PERSONALITY

Origin

Latin word Per Sonare

-to speak through

Definition
Personality may be understood as

the characteristic patterns of behaviors and modes of thinking that determine a persons adjustment to the environment. ---- Hilgard

Contd
Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment. --- Allport

Determinants of personality
Heredity

Environment

Theories of Personality
Type theory Trait theory

Psychoanalytical theory
Myer Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Hollands Personality types

Type theory
Sheldon
Ectomporphic Mesomorphic Endomorphic Type A and Type B

Trait theory
Cattell
Primary Traits and Secondary Traits

Primary traits of personality

Reserved vs outgoing Less intell. vs more int. Affected by feeling vs

emotionally stable Submissive vs dominant Serious vs happy go lucky Expedient vs conscientious Timid vs venturesome Tough minded vs sensitive

Trusting vs suspicious Practical vs imaginative Forthright vs shrewd Self assured vs apprehensive Conservative vs experimenting Group dependent vs selfsufficient Uncontrolled vs controlled Relaxed vs tense

Personality traits
Locus of control
Machiavellianism Self esteem Self monitoring Risk taking

Big 5 Model
Extraversion- sociable, outgoing, talkative, assertive,

gregarious
Agreeableness- cooperative, warm, caring, good natured,

courteous and trusting

Conscientiousness-dependable, hardworking, organized,

self disciplined, persistent, responsible

Emotional stability- calm, secure, happy and unworried Openness to experience- curious, intellectual, creative ,

cultured, flexible, imaginative

Psychoanalytical theory
Sigmund Freud
Id Ego Superego

Myer Briggs Type Indicator

Favorite world: Extraversion (E) or

Introversion (I)
Information : Sensing (S) or Intuition (N)
Decisions : Thinking (T) or Feeling (F) Structure : Judging (J) or Perceiving (P)

Hollands Personality Type

Realistic (R) Investigative (I) Artistic (A)

Social (S)
Enterprising (E)

Conventional (C)

Meta Analysis
57 % probability that conscientious

employees will turn out to be better performers

63% probability that employees who

are satisfied in their jobs will participate in more prosocial , organizational citizenship behaviours

JOHARI WINDOW
A model of self awareness.(Joseph Luft and

Harry Ingham)

Developed by Luft and Harrington Ingham in

1955, 1973 Ingham and Luft's Johari Window model diagrams and examples - for self-awareness, personal development, group development and understanding relationships

JOHARI WINDOW
Known to Others Known to Self Not Known to Self

A Aren a
C
Closed

Blind
D

Not Known to Others

Dark

Openness is critical for personal effectiveness

Openness
Self Disclosure

Feedback

Openness..
Destructive openness- telling it like it is,

from insensitivity to the recipients of the communication or from a desire to be punitive

Strategic

openness-determining how much data flow the system can stand, and then giving it a ten percent boost.

Openness can be made effective by 1. Sharing appropriate data 2. Being aware of the impact of this openness upon others

Receiving Feedback

Feedback Positive
Negative

Feedbacks
Negative feedback creates a dissonance with the self image. Dealt with Defensive behavior Confronting behavior

Defensive behavior

Confronting behavior

Denial Rationalization Projection Quick acceptance Withdrawal Aggression Humor

Owning up Self analysis Empathy Data collection Expressing feelings Help seeking Concern

Competition with authority

Cynicism

Listening
Positive critical attitude

Measuring Personality
The projective tests

Rorschach Inkblot Test TAT Behavioural measures Observational technique recording the frequency of particular behaviour Self Report questionnaire Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) The Myers- Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)