Answers

Câu lạc bộ USTH Learning Support trân trọng giới thiệu.
CELLULAR BIOLOGY – MIDTERM REVISION

Post-Class Exercise
Mục lục
Lecture 1: Basics of cell and organism ............................................................................................... 2
Lecture 2: The chemical components of the cell ............................................................................. 11
Lecture 3: The cell structure (eukaryotes) ........................................................................................ 16
Lecture 4: Cell membrane and transportation .................................................................................. 26
Lecture 5: Nucleus .............................................................................................................................. 35
1
LEC I: BASICS OF CELL AND ORGANISM
I, WHAT IS A CELL?
- Cells are the basic structures of living organisms.
- Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things.
- The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life forms.
- Cells are the smallest common denominator of life.
1. Cell theory tells us that: (mark all correct answers)

A. All living things are made of cells.
B. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function.
C. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
D. Cell is only part of animals.
E. Cell is only part of plants.
2. Fundamental basic unit of life
• Cells 🡪 Tissues 🡪 Organs 🡪 Organ system 🡪 Organisms.
3.
Note: Để tránh bị nhầm lẫn giữa organ và tissue các bạn có thể đặt câu hỏi liệu cái đó có thực
hiện bao nhiêu chức năng. Nếu bạn có thể liệt kê nhiều hơn 1 thì khả năng cao đó là organ.
• Red blood cell (cell)
• Xylem (tissue)
• Liver (organ)
• Leaves (organ)
• Nervous system (includes the brain, spinal cord, and a complex network of nerves)
(organ system)
2
• Cat (organism)
4.
• “uni”: only 1
• “multi”: many
• Muscle: cơ 🡪 Muscle tissue: mô cơ
5. We distinguish cells by size, shape, structure, and function.
6. Compare “Scheiden and Schwann proposed cell theory” to “Modern Cell Theory”
Scheiden and Schwann proposed cell theory Modern Cell Theory
- Is the unit of structure, physiology, and
organization in living things.

- All living things are made of cells
- Structural & functional unit of all living
- Retains a dual existence as a distinct entity
things.
- Come from the pre-existing cell by division.
and a building block in the construction of
(spontaneous generation does not occur)
- Contains hereditary information
organisms.
- The same in chemical composition
• All life’s energy flow (metabolism &
• Free cell formation, similar crystals
biochemistry) occurs within cells.
(spontaneous generation – Thuyết tự sinh)
7. What is the most significant difference between the modern cell theory and the cell theory
of Schleiden and Schwann?
Schleiden and Schwann proposed cell theory Modern Cell Theory
Free-cell formation is similar to the formation of crystals All cells come from pre-existing
(spontaneous generation). cells by division.
3
8. Modern Cell Theory tells us that: (mark all correct answers)

A. All life’s energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) occurs within cells.
B. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life forms.
C. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
D. Cells are only found in animals.
E. Free cell formation, similar crystals
4
II, DOMAIN OF LIFE

1. How many types of cells?
• There are 2 types of cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
2.
• Prokaryotic: (Unicellular)
• Domain: Bacteria
• Kingdoms: Eubacteria
• Domain: Archaea
• Kingdoms: Archaebacteria (archaea)
• Eukaryotic: (Unicellular, multicellular)
• Domain: Eukarya
Kingdoms:
• Plantae
• Animalia
• Fungi
• Protista (have more unicellular)
• Prokaryotic: Bacteria and Archaea
• Eukaryotic: – còn lại
3. The kingdoms including organisms that are composed of Eukaryotic cell:

A. Plantae, Animalia, archaea
A. Plantae, animalia, fungi, protista
A. Animalia, archaea, monera, plantae
A. Plantae, animalia, fungi, protists, archaea
4. How many kingdoms contain organisms that have a cell wall? What are they?
• Four kingdoms: Plantae, Monera (includes Eubacteria and Archaebacteria), Protista,
and Fungi.
5. Which of the following organisms have cell walls made of cellulose?

• Plants.
5
6. Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Before nucleus True nucleus
7. Prokaryotes/ Bacteria:
• Unicellular, a few species have colonial lives for at least some of their lifetime (e.g.
Cyanobacteria).
• Lack membrane-bound organelles and multicellular forms.
• Include cyanobacteria (autotrophic – tự dưỡng) and other bacteria (heterotrophic – dị
dưỡng)
• Small individually but they make up a significant part of the earth’s biomass.
8. Structure of E. coli bacteria:

• The nucleoid region contains genetic material.
• Consists of an outer membrane, a periplasmic space, a cell wall, and an inner
membrane.
9. Bacteria: (Unicellular, prokaryotic)
• Adapted for growth under many diverse conditions:
• Most known prokaryotic species, mesophiles (warm), grow best at 25oC - 40oC.
• Psychrophiles (cold), grow best at 15 oC - 20 oC, some 0 oC.
• Thermophiles (hot), grow best at 50 oC - 60 oC, some can tolerate temperatures of 110
o
C.
10. Can archaea survive harsh conditions?

• Include the most diverse extremophiles (SV ưa cực):
6
• Acidophiles (acid): acidic (low) pH.

• Alkaliphiles (base): high pH.
• Toxicolerants (toxic): damaging elements (e.g., pools of benzene, nuclear
waste).
• Psychrophiles (cold): grow best at 15 °C or lower
• Thermophiles/hyperthermophiles (hot): grow best at 40 °C or higher, or 80°C
or higher. Pyrolobus fumarii (113°C)
11. The Archaebacteria (Archaea): (Unicellular, prokaryotic)

• Lack nuclei, are similar in size and shape(s) 🡪 Closely related to bacteria.
• rRNA gene: Archaea were more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria.
12. Eukaryotic cell

• Contains many membrane-delimited compartments (các ngăn được phân chia bằng
màng sinh chất).
• Plasma membrane surrounds cytoplasm (TBC)/ Cytoplasm individual (separate)
compartments by the plasma membrane.
• Nucleus – the largest compartments by cytoplasm and contains the genetic material.
7
13. Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cells
• Difference:
Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells
Nucleoid (vùng nhân) Nucleus (nhân)
Oldest cell type Evolved (tiến hóa) from prokaryotic
Small and simple 🡪 Allow to reproduce very quickly Large and more complex
and very effectively
Prokaryotes 🡪 Lack of nucleus Eukaryotes 🡪 Contain nucleus
Before nucleus True nucleus
Lack organelles Contain organelles
Single-celled Single-celled or multicellular
Single circular chromosomes (NST dạng vòng) Multiple linear chromosomes (NST dạng
thẳng, dạng que)
• Same:
• Have DNA
• Have ribosomes
• Have cytoplasm
• Have plasma membrane
14. Protista:
• A single cell or a colony of similar cells
• Live in water, moist terrestrial habitats (môi trường ẩm ướt)
• Parasites (kí sinh) and symbionts (cộng sinh)
• Autotrophs (tự dưỡng), heterotrophs (dị dưỡng), or both
8
• Reproduce asexually, some sexually

• Best defined as eukaryotes that are NOT fungi, animals, or plants. They are
polyphyletic (đa ngành)
15. Fungi
• Eukaryotic.
• Decomposers – the best recyclers around.
• No chlorophyll – non-photosynthetic.
• Most multicellular (hyphae) – some unicellular (yeast)
• Non-motile.
• Cell walls made of chitin
• Are more related to animals than the plant kingdom.
16. Plantae
• Multicellular, eukaryotes consist of a rigid structure that surrounds the cell
membrane called the cell wall
• The plant kingdom has the following characteristic features:
o Non-motile
o Reproduce sexually
o Follows the autotrophic mode of nutrition
o Contain photosynthetic pigments called chlorophyll in the plastids.
9
17. Classification of Kingdom Plantae

Thallophyta Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperm Angiosperms
(small) s
Plant body Lack of a well- Differentiated Well- Well- Well-
differentiated plant body - differentiated differentiated differentiated
body structure Stem, leaf structures -
-> Primitive Stem, roof,
and simple leaves
body ->
Majority of
aquatic
Vascular x x Spore- ✓ ✓
system dispersing
vascular plants
Seed x x x Naked and Covered and
formation sprema: sprema: seed
“exposed”
seed
Picture
18. Animalia
• Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that are capable of mobility for at least part
of their life, and that have cells lacking cell walls
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1. Chân khớp 3. Lưỡng cư 4. Bò sát 5. Chim
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LEC II: THE CHEMICALS COMPONENTS OF THE CELLS
1.
2. Major constituents:
• C, H, O, N Make up 96.5% of all the atoms in an organism.
• Electrolytes: K, Na, Cl, Mg, P, Ca, Fe, I
3. Water:
• Most abundant substance
• Accounts for 70% of its weight.
• Functions:
• Water’s role as a solvent helps cells transport and use substances like
oxygen or nutrients.
• Carry molecules to the necessary locations.
• Heat regulators
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4. Result from efforts to achieve a complete outermost electron shell:

• Transfer electrons from one to another (ionic bonds)
• By sharing electrons between two atoms (covalent bonds)
5. Van der Waals interactions:

• Two atoms approach each other closely they create a weak, non-specific attractive
force.
6. Hydrophobic interactions:
• In an aqueous (aqua) environment, nonpolar molecules or nonpolar portions of
larger molecules are driven together by the hydrophobic effect, thereby reducing
the extent of their direct contact with the water molecule
7. Answer these questions below with one / two words.
a. The amino acid sequence of a protein is … structure. (primary)
b. Stable chemical links between two atoms produced by sharing one or more pairs of
electrons is … bond. (covalent)
c. Name of the type of reaction producing protein from amino acids: (condensation)
d. Name of the covalent bond between 2 monomers in starch: (glycosidic- because starch
is polysaccharide)
e. Three-dimensional relationship of the different polypeptide chains in a multi-subunit
protein or protein complex is … structure. (quaternary)
f. The smallest unit of DNA: (nucleotide)
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g. The chemical bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom
to another: (ionic bond)
h. Name of the covalent bond between 2 monomers in RNA molecule: (phosphodiester-
because RNA is acid nucleic)
i. The phenomenon when the protein loses its high-order structure, but not its primary
structure: (denature)
j. In a hydrolysis reaction, water is … (consumed)
8. Name the types of bonds or interactions that stabilize the secondary structure/ tertiary
structure of the protein.
• Secondary structure: hydrogen bond
• Tertiary structure: ionic bond, van der Waals, hydrophobic interaction, disulfide
bond
9. Which substance acts as a medium for biochemical reactions in a cell?

A. Amino acid
B. Glucose
C. Glycerol
D. Water
9. Which of the following statements is true of the carbohydrate glucose?

A. It is a polysaccharide
B. It is pentose sugar
C. It contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
D. All of the above
10. Which of the following is an example of protein denaturation?

A. Several amino acids are joined together via peptide bonds.
B. A protein binds with a substrate, lowering the activation energy of a reaction.
C. Amino acids fold into repeating patterns due to the hydrogen bonding of the peptide
backbone.
D. A protein is exposed to extremely high heat, causing it to lose its secondary structure and
be left with only its primary structure.
11. Hydrogen bonds are ….

A. Formed when one atom takes an electron from another atom
B. Strong bonds
C. Help to determine the shape and function of molecules
D. Are found between the sides of the DNA double helix
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12. Which of these trace elements are found in very small amounts in your body?
A. Carbon
B. Oxygen
C. Hydrogen
D. Calcium
13. Factors that affect the activity of enzymes

A. pH
B. Temperate
C. Alkaline (Bazo – kiềm)
D. Substrate concentration (Nồng độ cơ chất)
14. Write the chemical formula for a compound with one Calcium atom and 2 Chlorine atoms.
Predict the bond between them.
A. CaCl2, ionic
B. CaCl2, covalent
C. Ca2Cl, ionic
15. The covalent bond is formed between atoms of …?

A. Metals
B. Non-metals
C. Metals and non-metals
D. All elements
16. In a covalent bond, electrons are …

A. Lost or gained
B. Shared
C. Not stable
D. None of the above
17. What is the basic unit of protein?

A. Amino acid
B. Amin
C. COOH group
D. Peptide
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18. The secondary structure of protein:

A. The linear sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
B. Folding of the polypeptide chain into local helices or sheets
C. Various loops and turns
D. At least 2 chains of amino acid
19. Recorded the following phrases

A. Two amino acids
B. to form
C. can be combined
D. a condensation reaction
E. a dipeptide by
• A -C -B - E - D
• Two amino acids can be combined with a dipeptide by a condensation reaction.
20. The following are building blocks of macromolecules, except

A. Sugar
B. Amino acid
C. Nucleotide
D. Acetic acid
21. There are 20 different kinds of amino acids. These amino acids consist of five separate
parts, except
A. Central carbon atom
B. Carboxyl group
C. Hydrogen
D. Carbon dioxide
22. Amino acids are linked by which kind of covalent bond?

A. Hydrogen bonds
B. Peptide bonds
C. Covalent bonds
D. Ionic bonds
23. The following are polysaccharides, except

A. Starch
B. Glycogen
C. Cellulose
D. Glycerol
24. Choose the wrong answer from the given choices

A. Phosphate group + nucleoside = nucleotide
B. Sugar + nitrogenous base = nucleoside
C. Nitrogenous base + nucleoside = nucleotide
D. Nitrogenous base + sugar = nucleoside
16
LEC III: THE CELL STRUCTURE (EUKARYOTES)
Summarise lecture:
You should also read the slide on moodle if you know all the things in this doc or your aim is upper
than the average. Good luck!
• Eukaryotic: 3 basic cell structures are

1. Cell membrane (màng nhân)
2. Cytoplasm (tế bào chất)
3. Nucleus(nhân)
-The plasma membrane:

1. Function: maintain homeostasis (Cân bằng nội môi), surround outside of all cells, and be
responsible for transportation, recognition.
2. Components: mainly by a double layer of phospholipids and proteins
3. Details:
• Phospholipids:
+ Heads are hydrophilic (ưa nước)
+ Tails are hydrophobic (kỵ nước)
• Cell membrane proteins: Transportation and cell recognition.
+ Peripheral proteins (Protein ngoại vi- protein đính ngoài màng)
+ Integral proteins (Protein xuyên màng)
(To simplify, you can remember the structure of the cell membrane, by remembering this picture
instead)
17
-Cell wall:
1. Function: Protection, structure, and support
2. Components: Structured by: Plants: cellulose; fungi: chitin; bacteria: peptidoglycan;
*archaea: glycoprotein, S-layers, pseudopeptidoglycan, or polysaccharides.
- The Nucleus (nhân chuẩn): Largest organelle
1. Function: contains hereditary material.
2. Components: Genetic material, nucleolus, a double membrane.
3. Details:
• Genetic material (DNA): DNA plays as hereditary material of the cell. A gene is the basic
physical and functional unit of heredity genes that make up the DNA molecule and code
for different proteins, but some genes do not code for proteins.
DNA in non-dividing cells is called chromatin. DNA in dividing cells is called
chromosomes.
18
• Nucleolus: the site of ribosome biogenesis.
- Ribosomes:
1. Function: “Protein factories” for cells: Creating proteins by protein synthesis.
2. Components: Protein and rRNA.
3. Details:
• They are floating in the cytosol (make proteins that are required inside its cell)
• Mostly located in rough ER (make protein for exporting or used inside).
• Found also in Prokaryotes and Mitochondria.
In prokaryotes and Mitochondria protein 70S (50-S and 30S subunits). In

eukaryotes protein 80S (60S and 40S). (Take advantage of this difference for
medical uses)
- Cytoskeleton: Present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including bacteria, and archaea.
1. Function: maintain cell shape and intracellular transportation.
2. Components: Proteins
• Microfilaments: are threadlike and made of actin
• Microtubules are tube-like & made of tubulin
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
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1. Function: synthesis of cell products and transportation.

2. Components: Network of hollow membrane tubules
3. Details:
• Rough ER: Has protein on its surface
Make membrane proteins and export proteins.
• Smooth ER: Makes membrane lipids
Regulates calcium
Destroys toxic substances
Golgi:
1. Function: Receiving and shipping
2. Components: Stacks of flattened sacs
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3. Details: Receiving proteins from ER by cis face; completing the structure, packing proteins
in new bags then fuse with the cell membrane for release from the cell from trans face
- Lysosome:
1. Function: Break down food, bacteria, and worn-out cell parts for cells; programmed for cell
death (apoptosis); release and lyse(activate) enzymes to break down and recycle cell
parts.
2. Components: Digestive enzymes.
- Peroxisome:
1. Function: Absorb nutrients, digest fatty acids, alcohol, cholesterol synthesis, and the
digestion of amino acids
2. Components: Single membrane, contains digestive enzymes (enzymes that require
oxygen) (oxidative enzymes)
- Cilia and flagella:
1. Function: Moving (cells, fluids, small particles across cell surface)
2. Details:
• Cilia are shorter and more numerous on cells (Eukar)
• Flagella are longer but fewer on cells (prokar and eukar)
21
- Mitochondria:
1. Function: energy factories that generate ATP.
2. Components: Double membrane with an outer membrane and folds membrane is an inner
membrane, the special feature is it contains its own ribosome (the 70S) and DNA.
- Chloroplasts:
1. Function: Convert light energy of the Sun into sugars- can be used by cells.
2. Components: Has double membrane: outer is smooth, inner modified sacs called
thylakoids. In the thylakoids, the grana particles are stacked on top of each other.
Stroma-gel-like surrounding the thylakoid
22
- Vacuoles:
• Function: Storage
• Components: Fluid-filled sacks.
• Details: Small or absent in animal cells
Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole
Animal cell Plant cell
- Protoplasm: All, Cytoplasm: All – nucleus, Cytosol: All – Nucleus – organelles
23
Shorter Lecture and Practice assignment
I- Distinguish features
+ Membrane
- Double membrane: Nucleus, Mitochondria, Plastid (Chloroplast)
- No membrane: Ribosome, cytoskeleton
=> 1 membrane: Lysosome, Vacuoles, Plasma membrane, Peroxisome, Golgi, ER.
+ Protein:
- In prokaryotes and mitochondria: 70s (50S with 30S subunits)
- In Eukaryotes: 80S (60S and 40S subunits)
+ Plant cells and animal cells are distinguished by some remarkable features:
- Cell wall: only appears in plant cells
- Vacuole: - Big in plant cell
- Small or non-exist in animal cells.
- Plastids (chloroplast): Only appear in plant cells, and are colored green.
- Shape: Almost animal cells have a round shape
Almost plant cells have
+ Peroxisome and lysosome:
• Lysosomes break down biological polymers like proteins and polysaccharides.
• Peroxisomes oxidize organic compounds, breaking down metabolic hydrogen peroxides
II- Question
1. Fill the gap corresponding with the eukaryote's organelles. Guess if that is an animal cell or a
plant cell? Try to explain your answer.
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1. Nucleolus; 2. Nucleus; 3.ER; 5. Chloroplast; 6. Cell membrane; 7. Mitochondrion; 8.

Cytoplasm; 9.Cell wall; 10. Vacuole; 11. Genetic material/DNA/Chromatin/Chromosome; 12.
Nuclear envelope(1 và 12 có thể đổi chỗ cho nhau vì mũi tên nó không clear lắm)
➔ This is a plant cell because we can easily recognize it by specific organelles: Cell
wall, Chloroplast; Its shape; Big Vacuoles.
2. Fill in the blank with the correct function

a. Plasma membrane maintains …….. outside of the cell. (Key: Homeostasis)
b. Cell wall is found in ….. (plants, fungi, and bacteria)
c. …. is the largest organelles in the cell and bounded by an envelope consisting of a
…..membrane ( The nucleus-double)
d. …. play as “protein factories” for cells, made of proteins and rRNA. They are floating in the
cytosol or located on …. (Ribosomes- the rough ER). They are found both in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes but it belongs to different types: In eukaryotes cell is ribosome …. (80S), in
prokaryotes cell is ribosome …(70S)
e. The organelle which helps maintain the cell shape is……. It is made of protein and consists of
2 components: microfilaments and microtubules (cytoskeleton)
f. Rough ER has …. on its surface. (ribosomes)
g. Smooth ER membrane is made of …. (phospholipids), regulates calcium, and destroys toxic
substances.
h. Beside the nucleus, another organelle contains its ribosomes and DNA is…. (The
mitochondria)
25
i. Photosynthesis occurs in …. (chloroplasts)

3. Assessing amino acids by a radioisotope (đồng vị phóng xạ), then monitor the movement of
the mark optical zoom. Initially, radioactive traces appeared on the endoplasmic reticulum,
next, it can be present in any structure of the cell.
Guide
- Optical zoom marks appear on the endoplasmic reticulum, then radioactive markers appear in
the transport vesicles of the endoplasmic reticulum, then to the Golgi apparatus, to the
transport vesicles of Golgi. Next, radiolabels may appear in some organelles, in biological
substances, or outside the cell.
4. Which of the following is a double membrane-bound organelle?

A. Chloroplast
B. Peroxisome
C. Ribosome
D. Lysosome
=>A
5. Select the incorrect statement with regard to cell-surface membranes.

A. Cell-surface membranes contain embedded proteins.
B. Some embedded proteins in the cell-surface membrane act as antigens.
C. All cells do not have cell-surface membranes.
D. Some embedded proteins in the cell-surface membrane are involved in cell signaling–
communication between cells.
=>C
6. Which of the following is a single membrane-bound organelle?

A. Mitochondria
B. Peroxisomes
C. Nucleus
D. Centrioles
=>B
7. Carbohydrates in the cell membrane plays as?

A. Protection
B. Structure
C. Fluidity
D. Cell markers
=>D
8. Which organelle is the “packing center” for the cell?

A. ER
B. Nucleus
C. Lysosome
D. Golgi apparatus
=>D
9. What is the small dark structure in the nucleus that produces ribosomes?
A. Rough ER
B. Nucleolus
26
C. Smooth ER
D. Chromatin
=>B
10.Chloroplast is found in
A. Plant cell
B. Animal cell
C. Both of these
D. None of these
=> A
27
LEC IV: CELL MEMBRANE AND TRANSPORTATION
Refences:
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/transport-across-a-cell-
membrane/e/transport-across-a-cell-membrane-questions
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cell-membrane-overview/e/cell-
membrane-questions
Review:
1. Passive transport:
o include simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
o Facilitated diffusion: channel and carrier protein
o Aquaporins: channel protein that allow water to cross the membrane (plant cell,
RBC, certain parts of the kidney)
o Occur when substances cross the plasma membrane without any input of energy
o Move from higher concentration to lower.
2. Active transport:
• Primary active transport (using ATP directly to transport substance against the gradient)
• Pump-mediate transport: Secondary active transport (couple with another substance that
move downstream the gradient)
Antiport: 2 substances moving in reversed direction
Symport: 2 substances moving in same direction
• Vesicle transport (exocytosis, endocytosis)
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Questions:
1. Which process that maintain the function: moving big particles into or out of the cell:
a. Endocytosis and exocytosis
b. Pinocytosis and active respiration
c. Phagocytosis and passive transport
d. Movecytosis and phosphorilation
Answer: A
2. Plasma membrane
a. Heads are hydrophobic, tails are hydrophilic, tail to tail arrangement
b. Heads are hydrophilic, tails are hydrophobic, tail to tail arrangement
c. Heads are hydrophilic, tails are hydrophobic, head-to-head arrangement
d. Heads are hydrophobic, tails are hydrophilic, head-to-head arrangement
Answer: B
3. Which following kingdom has cell wall?
a. Bacteria
b. Protista
c. Plantae
d. Animalia
e. Fungi
Answer: C
4. Examples of active transport
a. Movement of ions out of cardiae muscle cells
b. Transportation of amino acids across the intestinal lining in the human
gut
c. Secretion of proteins like enzymes, peptide hormones, antibodies from
different cells
d. All of above
Answer: D
5. What are types of passive transport?
a. Simple diffusion
b. Endocytosis
c. Exocytosis
d. Facilitated diffusion
Answer: A + D
6. Active transportation:
a. Molecules move …. the concentration gradient
b. Cellular energy …. Required
c. Sodium-potassium pump and proton pump are examples of active
transport.
Answer: against-along
7. Passive transportation:
a. Molecules move … the concentration gradient
b. Cellular energy … required
c. Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport.
Answer: is/is not
8. The movement of molecules in response to a concentration gradient:
a. Aerobic respiration
29
b. Photosynthesis
c. Mitosis
d. Diffusion
e. A and D
Answer: D
9. The nephron reabsorbs glucose through a sodium/ glucose transporter. What sort of
transporter is it?
a. Protein channel
b. Antiporter
c. Sodium pump
d. Symporter
Answer: symporter
10. What cell membrane property in the nephron capillaries allows small molecules to pass
through?
a. It has cholesterol rafts
b. It has glycoprotein channels
c. It has fenestrations
d. It is amphipathic
Answer: It has fenestrations
11. Which of the following would slow sugar equilibrium the most once the shutter is raised
to connect the two solutions?
a. Adding salt to side B

b. Lowering the temperature
c. Lower the water concentration in side A
d. Increasing the water volume in side B
Answer: Lowering the temperature
12. Cholera affects millions of people around the world. It causes diarrhea, which can lead
to dehydration and even death. Cholera toxin affects a chloride transporter that secretes
chloride ion into the lumen of small intestine. How does cholera toxin lead to
dehydration?
a. The toxin turns off the transporter, so the negatively charged chloride
pushes water into the lumen
b. The toxin turns on the transporter, and water follows the ion due to
osmosis
c. The toxin turns on the transporter, and water is actively transported with
the ion
30
d. The toxin turns off the transporter, so water is no longer exchanged for
chloride ion
Answer: B
13. How do potassium ions travel as they move into the cell?
a. Down the concentration gradient and up the membrane potential
b. Up the concentration gradient and down the membrane potential
c. Down the concentration gradient and down the membrane potential
d. Up the concentration gradient and up the membrane potential
Answer: B
14. A cell is injected with ion X and placed into a solution. The following potentials are
measured inside and outside the cell, yet there is no net flow of X ions. Why?
a. X must be transported via facilitated diffusion, but there is no transport

protein
b. There is no permeability for X
c. X is a cation, so it remains in the cell
d. X must be transported via active transport, and there is no ATP
Answer: C
15. What sort of transporters would be required to move glucose from the blood to the
lumen?
a. Apical sodium/glucose symporter and basolateral sodium/potassium pump and

glucose channel
b. Apical glucose channel and basolateral sodium/potassium pump and
sodium/glucose symporter
c. Apical glucose channel and basolateral sodium/potassium pump and
sodium/glucose antiporter
31
d. Apical sodium/glucose antiporter and basolateral sodium/potassium pump and

glucose channel
Answer: D
To bring glucose from the blood to the cell, a basolateral glucose channel will allow
glucose to move down its gradient.
16. Immune system cells use damaging proteases and reactive oxygen species to destroy
foreign invaders. The immune system cells are not harmed because the microbes are
sequestered in vesicles. How did the invaders get to the vesicles?
a. Active transport
b. Phagocytosis
c. Exocytosis
d. Pinocytosis
Answer: B
17. Pulmonary edema occurs when fluid builds up in the interstitium between the pulmonary
capillaries and the alveoli, and eventually enters the alveoli. How do you decrease the
risk of pulmonary edema?
a. Decrease hydrostatic pressure and increase osmotic pressure
b. Increase hydrostatic pressure and decrease osmotic pressure
c. Decrease hydrostatic pressure and decrease osmotic pressure
d. Increase hydrostatic pressure and increase osmotic pressure
Answer: A
18. A scientist isolated 4 different cells moving molecules across their plasma membranes
and measured their ATP use. Which cell is using which method of transport?
a. A is using a sodium/potassium pump, B is using a symporter, C is using a leaky

channel, and D is using phagocytosis
b. A is using a symporter, B is using an antiporter, C is using a sodium/potassium
pump, and D is using phagocytosis
c. A is using phagocytosis, B is using an antiporter, C is using a sodium/potassium
pump, and D is using a symporter.
d. A is using a sodium/potassium pump, B is using a symporter, C is using
phagocytosis, and D is using a leaky channel
Answer: D
Hint:
Sodium-potassium pump is an antiporter transport protein
Symport: both types of molecules move in the same direction
Antiport: both types of molecules move in the opposite direction
Leaky channel or passive channel, always open
32
19. Which one of the following is not consistent with secondary active transport?
a. The movement of an ion down its concentration gradient is coupled to the
movement of another molecule against its concentration gradient.
b. In secondary active transport ATP is hydrolyzed.
c. Cotransport and exchange are variations of secondary active transport.
d. In secondary active transport, the ion that is moving down its
concentration gradient is referred to as the driving ion.
e. All of the above are true about secondary active transport.
f. Answer: in secondary active transport ATP is hydrolyzed
20. Which of the following membrane proteins is responsible for generating and maintaining
the Na+ and K+ concentration gradients across the plasma membrane of most
mammalian cells?
a. Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels
b. NaCl and KCl cotransporters
c. Na+/K+/ATPase
d. None of the above
e. All of the above
Answer: C
21. Na+, and K+, Ca2+ and Cl- permeation through their respective ion channels represents
an example of:
a. Passive transport
b. Primary active transport
c. Secondary active transport
d. A and C only
e. A, B and C
Answer: A
22. With respect to concentration gradients, passive transport is:
a. Dissipative
b. Accumulative
Answer: A
23. With respect to concentration gradients, active transport is:
a. Dissipative
b. Accumulative
Answer: B
24. Movement of ions through ion channels represents an electrogenic process.
a. True
b. False
Answer: A
(Phần tiếp theo gồm các bài trên khan academy: các câu hỏi khá sát với bài giảng của cô)
1. Which intermolecular process primarily drives the formation of a bilayer when
phospholipids are added to water?
a. Lipids cause water to arrange in an ordered, unfavorable cage-like structure.
Forcing lipids into a bilayer reduces this effect.
b. Phospholipids self-assemble into a bilayer due to the strong affinity they have for
each other.
c. The ordered arrangement of a bilayer is more favorable than the disordered sate
of individual free-floating phospholipids.
d. A bilayer arrangement maximizes the strength of Van der Waals forces among
phospholipids.
33
Answer: A
2. Which statements best describes how cholesterol affects cell membrane fluidity?
a. Cholesterol increases fluidity at high temperatures and decreases fluidity at low
temperatures.
b. Cholesterol increases fluidity at high temperatures and increases fluidity at low
temperatures.
c. Cholesterol decreases fluidity at high temperatures and decreases fluidity at low
temperatures.
d. Cholesterol decreases fluidity at high temperatures and increases fluidity at low
temperatures.
Answer: D
3. Compared to a typical animal cell, the cell membranes on the paw of a polar bear would
most likely have an increases concentration of which macromolecule?
a. Unsaturated phospholipids
b. Saturated phospholipids
c. Aquaporin proteins
d. Potassium channel proteins
Answer: A
4. Which molecule diffuses through a membrane most quickly?
a. Ethylene
b. Glucose
c. Urea
d. Benzene
Answer: A
A bilayer is permeable to small hydrophobic molecules and small

uncharged polar molecules: O2, CO2, N2
Slightly permeable: H2O, urea (NH2)2CO
Impermeable: ions and large polar molecules.
5. Which fatty acid tail would contribute most to the stability of the cell membrane of a
thermophilic bacterium?
34
Answer: C
6. Glucose typically enters the cell through which mechanism?
a. Pinocytosis through a channel protein
b. Active transport by a glucose transport protein
c. Simple diffusion through the cell membrane
d. Facilitated diffusion through a carrier protein
Answer: D
7. Which statement represents a notable difference between simple diffusion and
facilitated diffusion?
a. Unlike simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion can transport ligands against
a concentration gradient.
b. Unlike simple diffusion, the rate of facilitated diffusion is limited by the
number of transport proteins in the membrane.
c. Unlike simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion requires energy in the form of
ATP.
d. Unlike simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion can occur in any type of cell.
Answer: B
Unlike simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion involves a limited number of
carrier proteins. At low concentrations. Molecules pass through the
carrier proteins in a way similar to that of simple diffusion. At high solute
concentrations, all the proteins are occupied with the diffusing
molecules.
8. The rate of osmosis across a cell membrane depends upon which of the following?
I: Intracellular solute concentration
II: Extracellular solute concentration
35
III: molecular weight of solutes

IV: Molecular weight of solutes
V: The presence of aquaporins
a. I, II and V
b. I, II, III, IV and V
c. I and II
d. I, III and IV
Answer: A
The rate of osmosis always depends on the concentration of solute; the
rate of osmotic of water is reduced absence of aquaporins.
The primary function of most aquaporins is to transport water across cell
membranes in response to osmotic gradients created by active solute
transport.
9. In nerve cells, sodium-potassium pumps exchange two K+ for three Na+ across the cell
membrane. What is the primary purpose of this exchange?
a. To propagate an action potential
b. To store electrical and chemical potential energy
c. To increase the concentration of Na+ inside the cell
d. To increase the concentration of K+ outside the cell
Answer: B
- Cells involved in the transmission of electrical signals (nerve, muscle…) have
gated ion channel for sodium, potassium and calcium ions in their membranes.
- The opening and closing of these channels, the resulting shifts in ion levels
inside the cell: electrical transmission along membranes (in nerve cells) and in
muscle contraction (in muscle cells)
36
LEC V: NUCLEUS
Phần này gồm một số câu hỏi củng cố kiến thức căn bản, nên ôn lại bài trước khi
làm: Nucleus and ribosome
Reference: https://www.studyadda.com/question-bank/neet/biology/cell-the-unit-of-
life/nucleus-and-chromosomes/1727
1. Controlling center of cell is

a. Nucleus
b. Nucleolus
c. Mitochondria
d. Ribosome
Answer: nucleus
2. Nucleolus is found in
a. Protoplasm
b. Nucleus
c. Cytoplasm
d. None of these
Answer: Nucleus
3. The function of nucleolus is the synthesis of
a. DNA
b. m-RNA
c. r-RNA
d. t-RNA
Answer: r-ARN
4. Nuclear material without nuclear membrane is observed in
a. Bacteria and green algae
b. Cyanobacteria and red algae
c. Bacteria and cyanobacteria
d. Mycoplasmas and green algae
Answer: Bacteria and cyanobacteria
5. The nucleoplasm is continuous with the cytoplasm of a cell through
a. Centriole
b. Endoplasmic reticulum
c. Nuclear pores
d. Golgi apparatus
Answer: Nuclear pores
6. The nuclear spindle consists of
a. One type of fibre
b. Two types of fibres
c. Three types of fibres
d. Four types of fibres
Answer: three types of fibres
7. The "master mind" of the cell is

a. Protoplast
b. Nucleolus
c. Nucleus
d. Plastid
37
Answer: nucleus
8. Nucleoli are rich in
a. DNA and RNA
b. DNA, RNA and proteins
c. DNA
d. RNA
Answer: DNA, RNA and proteins
9. Histone protein found in nuclei of eukaryotes are
a. Acidic
b. Basic
c. Neutral
d. Amphoteric
Answer: Basic
10. The nucleus has
a. One membrane with pores
b. Two membranes with pores
c. Two membranes with pores through which substances do not pass
d. Two membranes with pores through which macromolecules may pass
Answer: Two membranes with pores through which macromolecules may pass
11. Cell which does not contain nuclear membrane
a. Bacteria
b. Algae
c. Fungi
d. Lichen
Answer: Bacteria
12. What will happen if nucleus is removed
a. Metabolism will increase
b. The cell will die
c. The metabolism will decrease
d. None of the above
Answer: the cell will die
13. Amount of which one of the following is more in the nucleus but less in the chromosome
a. DNA
b. RNA
c. Histone proteins
d. Non-histone proteins
Answer: Non-histone proteins
14. In which of the following places messenger RNA is formed in a living cell
a. Inside mitochondria
b. Inside nucleolus
c. Inside nucleus but outside nucleolus
d. Inside endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: Inside nucleus but outside nucleolus
15. Nucleoproteins in a cell are synthesized in
a. Outside the nucleolus
b. Nucleoplasm
c. Nuclear membrane
38
d. Nucleolus
Answer: outside the nucleolus
16. Which type of protein is found in nucleus
a. simple protein
b. structural protein
c. conjugated protein
d. derived protein
Answer: Conjugated protein
17. Nucleus is enclosed in
a. Double and non-porous layer
b. Double and porous layer
c. Single and non-porous layer
d. Single and porous layer
Answer: double and porous layer
18. DNA is mainly found in
a. Nucleus only
b. Nucleus and cytoplasm
c. Cytoplasm only
d. All of these
e. Answer: nucleus only
19. The structure of nuclear membrane facilitates
a. Synapsis of homologous chromosomes at meiosis
b. Nucelo - cytoplasmic exchange of materials
c. Anaphasic separation of daughter chromosomes
d. Organization of spindles
Answer: Nucleo-cytoplasmic exchange of materials
20. Which of the following is not contained in a eukaryotic nucleus
a. Nucleosome
b. Nucleolus
c. Chromatin
d. Circular DNA molecules
Answer: Circular DNA molecules
21. Nucleolus in eukaryotic cells is
a. visible in metaphase
b. the site for synthesis of RNA polymerase
c. bounded by a membrane
d. the side of packaging of rRNAs with ribosomal proteins
Answer: the side of packaging of rRNAs with ribosomal proteins
22. Chromosomes always exist:
a. in pairs
b. in association with mitochondria
c. singly
d. none of these
Answer: singly
23. Basic structure of chromatin is composed of
a. non-histone proteins wrapped around DNA
b. histone proteins wrapped around DNA
c. RNA wrapped around histones
d. DNA wrapped around histones
39
Answer: Histone proteins wrapped around DNA

24. L-shaped chromosomes are called
a. Sex chromosome
b. Acrocentric
c. Telocentric
d. Sub-metacentric
Answer: sub-metacentric
25. The beaded appearance of chromosome is known as
a. Centromere
b. Chromomere
c. Centriole
d. Centrosphere
Answer: chromomere
26. Four different types of chromosomes but of the same size are serialized as
a. Telocentric, metacentric, acrocentric, submetacentric
b. Metacentric, acrocentric, submetacentric, telocentric
c. Metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, telocentric
d. Metacentric, telocentric, acrocentric, submetacentric
Answer: C
27. Spindle fibres attach to chromosomes at them
a. Telomeres
b. Chromomeres
c. Kinetochores
d. Centromeres
Answer: C
28. Tips of chromosome are called:
a. Centromere
b. Chromomere
c. Telomere
d. Metamere
Answer: C
29. Chromosomes whose arms are equal are called
a. Metacentric
b. Acrocentric
c. Concentric
d. Acentric
Answer: metacentric
30. DNA genetic material occurs by itself in lower organisms and combined with proteins as
nucleoproteins in higher organisms. The nucleoprotein is organized in higher forms to
form
a. Chromosome
b. Nucleolus
c. Nucleotides
d. Nucleoside
Answer: chromosome
31. Identify the correct match between types of chromosomes and their descriptions
40
Chromosomes Position of centromere
A Metacentric 1 At the tip
B Submetacentric 2 Almost near the tip
C Acrocentric 3 At the middle
D Telocentric 4 Slightly away from the middle
Description:
a. A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
b. A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
c. A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
d. A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
e. A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
Answer: E
32. The telomeres of eukaryotic chromosomes consist of short sequences of
a. Adenine rich repeats
b. Guanine rich repeats
c. Thymine rich repeats
d. Cytosine rich repeats
Answer: B
33. Basic structure of chromatin is composed of
a. Non-histone proteins wrapped around DNA
b. Histone proteins wrapped around DNA
c. RNA wrapped around histones
d. DNA wrapped around histones
Answer: histone proteins wrapped around DNA
34. The arrangement of genes on chromosomes is
a. Linear
b. Ovoid
c. Diffused
d. Spiral
Answer: Linear
41
Quà tặng kèm:

Tổng hợp các câu hỏi trên lớp của cô: (các câu hỏi rất hay và thú vị)
Predict which one of the following organisms will have the highest percentage of
unsaturated phospholipids in its membranes. Explain.
a, Antarctic fish
b, Desert snake
c, Human being
d, Polar bear
e, Thermophilic bacterium that lives in hot springs at 100 ℃.
Answer: A
• Unsaturated fatty acids are a component of the phospholipids in cell membranes and
help maintain membrane fluidity. Saturated fatty acids tails are arranged in a way that
maximizes interactions between the tails. These interactions decrease bilayer fluidity.
Unsaturated fatty acids, on the other hand, have more distance between the tails and
thus fewer intermolecular interactions and more membrane fluidity.
• Both polar bear and Antarctic fish live in cold condition, however polar bear is warm-
blooded animal, therefore the amount of unsaturated fatty acids is less than the amount
in Antarctic fish.
Why do animal cells lack a cell wall while plants have it, state the term for a cell which
has more than 1 nucleus
• Cell wall provide rigidity for plants which do not move from one place to another like
animal. Also because plant cell enters a high water potential solution, as water moves in,
the water exerts pressure on the cell wall and the cell wall thus exerts an opposing
pressure to keep water out. While animal cells do not need to keep structures as they
have the skeletal system to protect the organs and cushion them against any external
injuries.
• example: muscle cell, macrophages
42
The two electron micrographs show nuclei of two different cell types. Can you tell from
these pictures which of the two cells is transcribing more of its genes? Explain
Answer: the second image.
Heterochromatin (di nhiễm sắc):
• Highly condensed, transcriptionally inactive form
• là phần cuộn chặt của DNA, lý do các đoạn gen ở đây không biểu hiện ra là bởi DNA cuộn
quá chặt ngăn cản các protein và factor cần thiết trong quá trình sao mã tiếp xúc.
Euchromatin:
• Less densely compacted
• Contains more genes and slightly packed, becomes an easier format for gathering
genetic info so that it can be transcribed.
43

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CELLULAR BIOLOGY – MIDTERM REVISION

LEC I: BASICS OF CELL AND ORGANISM

- Cells are the basic structures of living organisms.

- Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things.

- Cells are the smallest common denominator of life.

1. Cell theory tells us that: (mark all correct answers)

2. Fundamental basic unit of life

• Cells 🡪 Tissues 🡪 Organs 🡪 Organ system 🡪 Organisms.

5. We distinguish cells by size, shape, structure, and function.

organization in living things.

(spontaneous generation). cells by division.

8. Modern Cell Theory tells us that: (mark all correct answers)

E. Free cell formation, similar crystals

II, DOMAIN OF LIFE

3. The kingdoms including organisms that are composed of Eukaryotic cell:

5. Which of the following organisms have cell walls made of cellulose?

8. Structure of E. coli bacteria:

10. Can archaea survive harsh conditions?

• Acidophiles (acid): acidic (low) pH.

11. The Archaebacteria (Archaea): (Unicellular, prokaryotic)

12. Eukaryotic cell

13. Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cells

• Reproduce asexually, some sexually

17. Classification of Kingdom Plantae

1. Chân khớp 3. Lưỡng cư 4. Bò sát 5. Chim

LEC II: THE CHEMICALS COMPONENTS OF THE CELLS

4. Result from efforts to achieve a complete outermost electron shell:

5. Van der Waals interactions:

7. Answer these questions below with one / two words.

a. The amino acid sequence of a protein is … structure. (primary)

electrons is … bond. (covalent)

e. Three-dimensional relationship of the different polypeptide chains in a multi-subunit

protein or protein complex is … structure. (quaternary)

f. The smallest unit of DNA: (nucleotide)

to another: (ionic bond)

h. Name of the covalent bond between 2 monomers in RNA molecule: (phosphodiester-

because RNA is acid nucleic)

j. In a hydrolysis reaction, water is … (consumed)

9. Which substance acts as a medium for biochemical reactions in a cell?

9. Which of the following statements is true of the carbohydrate glucose?

10. Which of the following is an example of protein denaturation?

11. Hydrogen bonds are ….

13. Factors that affect the activity of enzymes

15. The covalent bond is formed between atoms of …?

16. In a covalent bond, electrons are …

17. What is the basic unit of protein?

18. The secondary structure of protein:

19. Recorded the following phrases

20. The following are building blocks of macromolecules, except

22. Amino acids are linked by which kind of covalent bond?

23. The following are polysaccharides, except

24. Choose the wrong answer from the given choices

LEC III: THE CELL STRUCTURE (EUKARYOTES)

• Eukaryotic: 3 basic cell structures are

-The plasma membrane:

• Nucleolus: the site of ribosome biogenesis.

In prokaryotes and Mitochondria protein 70S (50-S and 30S subunits). In

- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):

1. Function: synthesis of cell products and transportation.

Animal cell Plant cell

- Protoplasm: All, Cytoplasm: All – nucleus, Cytosol: All – Nucleus – organelles

Shorter Lecture and Practice assignment

1. Nucleolus; 2. Nucleus; 3.ER; 5. Chloroplast; 6. Cell membrane; 7. Mitochondrion; 8.