General

Biology 1
Prepared by: Ms. Marie Joyce B. Hidalgo
 Objectives

01 Describe the structural components of the cell membrane

Relate the structure and composition of the cell

02 membrane to its function

03 Explain transport mechanisms in cells

04 Differentiate exocytosis and endocytosis

 The borders

 The most important parts of a cell are its

borders, which separate the cell from its
surroundings.

 All cells are surrounded by a thin flexible

barrier known as ____________
The Cell Membrane
 Some cells produce a strong supporting
layer around the membrane known as
the cell wall.

What type of cell would have these?

Plant cells
Cell Membrane

 The cell membrane regulates what

enters and leaves the cell
 Cell membranes are made of a double
layer sheet called a lipid bilayer.
Definition of a Lipid

A lipid is a type of organic compound

found in all living things. Lipids are not
soluble in water and are made of carbon
and hydrogen atoms.
Lipid Bilayer

The lipid bilayer gives the cell

membrane a flexible structure that forms
a strong barrier between the cell and its
surroundings
 Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane and Cell Wall:
• ALL cells have a cell membrane made of proteins and lipids

protein channel

Layer 1
Cell Membrane
Layer 2

lipid bilayer protein pump

• SOME cells have cell membranes and cell walls – ex: plants,
fungi and bacteria

Cell
Membrane

Cell Wall
Proteins
 Most cell membranes contain protein ,
which are embedded in the lipid
bilayer.

 Some of the proteins form channels

and pumps that help to move material
across the cell membrane.
Important

One of the most important functions of

the cell membrane is to regulate the
movement of dissolved molecules to the
liquid side on the other side.
• Plant cells have a cell wall
made of cellulose – that
cellulose is fiber in our diet
• Bacteria and fungi also have
cell walls, but they do not
contain cellulose
• Cell membranes and cell walls
are porous allowing water,
carbon dioxide, oxygen and
nutrients to pass through
easily
Function of the Cell Membrane:
• Cell membrane separates the components of a cell from
its environment—surrounds the cell
• “Gatekeeper” of the cell—regulates the flow of materials
into and out of cell—selectively permeable
• Cell membrane helps cells maintain homeostasis—stable
internal balance
Transport Across
Membranes
 AEIOOCCNNNTTR
-the amount of solute in a solution

concentration
 eoulst
-the dissolved substance in a solution

solute
 iooulnst
-a mixture in which two or more
substances are mixed evenly

solution
 concentration
aeidgnrt
-the gradual difference in the
concentration of solutes in a solution
between two regions
gradient
Cellular Transport
 Cellular transport is the process of
molecules or material moving in and out of
the cell
 There are two types of transport within the
cell.
Passive Transport
Active Transport
Why is Cell Transport Important?
● Homeostasis- maintaining a steady state
● Metabolism- chemical reactions that convert
“food” into energy

Helps cells achieve equilibrium- when

concentrations of molecules of a substance
are the same everywhere
Brownian Motion
● All matter is made up of atoms or molecules
and these particles are constantly moving.
These atoms move in a straight line until
they collide with another atom or some
barrier then they reflect and move in a
straight line until they collide with something
else. This movement of atoms and
molecules is called Brownian motion.
Passive Transport
 Passive transport is the movement of molecules in or out of the
cell without the use of energy
 Can only occur if the molecules moving in and out of the cell
are:
 Small
 Uncharged (meaning they contain NO + or – which are
ions)
 Move from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration
 There are three types of passive transport: diffusion, osmosis,
and facilitated diffusion
In the cell membrane if a substance has an
unequal concentration on either side the
particles will move to the area of low
concentration until an equilibrium is
established
 •Animations of Active
Types of Cellular Transport & Passive
Transport
Transport
Passive Transport Weeee!!!

cell doesn’t use energy

1. Diffusion
2. Facilitated Diffusion high

3. Osmosis
low
Active Transport
cell does use energy This is gonna
be hard
1. Protein Pumps work!!
2. Endocytosis high

3. Exocytosis
low
 Solutions
 Solute- substance being dissolved
 Solvent- substance doing the dissolving (substance the
solute is dissolved in)
• Diffusion is the movement of small particles across a selectively
permeable membrane like the cell membrane until equilibrium is
reached.

These particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of

low concentration.

outside of cell

inside of cell
• Examples of diffusion: spraying aerosols, and
perfumes.
• High concentration (inside of the can)—the
molecules are packed tightly together….
• To a LOW concentration – when sprayed, the
molecules are released to a more free environment
• The particles SPREAD OUT
Diffusion of liquids
 DIFFUSION
Diffusion is a PASSIVE process which means no energy is used
to make the molecules move, they have a natural kinetic energy.
Diffusion of Bromine
Diffusion through a membrane

Cell
membrane

Inside cell Outside cell

Diffusion through a membrane

Cell
membrane

diffusion

Inside cell Outside cell

Diffusion through a membrane

Cell
membrane

Inside cell Outside cell

EQUILIBRIUM
What determines the rate of diffusion?
There 4 factors:
1. The steepness of the concentration gradient. The bigger the difference
between the two sides of the membrane the quicker the rate of
diffusion.
2. Temperature. Higher temperatures give molecules or ions more kinetic
energy. Molecules move around faster, so diffusion is faster.
3. The surface area. The greater the surface area the faster the diffusion
can take place. This is because the more molecules or ions can cross the
membrane at any one moment.
4. The type of molecule or ion diffusing. Large molecules need more energy
to get them to move so they tend to diffuse more slowly. Non-polar
molecules diffuse more easily than polar molecules because they are
soluble in the non polar phospholipid tails.
 Molecules that diffuse through cell
membranes
1. Oxygen – Non-polar so
diffuses very quickly.

2. Carbon dioxide – Polar

but very small so
diffuses quickly.

3. Water – Polar but also

very small so diffuses
quickly.
• Facilitated Diffusion is the movement of larger molecules like
glucose through the cell membrane – larger molecules must be
“helped”
Proteins in the cell membrane form channels for large molecules to
pass through
Proteins that form channels (pores) are called protein channels

Glucose molecules
outside of cell

inside of cell
Facilitated diffusion
Large polar molecules such as glucose
and amino acids, cannot diffuse
across the phospholipid bilayer.
Also ions such as Na+ or Cl- cannot
pass.

These molecules pass through protein

channels instead. Diffusion through
these channels is called
FACILITATED DIFFUSION.

Movement of molecules is still

PASSIVE just like ordinary
diffusion, the only difference is,
the molecules go through a protein
channel instead of passing between
the phospholipids.
Facilitated Diffusion through a membrane

Cell
membrane

Protein channel

Inside cell Outside cell

Facilitated Diffusion through a membrane

Cell membrane

diffusion

Protein channel

Inside cell Outside cell

EQUILIBRIUM
Facilitated Diffusion through a membrane

Cell membrane

diffusion

Protein channel

Inside cell Outside cell

Facilitated Diffusion:
Molecules will randomly move through the opening like pore, by
diffusion. This requires no energy, it is a PASSIVE process. Molecules
move from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration.
Facilitated diffusion
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane like the cell membrane

Water diffuses across a membrane from an area of high concentration to

an area of low concentration.

Semi-permeable
membrane is
permeable to water,
but not to sugar
Effects of Osmosis on Life
Osmosis- diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane

Water is so small and there is so much of it the cell can’t control

its movement through the cell membrane.
Osmosis—Elodea Leaf
 • Osmosis Animations
Hypotonic Solution for isotonic,
hypertonic, and
hypotonic solutions

Hypotonic: The solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a

higher concentration of water than inside the cell. (Low solute; High
water)

Result: Water moves from the solution to inside the cell): Cell
Swells and bursts open (cytolysis)!
 Hypertonic Solution • Osmosis Animations
for isotonic,
hypertonic, and
hypotonic solutions
Hypertonic: The solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a
lower concentration of water than inside the cell. (High solute; Low
water)

shrinks

Result: Water moves from inside the cell into the solution: Cell
shrinks (Plasmolysis)!
 • Osmosis Animations
Isotonic Solution for isotonic,
hypertonic, and
hypotonic solutions

Isotonic: The concentration of solutes in the solution is equal to the

concentration of solutes inside the cell.

Result: Water moves equally in both directions and the cell remains same
size! (Dynamic Equilibrium)
What type of solution are these cells in?

A B C

Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic

How Organisms Deal with Osmotic Paramecium
(protist)
Pressure removing
excess water
•Bacteria and plants have cell walls that prevent them from over-
video

expanding. In plants the pressure exerted on the cell wall is called tugor
pressure.

•A protist like paramecium has contractile vacuoles that collect water

flowing in and pump it out to prevent them from over-expanding.

•Salt water fish pump salt out of their specialized gills so they do not
dehydrate.

•Animal cells are bathed in blood. Kidneys keep the blood isotonic by
remove excess salt and water.
Hypertonic Solutions: contain a high concentration of solute relative to
another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a
hypertonic solution, the water diffuses out of the cell, causing the cell to
shrivel.

Hypotonic Solutions: contain a low concentration of solute relative to another

solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypotonic
solution, the water diffuses into the cell, causing the cell to swell and possibly
explode.

Isotonic Solutions: contain the same concentration of solute as another

solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in an isotonic
solution, the water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate. The fluid
that surrounds the body cells is isotonic.
Extreme Osmosis
● Concentration gradient is so far from equilibrium
that even after moving water or solutes, equilibrium
still will not be reached, and this may result in
DEATH of cell
1. Crenation- dehydration of an animal cell
2. Plasmolysis- dehydration of a plant cell
3. Cytolysis- cell bursting, usually occurs in animal
cells
Plant Cells and Osmosis
● Plant cells- usually in a hypotonic
environment
● Water moves into cell via osmosis
● Cell expands until it presses against cell
wall, creating a pressure called turgor
pressure
Osmosis
‘The diffusion of water from an area of high
concentration of water molecules (high
water potential) to an area of low
concentration of water (low water
potential) across a partially permeable
membrane.’
 Osmosis
CONCENTRATED SOLUTION
DILUTE SOLUTION
Cell membrane
partially
Sugar molecule permeable.

VERY Low conc. of

water molecules.
High water
potential.

VERY High conc. Outside cell

Inside cell
of water molecules.
High water
potential.
 Osmosis

Cell membrane
partially
permeable.

Low conc. of water

molecules. High
water potential.
OSMOSIS

High conc. of water

Inside cell Outside cell
molecules. High
water potential.
Osmosis

Cell
membrane
partially
permeable.

OSMOSIS

Inside cell Outside cell

EQUILIBRIUM. Equal water concentration on each side.

Equal water potential has been reached. There is no net
movement of water
Tonicity
 hypertonic = having a higher
concentration of solute molecules than
another solution.
 hypotonic = having a lower
concentration of solute molecules than
another solution.
 isotonic = having equal concentrations
of solute molecules.
Plant Cells and Osmosis
 Osmotic Pressure- pressure on the cell
membrane (or wall) due to water moving
into the cell. May cause the cell to become
turgid if there is too much water or
plasmolyzed if there is too little water.
 Water Regulation Examples:
 Cells do not control Paramecium
species have
osmosis or diffusion contractile
directly. vacuoles for
 They must pump pumping water
solutes or water in back out of the cell.
order to regulate Plants and
water amounts. animals regulate
salt, ion, and sugar
concentrations.
Paramecium Contractile Vacuole
Active Transport
Active transport is the movement of molecules from LOW to HIGH concentration.
Energy is required as molecules must be pumped against the concentration gradient.
Proteins that work as pumps are called protein pumps.
Ex: Body cells must pump carbon dioxide out into the surrounding blood vessels to be
carried to the lungs for exhale. Blood vessels are high in carbon dioxide compared to
the cells, so energy is required to move the carbon dioxide across the cell membrane
from LOW to HIGH concentration.

outside of cell Carbon Dioxide

molecules

inside of cell
Sodium Potassium Pumps
ANALOGY:

ENERGY NEEDED:
Active Transport

NO ENERGY NEEDED:
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion
• Endocytosis and Exocytosis is the mechanism by which very large
molecules (such as food and wastes) get into and out of the cell

Food is moved into the

cell by Endocytosis

Wastes are moved out

of the cell by
Exocytosis
• Phagocytosis is the type of endocytosis where food or another cell is
engulfed.
• Pinocytosis is when the external fluid is engulfed.

• Receptor-mediated endocytosis occurs when the material to be

transported binds to certain specific molecules in the membrane.

• Examples include the transport of insulin and cholesterol into animal

cells.
2 Types of Endocytosis
● Pinocytosis- “cell drinking” –involves transport of solutes or
fluids
● Phagocytosis- “cell eating” –movement of large molecules or
whole cells into a cell

*animal cells ingest bacteria and destroy them via phagocytosis

Ex: White Blood Cells, which are part of the immune system, surround
and engulf bacteria by endocytosis.
 Types of Active Transport
3. Exocytosis: Endocytosis & Exocytosis
Forces material out of cell in bulk animations

• membrane surrounding
the material fuses with
cell membrane
• Cell changes shape –
requires energy
• EX: Hormones or wastes
released from cell
Active Transport
Active Transport
(Uses Energy)

Energy

Molecule
being carried
Vesicle-mediated transport
Vesicles and vacuoles that fuse with the cell membrane
may be utilized to release or transport chemicals out of
the cell or to allow them to enter a cell. Exocytosis is
the term applied when transport is out of the cell.
Cell Membrane - Function - Endocytosis
The cell membrane can also engulf structures that are much too
large to fit through the pores in the membrane proteins this process
is known as endocytosis. In this process the membrane itself wraps
around the particle and pinches off a vesicle inside the cell. In this

animation an amoeba engulfs a food particle.

Endocytosis is the case when a
molecule causes the cell membrane
to bulge inward, forming a vesicle.
Phagocytosis is the type of
endocytosis where food or another
cell is engulfed. Pinocytosis is
when the external fluid is engulfed.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
occurs when the material to be
transported binds to certain
specific molecules in the
membrane. Examples include the
transport of insulin and cholesterol
Exocytosis
The opposite of endocytosis is exocytosis. Large molecules
that are manufactured in the cell are released through the cell
membrane.