1.

1 Temperature and thermometer

Galileo thermometer
Temperature Temperature scale Thermometers Calibrating thermometers ?
E

Particle motion and temperature Check-point 1

1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Galileo thermometer
This is a Galileo thermometer.
Look at the lowest floating sphere. It tells us the temperature!
1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Video

Galileo thermometer
Can I determine the temperature without using thermometer?

Is it good? Why?
1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Temperature

Temperature tells us how hot/cold a body is.

To measure and compare temperatures of different bodies accurately, we need...

temperature scale thermometers Temperature scale

~ ruler scale

1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Temperature scale

Choosing 2 readings of temperature, T1: lower (ice) point (pure melting ice at normal atm pressure)

T2: upper (steam) point (steam over pure

boiling water at normal atm pressure) . . . divide n divisions . . . ... 1 division degree
1.1 Temperature and thermometer

melting ice

boiling water

Temperature scale

Celsius scale Most commonly used temperature scale Degree: C Ice point 0 C, steam point 100 C
0 C

100 C
100 divisions

1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Thermometers

With a temperature scale, temperatures can be measured accurately by thermometers.

bulb filament 2500 C

boiling water 100 C

melting ice 0 C

Bunsen flame 1000 C

body 37 C

freezer 20 C

surface of Sun 5000 C

1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Thermometers

There are many types of thermometers.

Each of them uses a property that changes with temperature.

1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Liquid-in-glass thermometers
liquid thread narrow glass tube

liquid bulb

T , liquid expands

T , liquid contracts

Length of the thread temperature

1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Liquid-in-glass thermometers 10 Alcohol-in-glass T > 115 C freezing point of alcohol Slow response Non-poisonous Mercury-in-glass

T < 357 C
boiling point of mercury Quick response Poisonous

1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Other thermometers
Thermistor thermometer (resistance)

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Rotary thermometer (expansion of metals)

Liquid crystal thermometer (colour)

Infra-red (IR) thermometer (emission of IR)

1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Calibrating thermometers 12
0 C
1 C

100 C

Mark the liquid level

Mark the liquid level

Put in melting ice

Put in boiling water

1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Calibrating thermometers 13

Simulations

1.1 Temperature and thermometer

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a

Particle motion and temperature

Kinetic Theory Theories explain/predict phenomena.
Kinetic theory explains predicts

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phenomena in heat

1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Kinetic Theory

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All matters are made up of tiny particles which are constantly in motion. There is attractive force between particles.
close particles distant particles

weak

strong

attraction e.g. in a gas...

attraction

1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Kinetic theory
solid liquid gas

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Particles of...

very close strong attraction fixed positions; can vibrate only

less close strong attraction

irregular positions; can change position

far apart weak attraction irregular positions; can move freely at high speed

1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Kinetic theory
solid liquid gas

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fixed volume and shape

fixed volume but irregular shape

irregular volume and shape

Simulation
1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Interpreting temperature by kinetic theory

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Motion of the particles in a body depends on its temperature.

T particles vibrate more rapidly/move faster T particles slow down

temp. of a body ave. KE of particles Particles of bodies have the same ave. KE bodies have the same temp.
1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Check-point 1
1
2 3 4

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Which of the following

Determine which of the Which of the following When Karen puts a...

1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Check-point 1 Q1

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Which of the following about the Celsius scale is incorrect?

A
B

Lower fixed point = 0 C Upper fixed point = 100 C

(upper fixed point lower fixed point)/100 each division is degree Celsius

It is the only temp. scale available.

D T > 100 C and T < 0 C are OK.

1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Check-point 1 Q2
Determine which of the following is different from the others.
A Clinical thermometers.

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B
C

Rotary thermometers.
Alcohol-in-glass thermometers.

Thermistor thermometers.
The resistance (not volume) of a thermistor changes with temp.
1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Check-point 1 Q3
Which of the following is incorrect? A B C Gas particles are far apart and move at very high speeds. Temp. rises particles move faster Temp. is a measure of total KE

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D Particles have same ave. KE same temp.

1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Check-point 1 Q4 ... in boiling water mercury column: 26.1 cm ... under her tongue mercury column: 12.0 cm in melting ice mercury column: ?? cm

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1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Check-point 1 Q4
100 C 26.1 cm, 37 C 12.0 cm

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Let x be the length of mercury column in ice.

By proportion, distance between 100 C and 37 C 100 37 = 100 0 distance between 100 C and 0 C ( 26.1 ) 12.0 63 = ( 26.1 ) ( x ) 100 x = 3.72 cm
1.1 Temperature and thermometer

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The End

1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Example 1

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A mercury-in-glass thermometer

An unmarked mercury-in-glass thermometer was put...

in melting ice, mercury column = 4.5 cm in boiling water, mercury column = 22.0 cm in warm water, mercury column = 11.5 cm
What is the temp. of warm water?

1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Example 1 A mercury-in-glass thermometer

In warm water, mercury column = 11.5 cm Graphical method: plot a calibration graph

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11.5

Warm water is 40 C.

1.1 Temperature and thermometer

Example 1 A mercury-in-glass thermometer

in melting ice, mercury column = 4.5 cm in boiling water, mercury column = 22.0 cm in warm water, mercury column = 11.5 cm

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100 divisions between 4.5 cm & 22.0 cm

By proportion,

11.5 4.5 Temp. of warm water = 22.0 4.5 = 40 C

1.1 Temperature and thermometer

100

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1.1 Temperature and thermometer