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    Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached. It occurs through random particle movement, such as when smell molecules from an air freshener spread through the air until the concentration is equal everywhere. Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient by selectively pumping chemicals across cell membranes. Osmosis is the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high concentration until equilibrium is reached, such as when water enters plant cells placed in water to gain turgor pressure until the cell wall prevents further expansion.

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    Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached. It occurs through random particle movement, such as when smell molecules from an air freshener spread through the air until the concentration is equal everywhere. Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient by selectively pumping chemicals across cell membranes. Osmosis is the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high concentration until equilibrium is reached, such as when water enters plant cells placed in water to gain turgor pressure until the cell wall prevents further expansion.

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    14 views9 pages

    Section 2c

    Uploaded by

    drsohaire
    Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached. It occurs through random particle movement, such as when smell molecules from an air freshener spread through the air until the concentration is equal everywhere. Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient by selectively pumping chemicals across cell membranes. Osmosis is the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high concentration until equilibrium is reached, such as when water enters plant cells placed in water to gain turgor pressure until the cell wall prevents further expansion.

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    of 9

    Definition: Diffusion

    Movement of particles from a high


    concentration to a low concentration until
    equilibrium is reached.
    What does this actually mean?
    Imagine a solid air freshener. Inside the air
    freshener, there is a very high concentration of
    the molecule that makes the smell. When the air
    freshener opens it allows the particles out.
    Gradually in their random movement they begin
    to spread out. The smell moves into the air
    where there was previously no smell. The
    particles move from areas where there were lots
    of them to areas where there were few. This will
    continue until the number of particles is the
    same everywhere. This is equilibrium.
    Active Transport
    • There are times when cells need to move
    chemicals across the cell membrane against the
    concentration gradient (i.e. from a low
    concentration to a high concentration). This
    requires energy, as the chemicals need to be
    pumped across the cell membrane.

    • The cells of the small intestine absorb some food


    particles by active transport.

    • Substances are selectively transported. The cell


    can choose which chemicals are pumped into or
    out of the cell. For example, nerve cells actively
    pump potassium inside the cell while pumping
    sodium out of the cell.
    • Definition:
    Osmosis
    • movement of water from a weak solution to a more
    concentrated one through a semi-permeable until
    equilibrium is reached.
    • What does this mean?
    • A weak solution is one which has few substances
    dissolved in it. Pure water is obviously as weak as a
    solution gets. Water moves from a weak solution to
    more concentrated one. A semi-permeable membrane
    separates the two solutions. This prevents the dissolved
    solutions from mixing, so only the water can move. This
    will continue until the solutions on either side of the
    membrane are the same concentration.
    • E.g. imagine a plant cell in water. The cytoplasm is a
    concentrated solution and so water will enter the cell by
    osmosis. This will make the cell swell up as its volume
    increases. This continues until the cell wall prevents the
    cell from expanding more. This state is called tugor and
    • If red blood cells were placed in water they
    would take in water by osmosis, swelling up
    until they burst.

    • The reverse will happen if the cells were


    placed in a solution that was more
    concentrated than the cytoplasm. Water
    would leave the cell by osmosis and enter the
    surrounding more concentrated solution. This
    means that the cell contents would become
    smaller as it loses liquid.

    • When this happens to a plant cell the cell


    membrane pulls away from the cell wall. This
    causes the plant cell to lose its support. This

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