SOLUTE TRANSPORT

GROUP 3 - SISON, SALES, ARAHAM, GREGORIO, RAMILLANO

SOLUTE
TRANSPORT
• The increased solute concentration
causes water to move from the
xylem into the phloem, through
passive transport, facilitated
diffusion, and active transport. The
positive pressure that is produced
pushes water and solutes down the
pressure gradient. The sucrose is
unloaded into the sink, and the
water returns to the xylem vessels.
TYPES OF
TRANSPOR
T
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
PASSIVE TRANSPORT

• The movement of molecules within and across

the cell membrane and thus transporting it
through the concentration gradient, without
using ATP (energy).
• Types: DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS, and
FACILITATED DIFFUSION.
DIFFUSION

•  Solutes move from a

region of higher
concentration to lower
concentration.
OSMOSIS

• Solvent molecules move

from lower to higher solute
concentration across a
semipermeable membrane. Note
this makes the solute molecules
more dilute.
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
FACILITATED
DIFFUSION
• “Facilitated diffusion is a
type of diffusion in which
the molecules move from
the region of higher
concentration to the region
of lower concentration
assisted by a carrier.”
• Facilitated diffusion is the passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradient. It
is a selective process, i.e., the membrane allows only selective molecules and ions to pass
through it. It, however, prevents other molecules from passing through the membrane. The
electric charge and pH help in the diffusion across the membrane.

• In living systems, the lipid-based membrane creates compartments that allow the transport of a
selective concentration of water-soluble substances. The ions, small molecules, proteins, and
other solutes have different concentrations across the membranes. Hydrophilic, polar, or
charged molecules cannot cross the membrane.
 TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS

• Transmembrane proteins are the proteins present in the cell membrane that facilitate the
movement of certain molecules across the membrane. There are certain channel proteins
and carrier proteins that accelerate the transport process.
• Channel Proteins: These help in the entry and exit of substances in the cell. There are two
types of channel proteins, open channel proteins, and gated channel proteins. Open
channel proteins create a pore in the cell membrane and allow the charged molecules to
pass through. The gated channel proteins are either closed or open and regulate the entry
and exit of substances.
• Carrier Proteins: These are present on the cell membrane. They carry the molecules,
change the confirmation of the molecules and release the molecules to the other side.
Temperature and saturation affect the carrier proteins.
FACTORS AFFECTING DIFFUSION

• Extent of the concentration gradient: The greater the difference in

concentration, the more rapid the diffusion. The closer the distribution of the
material gets to equilibrium, the slower the rate of diffusion becomes.
• Mass of the molecules diffusing: Heavier molecules move more slowly;
therefore, they diffuse more slowly.
• Temperature: Higher temperatures increase the energy and therefore the
movement of the molecules, increasing the rate of diffusion.
• Solvent density: As the density of a solvent increases, the rate of diffusion
decreases.
• Solubility: As discussed earlier, nonpolar or lipid-soluble
materials pass through plasma membranes more easily than polar
materials, allowing a faster rate of diffusion.
• Surface area and thickness of the plasma membrane:
Increased surface area increases the rate of diffusion, whereas a
thicker membrane reduces it.
• Distance traveled: The greater the distance that a substance
must travel, the slower the rate of diffusion. This places an upper
limitation on cell size.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
• In cellular biology, active
transport is the movement of
molecules or ions across a cell
membrane from a region of
lower concentration to a
region of higher concentration
—against the concentration
gradient. Active transport
requires cellular energy to
achieve this movement. (ATP)
ETC (ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN) PRIMARY
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• In the electron transport chain (ETC), the electrons go through a chain of proteins that
increases their reduction potential and causes a release in energy. Most of this energy is
dissipated as heat or utilized to pump hydrogen ions (H+) from the mitochondrial matrix
to the intermembrane space and create a proton gradient. This gradient increases the
acidity in the intermembrane space and creates an electrical difference with a positive
charge outside and a negative charge inside. The ETC proteins in a general order are
complex I, complex II, coenzyme Q, complex III, cytochrome C, and complex IV.
SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• Secondary active transport, or coupled transport, is not coupled to ATP. The
electrochemical potential is built up by pumping ions into or out of the cell. This potential
can provide energy for metabolism. For example, sodium ions are transported across the
plasma membrane and the electrochemical gradient powers the active transport of another
ion or molecule. Hydrogen pumps build up an electrochemical gradient of H+ ions in
cells to power cellular respiration.
PHLOEM TRANSLOCATION
 Phloem is the vascular tissue in charge of transport and distribution
of the organic nutrients. The phloem is also a pathway to signaling
molecules and has a structural function in the plant body.

PHLOEM AND XYLEM

Functions of Phloem: Phloem transports photosynthetically prepared
food materials from the leaves to the storage organs and later from
storage organs to the growing regions of the plant body.

Xylem: Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular

plants, the other being phloem. The basic function of the xylem is to
transport water from roots to stems and leaves

The xylem is the specialized tissue of vascular plants that transports

water and nutrients from the plant-soil interface to stems and
leaves and provides mechanical support and storage.
Key Terms
• Glucose is a sugar that can be used in cellular respiration to
release energy. The same process happens in human cells too.
• Translocation is the process by which materials in the plant are
moved from where they are made to where they are needed.
• Plants convert the sugars made during photosynthesis into
sucrose by combining glucose with another sugar called fructose.
• Sources are the areas in a plant where sugars are produced or
stored and are, therefore, the starting point of translocation.
• Sinks are the areas in a plant where sugars are transported to be
used or stored and are, therefore, the destination points of
translocation.
MASS FLOW HYPOTHESIS

• Munch's Mass Flow Hypothesis is the theory that

explains the flow of food materials through the
phloem from the concentration regions to lower
concentration regions. The force is needed to move
organic food materials downwards in the phloem.
This is caused due to differences in osmotic
potential. The mass flow hypothesis states that a
never-ending flow of water plus dissolved nutrients
between the source (where sugars are created) and
sink causes the translocation of glucose and other
sugars inside the phloem (where sugars are
utilized).
THAT’S ALL, THANK YOU!