Stage 1 Biology

Movement into & out of the cell – Booklet 4

 Science Understanding
Material requirements move in and wastes and some cell products move out of cells.
• Add
The cell your firstseparates
membrane bullet point hereactivity from the external environment.
cellular
• Add your
 Describe thesecond bullet
structure point
of the here
semi-permeable cell membrane.
The•selectively permeable nature of the cell membrane maintains relatively constant internal
Add your third bullet point here
conditions.
 Explain how the cell membrane controls the exchange of materials between the cell and
its environment.
 Describe how some substances move passively across the cell membrane with the
concentration gradient (i.e. by diffusion and osmosis).
 Compare active and passive transport with regard to:
 concentration gradient
 energy requirement.
The surface area-to-volume ratio of cells is critical to their survival.

2 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

 Starter activity
• What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

• Which organelles can you see in the electron microscope images below:

3 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

 Starter activity
• List the main components in the cell membrane

• Describe factors that determine whether

materials will pass through the cell membrane

• In which direction will the carbon dioxide in the

diagram below diffuse? Justify your answer:

4 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

 Cell Membrane Structure
• The cell membrane is a thin boundary that separates the
internal space of the cell from the extracellular
environment.

• The cell membrane is made up of three types of lipids;

 Phospholipids (50-60%)
 Cholesterol
 Glycolipids

5 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

 Phospholipids
• Phospholipids make up the majority of the lipids in the cell membrane.

• Phospholipids are molecules which have a phosphate group (head)

which is hydrophilic (water loving), and a tail comprising of two fatty
acid chains which are hydrophobic (water hating).

• Due to the water found inside and outside of the cell, the phospholipids
arrange themselves into a lipid bilayer.

6 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

Cholesterol and Glycolipids
• Cholesterol molecules are found between the phospholipids of the cell membrane. Their function is
to assist in the stability of the membrane, preventing it from becoming solid at cooler temperatures
or too fluid at higher temperatures.

• Glycolipids are a combination of

carbohydrates and lipids. Glycolipids act as
‘cell markers’, allowing cells to recognise one
another. This is especially important in
immunity. When foreign cells invade their cell
markers allow immune system cells to
identify them as ‘non-self’ and destroy them.

7 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

Cell Membrane Proteins
• A major component of the cell membrane are proteins.
• There are many different types of proteins, which are grouped into
two main groups;
 Integral Proteins: penetrate part or all of the way through the
hydrophobic interior of the cell membrane. They are also
important as they connect the membrane to the cytoskeleton,
providing structure to the cell.
 Peripheral Proteins: are not embedded in the membrane, but
rather connect loosely to the lipid bilayer or on an integral
protein.

8 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

 Cell Membrane Structure

9 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

 Major proteins in the Cell Membrane
• Transport Proteins: assist in the movement of substances across the membrane which may not
be able to move through the lipid bilayer.
• Receptor Proteins: pick up messages from outside of the cell, instructing the cell as to ‘jobs’ it
needs to undertake.
• Enzymes: speed up specific chemical reactions on or within the cell membrane.
• Cell recognition: Act as markers, allowing them to be recognised by other cells.

10 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

 Movement Across the Cell Membrane
• The cell membrane regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
• The cell membrane is selectively permeable, which means that it is permeable to some
materials, but not others, whilst also being able to select substances to move.
• The permeability of a substance is dependent on its size and its charge.

• Example 1: small, hydrophobic molecules

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are small, hydrophobic molecules, which means they
are able to pass through the lipid layer easily. They diffuse through the cell
membrane without the need for energy, which we say is passive movement.
• Example 2: small, hydrophilic molecules
Although water is a small molecule it finds it difficult to move through the
lipid layer. There is a special channel protein called an aquaporin which
allows water to move rapidly across the membrane.

11 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

 Movement Across the Cell Membrane
• Example 3: large, hydrophilic molecules
Glucose and amino acids are too large to pass through the
membrane. Instead they use specific channel proteins.
These proteins selectively bind to the specifically shaped
protein, which allows it to move across the membrane.

• Example 4: Ions
Atoms or molecules that have a permanent charge are called ions. Because
of their charge they are unable to move through the lipid bilayer. Instead
they use a channel protein. The protein opens in response to extracellular
signals, to allow the movement of ions across the membrane.

12 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

 Passive Movement – Simple Diffusion
• Particles move from a region of higher concentration to a lower concentration. This movement
is known as simple diffusion, and does not require the input of energy.
• The particles move down the concentration gradient until there is an equal concentration on
either side. At this point the substance is at equilibrium.

13 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

14 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells
 Passive Movement – Facilitated Diffusion
• Facilitated diffusion is very similar to simple diffusion. In both methods particles move from a
region of higher concentration to a lower concentration, and does not require the input of
energy. The particles move down the concentration gradient until there is an equal
concentration on either side. At this point the substance is at equilibrium.
• The only difference is that facilitated diffusion uses a channel protein to assist the movement of
the particular substance.

15 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

 Passive Movement - Osmosis
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water across the cell membrane. The movement of water is
dependent on the concentration of water molecules and solutes.
• In the example below the water wants to diffuse from the left side into the right side as there
is a higher solute concentration on the right, and therefore a lower concentration of water.
(note that the membrane down the middle prevents sucrose molecules moving).

16 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

 Tonicity
Tonicity refers to the ability of an extracellular solution to make water move into or out of the cell by osmosis.

A hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration than the

cell, moving water into the cell.
Effect: Animal cells will lyse, whist plant cells are protected by
their cell wall and do not become lysed.

An isotonic solution has the same solute concentration as the

cell, and therefore there is no net movement of water across
the membrane.
Effect: No change

A hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration than

the cell, causing water to move out of the cell.
Effect: Animal cells will shrivel, whist in plant cells the cell
membrane shrivels, but the overall shape of the cell is not
effected due to the cell wall.
17 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells
 An animal cell has been placed into a beaker containing an unknown solution.
Your Turn… Draw an arrow to show which way the water would diffuse, into the cell or out of
the cell.

18 Stage 1 Biology What do you notice about the %’s in the solution of the beaker? Explain.
Movement Into & Out of Cells
 Firstly calculate the missing percentages, then add arrows to show the direction of osmosis.

19 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

 Active Transport

• When materials are required to be moved against the

concentration gradient, from a low concentration to a
higher concentration, energy is required.

20 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

 Your turn…

21 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

 Bulk Transport
When a large amount of material needs to move across the cell membrane it is called bulk transport.
There are two types of bulk transport;

 Endocytosis: is the active transport of large molecules, parts

of cells and whole cells, such as bacteria into the cell.
The cell membrane invaginates around the substance to be
taken into the cell, forming a vesicle. The vesicle pinches off
and moves into the cytoplasm of the cell.

 Exocytosis: is the active transport of large substances out of

the cell. For example, saliva is expelled from the salivary
glands.
The vesicle containing the packaged substance for expulsion
moves to, and fuses with the cell membrane. The contents are
then expelled to the extracellular environment.
22 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
• Surface Area refers to the amount of surface an object has.
The rubric's cube has 6 sides, each side is 3cm by 3cm.
SA = (length x height) x number of sides
SA = (3 x 3) x 6
SA = 9 x6
SA = 54cm2
• Volume refers to the amount of internal space.
V = length x height x width
V=3x3x3
V = 27
• Surface Area to Volume ratio for the rubric's cube is
SA:V = 54:27
SA:V = 2:1 (to work this one out, divide 54 by 27)
Effect of size of cell
As cells increase in size their surface
area, compared to their volume
(SA:V) decreases.
Cells therefore remain small in size,
ensuring a large surface area to
volume ratio, and therefore efficiency
in the intake of nutrients and removal
of wastes.
Calculate the Surface Area to Volume ratio for
these cubes
 Workbook Questions
• Review pages 70-73
• Do Questions 22 -25

26 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

 Energy requirements for cells
• Living cells require energy for movement, synthesis and maintaining a stable
intracellular environment

• Living things must be able to convert chemical energy into other forms of
energy

27 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

 Movement
• Most cells are able to move or change their shape. Sperm cells move for
several days and muscle contraction in larger organisms. Some molecules are
transported across the cell membrane in active transport

• Synthesis: all cells need to

carry out synthesis reactions to
produce molecules such as
endocrine cells forming
hormones, cells producing
DNA through cell division, the
production of proteins. Large
amounts of energy are needed
for this process
28 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells
 Stable internal environment
• Cells need to maintain a stable internal
environment

• The concentration of substances in the cell is

actively regulated and temperature in the human
body must be maintained at 37 degrees Celsius.
Energy is required to restore the body
temperature to normal if it varies

• Concentrations of ions, salts, urea (metabolic

waste) need to be regulated

29 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

 Autotrophs and heterotrophs
• Autotrophs are organisms that use light energy to synthesise organic
molecules (carbohydrates) from inorganic substances (water and carbon
dioxide)

• Chemo-autotrophs: use the energy from the breakdown of inorganic

substances (eg hydrogen sulphide) to form organic molecules. Some
prokaryotes carry out this process and live in volcanic cracks at the bottom of
Earth’s oceans called hydrothermal vents

• Heterotrophs: obtain organic molecules from other organisms, generally by

feeding on them. Animals, some plants and protists are examples

30 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

 Photosynthesis
• Carbon dioxide and water are chemically combined in chloroplasts which
contain chlorophyll

• Glucose and oxygen are formed

31 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

 Respiration
• Cell respiration takes place in the mitochondria and the cytoplasm

• Requires oxygen and glucose

• Glucose is made available through the breakdown of storage carbohydrates

(glycogen in animals and starch in plants)

32 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

 Fermentation
• ATP production without oxygen is called fermentation (occurs
anaerobically)

• Glycolysis is the first stage (glucose is lysed/split) during

which a small amount of ATP is released

• Pyruvate formed in glycolysis remains in the cytoplasm and is

converted into waste products, no more energy is released
which is why a small amount of ATP is formed

• Alcoholic fermentation: glucose ----- ethanol + carbon

dioxide
• Lactic acid fermentation: glucose --- lactic acid
33 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells
 Material requirements of cells
• Cells need specific nutrients and materials for their survival such as nitrogen,
phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, cobalt, and many trace elements

• Heterotrophs cannot convert inorganic materials into organic materials so

need to get these nutrients from the foods they eat

• Waste production and removal:

• Some metabolic reactions produce harmful substances (waste products) that

need to be removed
• The removal of waste products is excretion such as carbon dioxide and
nitrogen containing substance called urea

34 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells

 Excretion
• Carbon dioxide: produced via aerobic respiration -
 transported in the blood to the respiratory
system and excreted by simple diffusion into the
alveoli and out of the body via exhalation

• Urea: produced in a biochemical reaction called

deamination in the liver cells

• Urea is transported from liver cells  blood

plasma -- kidney nephrons where it is filtrated
and removed in the urine

35 Stage 1 Biology Movement Into & Out of Cells