (Ta & Tr)

confidentia
21
 Thermal Cycle Efficiency
Ratio of isentropic heat drop across the turbine to
the heat supplied to the water in converting it into
steam.

It is directly proportional to the average heat

addition temperature and inversely proportional to
the heat rejection temperature

confidentia
22
 Thermal Cycle Efficiency
Average Heat Addition and Rejection temperature can be
suitably changed by
 High boiler working pressure
 High steam temperature at boiler outlet
 High condenser vacuum
 Reheating cycle
 Regenerative feed heating Cycle

confidentia
23
High Boiler Working Pressure

 Variation in water/steam properties (S, L, Cp & Cv) at

higher parameters improve Cycle Efficiency

Thermal Turbine output Function of (Cp, Cv)

Cycle = =
Efficiency Heat added to steam Function of (S, L, Cp)

confidentia
24
 High steam temperature
W =Fxd
=(F/A) x (A x d)
=P x V
 Volume of steam is directly proportional to its temperature
and hence increases the turbine output and in turn Cycle
Efficiency

confidentia
25
 High Condenser Vacuum

Reduces the corresponding saturation temperature

at which heat is rejected. Increase the turbine

output and thermal cycle efficiency

confidentia
26
 Reheating cycle
High pressure steam cannot be heated beyond the
metallurgical limits and hence reheated after temperature
reduction in some of the high pressure stages. Thus the
average heat addition temperature increases and in turn
increases the cycle efficiency

confidentia
27
 Regenerative feed heating Cycle
High Energy and Less Energy Steam is utilized in
preheating the boiler feed water, otherwise the energy
would have rejected in the condenser

confidentia
28
 confidentia
29
Thermal Cycle 250 MW Specific

confidentia
30
Thermal Cycle Processes
 Two stage water pressure raising processes (a-b & c-d) in
condensate extraction pump and boiler feed pump are
represented by very small vertical lines at the left of TS
diagram
 Two curved lines above each water pressure raising lines
(b-c & d-e), represent sensible heat addition in Drain
Cooler, Gland Steam Condenser, Low Pressure Heaters,
Deaerator, High Pressure Hearters and Economizer

confidentia
31
Thermal Cycle Processes
 Two Horizontal lines (e-f & j-a) represent heat addition in
the evaporator and heat rejection in the condenser
 Two curved lines (f-g & h-i) before the expansion stages,
represent sensible heat addition to steam (i.e.
Superheating) in Super Heaters and Re Heater
 Two stage steam expansion processes in High Pressure
Turbine and Intermediate Pressure / Low Pressure
Turbines are represented by two vertical lines (g-h & i-j) at
the right of TS diagram

confidentia
32
Properties of H2O
 Density
 Relative density
 Specific gravity
 Specific heat
 Sensible heat
 Latent heat
 Freezing/melting temperature

confidentia
33
Properties of H2O
 Boiling/condensing/saturation temperature
 Critical temperatures
 Triple point temperature
 Vapour pressure
 Saturation pressure
 Critical pressure
 Triple point pressure
 Viscosity
 Electrical conductivity
 Thermal conductivity

confidentia
34
Properties of H2O
 Physical Stability
 Chemical Reactivity
- Non toxic
- Non corrosive)
 Behavior in terms absorption, adsorption and solution
 Cohesive and adhesive forces
 Surface tension
 Internal energy
 Enthalpy
 Entropy

confidentia
35
Variation in H O Properties
2

No Ts Ps Vf Vg Hf Hfg Hg
deg C bar cubic meteter per Kg KJ/Kg KJ/Kg KJ/Kg
1 0.1 0.0061 0.001 206.31 0 2501.6 2501.6
2 4 0.0081 0.001 157.27 16.8 2492.1 2508.9
3 15 0.017 0.001001 77.978 62.9 2466.1 2529
4 46 0.1008 0.00101 14.557 188.4 2394.9 2583.3
5 100 1.0133 0.001044 1.675 419.1 2256.9 2676
6 165 7.0077 0.001108 2724 697.2 2064.8 2762
7 200 15.549 0.001156 0.1272 852.4 1938.5 2790.9
8 235 30.632 0.001219 0.0652 1013.8 1788.5 2802.3
9 250 39.776 0.001251 0.05 1085.8 1714.6 2800.4
10 300 85.927 0.001404 0.0216 1345 1406 2751
11 350 165.35 0.001741 0.0087 1671.9 895.8 2567.7
12 355 175.77 0.001809 0.008 1716.6 813.8 2530.4
13 360 186.75 0.001896 0.0072 1764.2 721.2 2485.4
14 365 198.33 0.002016 0.006 1818 610 2428
15 370 210.54 0.002214 0.005 1890.2 452.6 2342.8
16 374.15 221.2 0.00317 0.0032 2107.4 0 2107.4
confidentia
36
Steam Generation
 Heating Surface Phenomenon

 Water Surface Phenomenon

 Due to occurrence of vapour pressure

 Due to occurrence of low relative humidity

confidentia
37
 Steam Quality Parameters
 Dry Saturated Steam
- Either saturation temperature or saturation Pressure
 Wet Steam
- Either saturation temperature or saturation Pressure
- dryness fraction (DF) = Ms/M(s+w)
 Super Heated Steam
- Either saturation temperature or saturation Pressure
- Degree of superheat (DS) = T – Ts
confidentia
38
 confidentia
39
 confidentia
40
Thank you
4th October, 2008