MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN

Contents
Perineal region
External genitalia and associated structures
Fasciae and ligaments Male External Genitalia

Clinical correlates

Pelvis region
Male genital organs Clinical correlates

References
Moore, Keith L., Arthur F. Dalley II, & Anne M. R. Agur (2010). Clinically Oriented Anatomy 6th Edition. United States of America : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Hansen, John T. (2010). Netters Clinical Anatomy 2nd Edition. Philadelphia : Saunders. Chung, Kyung W., Harold M. Chung (2012). Gross Anatomy 7th Edition . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

External genitalia and associated structures

Fasciae and Ligaments Fundiform Ligament of the Penis Suspensory Ligament of the Penis Deep Fascia of the Penis (Bucks Fascia) Tunica Albuginea Tunica Vaginalis Processus Vaginalis Gubernaculum

External genitalia and associated structures

Fundiform Ligament of the Penis
Arises from linea alba and the membranous layer of the superficial fascia of the abdomen Splits into left and right parts, encircles the body of the penis, and blends with the superficial penile fascia Enters the septum of the scrotum

External genitalia and associated structures

Suspensory Ligament of the Penis
Arises from the pubic symphysis and the arcuate pubic ligament and inserts into the deep fascia of the penis or into the body of the clitoris Lies deep to the fundiform ligaments

External genitalia and associated structures

Deep Fascia of the Penis (Bucks Fascia)
Is a continuation of the deep perineal fascia Is continuous with the fascia covering the external oblique muscle and the rectus sheath

External genitalia and associated structures

Tunica Albuginea
Is a dense fibrous layer, envelops both the corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum Is very dense around the corpora cavernosa, thereby greatly impeding venous return and resulting in the extreme turgidity of these structures when the erectile tissue becomes engorged with blood Is more elastic around the corpus spongiosum, which, therefore, does not become excessively turgid during erection and permits passage of the ejaculate

External genitalia and associated structures

Tunica Vaginalis
Is a serous sac of the peritoneum,
covers the front and sides of the testis and epididymis

Consists of
a parietal layer, forms the innermost layer of scrotum a visceral layer adherent to the testis and epididymis

External genitalia and associated structures

Processus Vaginalis
Is an embryonic diverticulum of the peritoneum that traverses the inguinal canal, accompanying the round ligament in the female or the testis in its descent into the scrotum and closes forming the tunica vaginalis in the male. Persistence of the entire processus vaginalis develops a congenital indirect inguinal hernia, but if its middle portion persists, it develops a congenital hydrocele

External genitalia and associated structures

Gubernaculum
Is a fibrous cord that connects the fetal testis to the floor of the developing scrotum, homologues in the female are the ovarian and round ligaments

External genitalia and associated structures

Male External Genitalia
Scrotum Testes Penis

External genitalia and associated structures

Scrotum
Is a cutaneous pouch consisting of thin skin and the underlying dartos, which is continuous with the superficial penile fascia and superficial perineal fascia.
The dartos muscle is responsible for wrinkling the scrotal skin, and the cremaster muscle is responsible for elevating the testis

External genitalia and associated structures

Scrotum
Is covered with sparse hairs and has no fat, which is important in maintaining a temperature lower than the rest of the body for sperm production Contains the testis and its covering and the epididymis Is contracted and wrinkled when cold (or sexually stimulated) to increase its thickness and reduce heat loss, bringing the testis into close contact with the body to conserve heat; is relaxed when warm and hence is flaccid and distended to dissipate heat

External genitalia and associated structures

Scrotum, muscle :

External genitalia and associated structures

Scrotum, arteries :
Anterior scrotal arteries, terminal branches of the external pudendal arteries, supply the anterior aspect of the scrotum. Posterior scrotal arteries, terminal branches of the superficial perineal branches of the internal pudendal arteries, supply the posterior aspect

External genitalia and associated structures

Scrotum, vein :
The scrotal veins accompany the arteries, sharing the same names but draining primarily to the external pudendal veins. Lymphatic vessels from the scrotum carry lymph to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes

External genitalia and associated structures

Scrotum, innervation :
The anterior aspect of the scrotum is supplied by derivatives of the lumbar plexus:
anteriorscrotal nerves, derived from the ilioinguinal nerve genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve

External genitalia and associated structures

Scrotum, innervation :
The posterior aspect of the scrotum is supplied by derivatives of the sacral plexus:
posterior scrotal nerves, branches of the superficial perineal branches of the pudendal nerve, perineal branch of the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

External genitalia and associated structures

Penis
consists of a root, body, and glans composed of three cylindrical cavernous bodies of erectile tissue:
the paired corpora cavernosa dorsally the single corpus spongiosum ventrally

External genitalia and associated structures

Penis
Each cavernous body has an outer fibrous covering or capsule, the tunica albuginea Superficial to the outer covering is the deep fascia of the penis (Buck fascia) The corpus spongiosum contains the spongy urethra

External genitalia and associated structures

Penis
The corpora cavernosa are fused with each other in the median plane, except posteriorly where they separate to form the crura of the penis

External genitalia and associated structures

Penis
the cavernous tissue of the corpora is separated by the septum penis

External genitalia and associated structures

Penis, root :
The root of the penis, consists of the crura, bulb, and ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles

External genitalia and associated structures

Penis, root :
Each crus is attached to the inferior part of the internal surface of the corresponding ischial ramus, anterior to the ischial tuberosity

External genitalia and associated structures

Penis
Has a head called the glans penis, which is formed by the terminal part of the corpus spongiosum and is covered by a free fold of skin, the prepuce.
The frenulum of the prepuce is a median ventral fold passing from the deep surface of the prepuce.

The prominent margin of the glans penis is the corona, the median slit near the tip of the glans is the external urethral orifice,
the terminal dilated part of the urethra in the glans is the fossa navicularis

External genitalia and associated structures

External genitalia and associated structures

Penis, arteries : supplied mainly by branches of the internal pudendal arteries
Dorsal arteries of the penis
on each side of the deep dorsal vein in the dorsal groove between the corpora cavernosa
supplying the fibrous tissue around the corpora cavernosa, the corpus spongiosum and spongy urethra, and the penile skin

Deep arteries of the penis

supplying corpora cavernosa>>helicine

Arteries of the bulb of the penis

supplying bulb, urethra within

External genitalia and associated structures

Penis, vein :
Blood from the cavernous spaces is drained by a venous plexus that joins the deep dorsal vein of the penis in the deep fascia, to prostatic venous plexus Blood from the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the penis drains into the superficial dorsal vein(s), which drain(s) into the superficial external pudendal vein.
Some blood, to internal pudendal vein

External genitalia and associated structures

Penis, innervation :
derive from the S2S4 spinal cord segments and spinal ganglia, passing through the pelvic splanchnic and pudendal nerves
Sensory and sympathetic innervation is provided primarily by the dorsal nerve of the penis; skin and glans penis

Clinical corelates
Epispadias Hypospadias Circumcision Phimosis Paraphimosis

Male genital organs

Testis Epididymis Ductus Deferens Ejaculatory Ducts Seminal Vesicles Prostate Gland Urethral Crest Prostatic Sinus

Male genital organs

Testis
Develops retroperitoneally and descends into the scrotum retroperitoneally. Is covered by the tunica albuginea, which lies beneath the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis. Produces spermatozoa and secretes sex hormones

Male genital organs

Testis
Is supplied by the testicular artery from the abdominal aorta and is drained by veins of the pampiniform plexus.

Clinical corelates
Testicular torsion Orchitis Cryptorchidism

Male genital organs

Epididymis
Consists of a head, body, and tail, and contains a convoluted duct approximately 6 m (20 ft) long Functions in the maturation and storage of spermatozoa in the head and body and propulsion of the spermatozoa into the ductus deferens

Male genital organs

Ductus Deferens
thick-walled tube that enters the pelvis at the deep inguinal ring at the lateral side of the inferior epigastric artery Crosses the medial side of the umbilical artery and obturator nerve and vessels, passes superior to the ureter near the wall of the bladder, and is dilated to become the ampulla at its terminal part

Male genital organs

Ductus Deferens
Contains fructose, which is nutritive to spermatozoa, and receives innervation primarily from sympathetic nerves of the hypogastric plexus and parasympathetic nerves of the pelvic plexus

Clinical corelates
Vasectomy

Male genital organs

Ejaculatory Ducts
Are formed by the union of the ductus deferens with the ducts of the seminal vesicles Open into the prostatic urethra on the seminal colliculus just lateral to the blind prostatic utricle

Male genital organs

Seminal Vesicles
Are enclosed by dense endopelvic fascia and are lobulated glandular structures that are diverticula of the ductus deferens inferior and lateral to the ampullae of the ductus deferens against the fundus (base) of the bladder

Male genital organs

Seminal Vesicles
Produce the alkaline constituent of the seminal fluid, which contains fructose and choline Do not store spermatozoa, as was once thought; this is done by the epididymis, the ductus deferens, and its ampulla

Clinical corelates
Seminal vesicles produce the alkaline constituent of the seminal fluid, which contains fructose and choline. Fructose provides a forensic determination for occurrence of rape, whereas choline crystals provide the basis for the determination of the presence of semen (Florences test)

Male genital organs

Prostate Gland
located at the base of the urinary bladder and consists chiefly of glandular tissue mixed with smooth muscle and fibrous tissue

Male genital organs

Prostate Gland five lobes:
the anterior lobe (or isthmus),
lies in front of the urethra

middle (median) lobe,

lies between the urethra and the ejaculatory ducts prone to benign hypertrophy

the posterior lobe,

lies behind the urethra and below the ejaculatory ducts prone to carcinomatous transformation

right and left lateral lobes

Male genital organs

Prostate Gland Secretes a fluid that produces the characteristic odor of semen.
This fluid, the secretion from the seminal vesicles and the bulbourethral glands, and the spermatozoa constitute the semen or seminal fluid

Secretes prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostaglandins, citric acid and acid phosphatase, and proteolytic enzymes Has ducts that open into the prostatic sinus, a groove on either side of the urethral crest

Clinical corelates
Hypertrophy of the prostate is a benign enlargement of the prostate that affects older men and occurs most often in the middle lobe, obstructing the internal urethral orifice and thus leading to
nocturia (excessive urination at night), dysuria (difficulty or pain in urination), and urgency (sudden desire to urinate). Cancer occurs most often in the posterior lobe.
Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)