• CHAPTER 1

• HOMEOSTAISES AND TRANSPORT

• SECTION 1-1
• PASSIVE TRANSPORT

MABAST M AHMED
 PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Passive transport occurs without use of energy. Molecules move
using their own kinetic energy . Diffusion and osmosis are
examples of passive transport. Passive transport allows cells to
get water, oxygen and other small molecules that they need. It
also allows the cell to get rid of waste such as carbon dioxide.

DIFFUSION
OSMOSIS
 Diffusion
• Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration
to an area of lower concentration.
• Factors that affect the rate of diffusion: size of molecules,
size of pores in membrane, temperature, pressure, and
concentration.
 Concentration gradient
Concentration Gradient - change in the concentration of a
substance from one area to another.
 Diffusion

concentrated, high energy molecules

[High] [Low]
diffuse, low energy molecules
Molecules are always moving
Molecules move randomly and bump into
each other and other barriers
 Diffusion

T2 T3
T1
 Diffusion will continue until equilibrium is reached.
This means there will be an equal distribution of
molecules throughout the space. This is why food
coloring moves throughout a beaker of water; why odors
smell strong at first and then disappear over time.

Equilibrium, a result of diffusion, shows the uniform distribution of

molecules of different substances over time as indicated in the
above diagram.
Diffusion Through a Cell Membrane
• Cells also need food
and water to live

• Substances move into

and out of the cell
through its cell
membrane

• A cell membrane is like

the cell’s skin.
•Just as ink diffuses in
water, some
substances can
diffuse into and out of
a cell through its cell
membrane.

•Particles of some
substances can
diffuse through
proteins in the cell
membrane.(facilitated
diffusion)
 Osmosis
• Osmosis is the movement of WATER across a
semi-permeable membrane
• At first the concentration of solute is very high on
the left.
• But over time, the water moves across the semi-
permeable membrane and dilutes the particles.
 Osmosis – A Special kind of Diffusion
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
(a barrier that allows some substances to pass but not
others). The cell membrane is such a barrier.
Small molecules pass through – ex: water
Large molecules can’t pass through – ex: proteins and
complex carbohydrates
Hypotonic – The solution on one side of a membrane where the solute
concentration is less than on the other side. Hypotonic Solutions contain a low
concentration of solute relative to another solution.

Hypertonic – The solution on one side of a membrane where the solute

concentration is greater than on the other side. Hypertonic Solutions contain a
high concentration of solute relative to another solution.
Over time molecules will move across the
membrane until the concentration of
solutes is equal on both sides. This type of
solution is called ISOTONIC.
 How cells deal with osmosis ?
• Many cells functions normally have been done under
HYPOTONIC SOLUTION .
• So they have to rid them selves from excess water come in
the body ,there for they using :

1. Contractile vacuoles in unicellular.

2. And many multicellular organisms pumping solute out of the
cytosol.
Contractile vacuole
fill with water
 PLANT CELLS
Hypotonic Hypertonic
Solution Solution

Turgor Pressure builds in the Plants will wilt when cells

cell and causes osmosis to stop lose water through osmosis.
because of the rigid cell wall.
• Cytoplasm is a solution of water and solids
(solutes dissolved in the water).
• Water moves into and out of cells because of the
different concentrations of the solutes.
• Below are examples of red blood cells in different
types of solutions and shows what happened to the
red blood cells.
 CELLS
As viewed under the microscope
OSMOSIS and DIFFUSION
 Facilitated Diffusion
• Diffusion through protein channels
– channels move specific molecules across
cell membrane
facilitated = with help
– no energy needed
open channel = fast transport
HIGH

LOW
“The Bouncer”
 Facilitated diffusion
 Facilitated diffusion: is a diffusion of molecules
through carrier protein from an area of high concentration on
one side of the membrane to an area of low concentration on
the other side
 Carrier protein: is a specific protein that assist the
molecules to across the cell membrane

 How does facilitated diffusion work?

1. Carrier protein bind to the molecules on one side of the C.M.

2. Carrier protein changes shape and shield or protect the
molecules from the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer.
3. The molecules can transport across the cell membrane.
Diffusion through ion channels
 Another type of passive transport involve M. proteins
 Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- not soluble in lipid
 ions can not diffuse across the lipid bilayer
without assistance
 Each type of ion channel for one type of ion
 Some ion channel always open, others have ‘gates’
 Three reasons to Close and open:
1. Stretching or expanding of cell membrane
2. Electrical signals
3. Chemicals in the cytosol or external environment
• Diffusion through ion channel and carrier
protein
THE END