Cell Components and Organelles

Lesson 1 Cells and Life

Lesson 2 The Cell
 Chapter Introduction
Cell Structure and Function

How do the structures

and processes of a cell
enable it to survive?
 Do you agree or disagree?

1. Nonliving things have cells.

2. Cells are made mostly of water.
3. Different organisms have cells with different
structures.
4. All cells store genetic information in their
nuclei.
5. Diffusion and osmosis are the same process.
6. Cells with large surface areas can transport
more than cells with smaller surface areas.
7. ATP is the only form of energy found in cells.
8. Cellular respiration occurs only in lung cells.
Cells and Life

• How did scientists’ understanding of

cells develop?
• What basic substances make up a cell?
 Lesson 1
Understanding Cells

• English scientist Robert Hooke first identified cells

over 300 years ago while looking at cork under a
microscope he built.

Did you know that- after this

discovery Doctors and Scientists
came up with a theory called the
“Germ Theory”…. It was a crazy
idea that states that diseases
are caused my microscopic
organisms
Cell theory includes three principles.

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Basic Cell Substances

• The main ingredient in any cell is water. A

water molecule has two areas:
• The negative (–) end can attract the positive
part of another substance.
• The positive (+)
end can attract
the negative part
of another
substance.
Basic Cell Substances (cont.)
Water and salt both have positive and negative
parts. (Water literally rips NaCl in half!)

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Basic Cell Substances (cont.)

Macromolecules are necessary substances

in cells, formed by joining many small
molecules together. (The are big! – Big Mac!)

macromolecule
from Greek makro–, means “long”; and Latin
molecula, means “mass”
Basic Cell Substances (cont.)

• There are four types of macromolecules in

cells:
• Nucleic acids are macromolecules that
form when long chains of molecules
called nucleotides join together.
• Proteins are long chains of amino acid
molecules.
Basic Cell Substances (cont.)

• Lipids are large macromolecules that

do not dissolve in water.
• Carbohydrates store energy, provide
structural support, and are needed for
communication between cells.
Each type of macromolecule has unique
functions in the cell.
Basic Cell Substances (Review)

1. What is the most abundant substance in a cell?

How is it both positive and negative???

2. How are you going to remember what a

macromolecule is?

3. What are the four most important

macromolecules?

4. Under what macromolecule is DNA found in?

• The cell theory summarizes the main
principles for understanding that the
cell is the basic unit of life.

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• Water is the main ingredient in
every cell.
• A nucleic acid, such as DNA, contains
the genetic information for a cell.
What was Robert Hooke looking at under a
microscope when he first identified molecules?

A. pond water
B. skin
C. cork
D. plants
What is the term for substances formed by joining
many molecules together?

A. macromolecules
B. cells
C. proteins
D. lipids
What are large macromolecules that do not
dissolve in water?

A. carbohydrates
B. nucleic acids
C. lipids
D. proteins
Do you agree or disagree?

1. Nonliving things have cells.

2. Cells are made mostly of water.
 The Cell

• How are prokaryotic cells and

eukaryotic cells similar, and how are
they different?
• What do the structures in a cell do?
Animal and Plant Cells Have More
Similarities Than Differences
 Cellular Anatomy

We’ll start by seeing what role these parts play in making

and moving proteins.
Cell Shape and Movement

• Cells have different

sizes and structures
for very specific
functions….
Cell Shape and Movement

• The cell membrane is a flexible covering

that protects the cell, and controls what
comes in or out
• It is made up of lipids!
 The cytoskeleton (cyto = cell) maintains the
shape of an animal cell.

• The cytoskeleton is a network of threadlike

proteins (made up of what??) that are
joined together.
• A cell wall is a rigid (stiff) structure outside the
cell membrane in plant cells.
• Its rigid structure enables plants to grow large
(image trying to build a building with Jello!)
The cell wall maintains the shape of a plant cell.
 Review
• What is the main difference between the outside
of plant and animal cells?

• What do animal cells have that plant cells don’t?

What do plant cells have that animal cells lack?

• Explain why lipids are a perfect outer covering in

a watery world.
Cell Shape and Movement (cont.)
• Cell appendages(“arms and legs”), like flagella
and cilia, are often used for movement.

Cilia Flagella
Cell Shape and Movement (cont.)
Cytoplasm is fluid inside a cell that contains most
of the cell’s water, salts, other molecules, and the
cytoskeleton.

cytoplasm
from Greek kytos, means
“hollow vessel”; and plasma,
means “something molded”
 Two Fundamentally Different Types of Cells

A prokaryotic cell

A eukaryotic cell
Cell Types

• With more advanced microscopes, scientists

discovered that all cells can be grouped into two types:
• prokaryotic cells
• eukaryotic cells
Cell Types (cont.)

The genetic material in a prokaryotic cell is

not surrounded by a membrane.
Cell Types (cont.)

• Plants, animals, fungi, and protists are all

made of eukaryotic cells and are called
eukaryotes.
• In eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is
surrounded by a membrane.
Every eukaryotic cell has
membrane-surrounded
organelles, which have
specialized functions and
enable the cell to carry out
different functions at the
same time.
Nucleus

• Organelles – tiny “organs” of the cell

• The nucleus is the part of a eukaryotic cell
that directs cell activities and contains
genetic information stored in DNA.
Us vs. Them -
Eukaryotes and
Prokaryotes
Major Divisions of the Eukaryotic Cell
Nucleus (cont.)

In most cells, the nucleus is the largest

organelle.

EM Research Services, Newcastle University

Nucleus (cont.)

• DNA in the nucleus is

organized into
structures called
chromosomes.

• Q: How many
chromosomes do
humans have??
• The nucleolus, the nucleus of the nucleus,
makes ribosomes

• The nuclear envelope (membrane) is a porous,

two-membrane structure that surrounds the
nucleus.
Manufacturing (Making) Molecules
• Ribosomes are in a cell’s cytoplasm and
make proteins.
• Ribosomes can be attached to a weblike
organelle called the endoplasmic
reticulum, or ER.
• ER with ribosomes on its surface is called
rough ER and is the site of protein production.
• What do you think an ER without ribosomes is
called?
Manufacturing Molecules (cont.)
ER without ribosomes is called smooth ER. It makes
lipids like cholesterol and helps remove harmful
substances from a cell.
 Review
• What is the role of the nucleus? Nucleolus?

• Where is the site of protein synthesis? What

do they chain together to make proteins?

• Explain the difference between smooth and

rough ER.
Processing Energy
• Mitochondria- site of cellular respiration
(releasing energy from glucose)
• Powerhouse of the cell
• Makes ATP – battery of life
• Chloroplasts are organelles that use light
energy and make food—a sugar called glucose
—from water and carbon dioxide through the
process of photosynthesis.
Processing, Storing, and Transporting
Molecules
• The Golgi apparatus prepares proteins for
their specific functions and packages the
proteins into vesicles.
• Lysosomes – contain digestive enzymes (lyse =
to cut or break down)
• Vacuoles—organelles found in some cells—
store food, water, and waste material.
Cells Cells… They’re made of Organelles
 Do Now: Glycolysis
• What does the root “lyse” mean?
• Knowing what this means; Do you think that
you can tell me what glycolysis is? Can you tell
me where it occurs??
• A cell is protected by a flexible
covering called the cell membrane.
• Cells can be grouped
into two types—
prokaryotic cells
and eukaryotic cells.
• In a chloroplast,
light energy is used for making
sugars in a process called
photosynthesis.
What is the flexible covering that protects the inside
of a cell from the environment outside a cell?

A. appendages
B. wall
C. membrane
D. organelles
Plants, animals, fungi, and protists are all made of
which of these?

A. eukaryotic cells
B. prokaryotic cells
C. organelles
D. chloroplasts
What is the name for the part of a
eukaryotic cell that directs cell activities
and contains genetic information stored
in DNA?
A. cell membrane
B. nucleus
C. Golgi apparatus
D. nuclear envelope