Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.BRAIN STORMING:
- The principles of brain storming are - Defer evaluation during the phase of producing ideas, especially evaluation of the negative and critical ones. Invite more ideas. Higher the number, higher the probability of hitting upon some brilliant ones. A fantastic idea should be more appreciated. It need not be practicable. It triggers other ideas that might be novel and useful. Be open to the suggestive power of others or ones own earlier ideas.
It is generally done in groups. It is useful for problems that can have multiple solutions. The topic selected for brainstorming should be specific. During the session, the leader should encourage the panelists to provide concrete suggestions or ideas rather than abstractions or good intentions. Ex: - Suggestions such as improve human relations is wrong. - Suggestions such as expose every manager to human relations is correct.
- Sometimes the ideas can be grouped into classes and then each idea within a group may be voted upon. -Ex: If the brainstorming is on increasing the profits of a company, ideas can be classified into ideas for raising short term profits, medium term profits and long term profits. - Brainstorming is not only a technique, it is a culture. -During brainstorming, people drop their defensiveness and compete for the excellence and creativity of their ideas instead of competing for power and status. - Participation in brainstorming increases commitment to implement the participatively chosen course of action.
2. ATTRIBUTE LISTING:
- It helps to separate the modifiable attributes from the un modifiable attributes of the objects.
- The procedure is to list all the obvious attributes of an object or activity such as the current size, colour, shape, function, weight, major components, material etc for an object and current duration, steps, subprograms etc for an activity. - Next it is desirable to identify some of the attributes that can be altered without destroying the main function of the object or activity. - Next the alterable attributes may be stated as more abstract, general attributes. (Ex: back rest of a chair as a spine support) MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS is a variant of attribute listing. Here some critical modifiable attributes are identified. -Then several alternatives for each of these attributes are generated.
Ex: FURNITURE Shapes Oval Square Circle Kinds Chairs Beds Sofas Materials Wood Metal Plastic Function Sleeping Resting Eating Styles Chippendale Shaker Queen Ann
Rectangle
Cylinder Pentagon Hexagon Heptagon Octagon ---------09
Tables
Clocks T. V Pianos Desks Stools -------09
Cloth
Glass Cork Foam Leather Cardboard -----------09
Sitting
Storing Entertaining Reading Writing Cooking --------09
Modern
Campaign Primitive Western Italian -------08
- There would be 9 x 09 x 09 x 9 x 8 = 52,488 cells in this figure., some of these are practicable. - Attribute listing works best when the product, object, activity sought to be modified is very specific, on the other hand morphological analysis can be applied to modify general objects and activities.
3) CHECKLIST OF QUESTIONS:
Ex: CUPBOARD Add:- mirror, fan, casters, magnets Subtract:- Shelves, rear wall Alter:- Handle, paint, plastic/glass doors Rearrange:- Rest the cupboard on the side
4) SYNECTICS:
It is a group technique evolved by Synectics Inc, Boston and uses analogies as the productive source of solutions.
It is necessary to understand the structure of mind first. Human mind has several layers. They are It is the deepest layer of mind. It is the hot house of instincts. Its vital function is self preservation and reproduction. It has enermous energy but little regulation. This is fantasizing and imagining layer. It is prominent in childhood.
a) Unconscious mind: -
b) Preconscious mind:
c) Conscious mind:
- It is very aware of reality and its constraints. - Its function is to manage the entire personality and have its respond quickly in a coordinated manner to stressful and other situations. - It is ascendent when we are in a business like mood. - Synectic technique involves systematic way of accessing and harnessing the preconscious mind.
discussion. STEPS IN SYNECTICS: - The problem is explained to the group by an expert. - The group attempts to solve the problem in the usual way for a while. This phase is called purge. - If the problem remains unresolved, the leader asks the members to state the problem as they understand it. This is called PAU ( Problem as Understood ) step. - The leader may ask an evocative question by referring to the direct analogy. The analogy may be drawn from biological phenomenon. - The leader will request for personal, fantasy and symbolic analogy for the problem. -When the leader senses a potentially useful approach to the original problem at his hand, he may ask for a FORCE FIT, ie he may ask the participants to try to think how a present idea or analogy could suggest a solution to the original problem. Ex: Idea that one strokes an angry cat to make it calm, one could pump down a coolant that freezes the core sample so that sample does not undergo changes in composition as it is brought up thousands of feet. This is found while trying solution to the estimation of petroleum reserve.