25 Human Reproduction

TYPE A : MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 10. Which one of the following statements with
regard to embryonic development in humans is
1. Prostate gland secretion helps in formation of correct? [2003]
(a) larva (b) semen [1997]
(a) Cleavage division s bring about
(b) cocoon (c) none of these considerable increase in the mass of
2. Immediately after ovulation, the mammalian egg protoplasm.
is covered by a membrane called as [1998]
(b) In the second cleavage division, one of the
(a) chorion (b) corona radiata
two blastomeres usually divides a little
(c) zona pellucida (d) none of these
sooner than the second.
3. The extra-embryonic membranes of mammalian
(c) With more cleavage divisions, the resultant
embryo are derived from [1999]
blastomeres become larger and larger.
(a) trophoblast (b) follicle cells
(c) inner cell mass (d) formative cells (d) Cleavage division results in a hollow ball
of cells called morula.
4. Acrosome of sperm is formed by [1999]
(a) nucleus (b) golgi bodies 11. Women who consumed the drug thalidomide
(c) lysosome (d) E. R. for relief from vomiting during early months of
5. Cumulus covers [1999] pregnancy gave birth to children with [2004]
(a) ovary (b) ovum (a) no spleen
(c) embryo (d) sperm (b) hare-lip
6. Cessation of menstrual cycle in women is called (c) extra fingers and toes
(a) menopause (b) lactation [2001] (d) under developed limbs
(c) ovulation (d) parturition 12. A cross section at the midpoint of the middle
7. Both corpus luteum and macula lutea are [2003] piece of a human sperm will show [2005]
(a) found in human ovaries (a) centriole, mitochondria and 9 + 2
(b) a source of hormones arrangement of microtubules.
(c) characterized by a yellow colour (b) centriole and mitochondria.
(d) contributory in maintaining pregnancy (c) mitochondria and 9 + 2 arrangement of
microtubules.
8. The early human embryo distinctly possesses
(d) 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules only.
(a) gills [2003]
13. Which one of the following events is correctly
(b) gill slits
matched with the time period in a normal
(c) external ear (pinna) menstrual cycle? [2005]
(d) eyebrows (a) Release of egg : 5th day
9. The phase of menstrual cycle in humans that (b) Endometrium regenerates : 5-10 days
lasts for 7-8 days, is [2003] (c) Endometrium secretes nutrients for
(a) follicular phase (b) ovulatory phase implantation : 11-18 days
(c) luteal phase (d) menstruation (d) Rise in progesterone level : 1-15 days
 EBD_7100
B-130 Topicwise AIIMS Solved Papers – BIOLOGY
14. Which of the following is true regarding 22. All of the following statements concerning
sperm? [2007] pregnancy are accurate EXCEPT [2015]
(a) Fertilizin: For penetrating egg membrane
(a) the detection of human chorionic
(b) Hyalurodinase: For penetrating egg
gonadotropin in the urine forms the basis
membrane
(c) Acrosin: Dissolves corona radiata for pregnancy tests.
(d) Capacitation: Takes place in penis (b) the cyclic release of pituitary
15. Both corpus luteum and macula lutea are [2008] gonadotropins and ovarian steroids is
(a) found in human ovaries continued.
(b) a source of hormones (c) the mammary gland tissue of the pregnant
(c) characterized by a yellow colour woman is stimulated to develop by
(d) contributory in maintaining pregnancy placental hormones.
16. In humans, what is the ratio of the number of (d) the corpus luteum of pregnancy maintains
gametes produced from one male primary sex the uterus until the placenta is well
cell to the number of gametes produced from
established.
one female primary sex cell? [2009]
(a) 1:3 (b) 1:4 23. The following graph of relative concentrations
(c) 3:1 (d) 4:1 of the four hormones present in the blood plasma
17. Corpus luteum is a mass of cells found in[2010] of a woman during her menstrual cycle. Identify
(a) brain (b) ovary the hormones. [2015]
(c) pancreas (d) spleen
18. Cells of leydig are found in [1997, 2011]
increasing concentration

(a) Testes of frog (b) Testes of rabbit C D

(c) Kidney of frog (d) Kidney of rabbit
of hormone

B
19. Meroblastic cleavage refers to which type of A
division of egg [2001, 2011]
(a) Complete (b) Spiral
(c) Incomplete (d) Horizontal day
20. Which of the following organ is differentiated
first during development? [2012] A B C D
(a) Heart (b) Skin
(a) FSH Progesterone LH Oestrogen
(c) Brain (d) Neural tube
(b) LH Progesterone FSH Oestrogen
21. The correct sequence of spermatogenetic stages
(c) FSH Oestrogen LH Progesterone
leading to the formation of sperms in a mature
human testis is: [2013] (d) LH Oestrogen FSH Progesterone
(a) spermatogonia-spermatid-spermatocyte- 24. Ejaculation of human male contains about
sperms 200 – 300 million sperms, of which for normal
(b) spermatocyte-spermatogonia-spermatid- fertility ____ % sperms must have normal shape
sperms and size and at least ____% must show
(c) spermatogonia-spermatocyte-spermatid- energetic motility. [2016]
sperms
(a) 40, 60 (b) 50, 50
(d) spermatid-spermatocyte-spermatogonia-
sperms (c) 60, 40 (d) 30, 70
Human Reproduction B-131

25. The given figure shows the human foetus within (c) C: Grafian follicle, mature follicle which
the uterus with few structures marked as A, B, C ruptures to release secondary oocyte.
and D. (d) D: Tertiary follicle, a large number of this
B follicle degenerates during the phase from
birth to puberty.
Cavity
of uterus TYPE B : ASSERTION REASON QUESTIONS
A C
Embryo Directions for (Qs. 27-31) : These questions consist
of two statements, each printed as Assertion and
Reason. While answering these questions, you are
required to choose any one of the following five
D responses.
Which of the following options shows the (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
correct labeling? [2016] the Reason is a correct explanation of the
(a) A Umbilical cord with its veins, B Assertion.
Chorionic villi, C Antrum, D Plug of (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but
mucus in cervix Reason is not a correct explanation of the
(b) A Umbilical cord with its vessels, Assertion.
B Fimbriae, C Oocyte, D Plug of (c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is
mucus in vagina incorrect.
(c) A Umbilical cord with its vessels, (d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
B Placental villi, C Yolk sac, D Plug (e) If the Assertion is incorrect but the Reason is
of mucus in cervix correct.
(d) A Umbilical cord with its veins, 27. Assertion : During fertilization only head of
B Placental villi, C Trophoblast, spermatozoa enters egg.
D Plug of mucus in vagina [2016] Reason : If several spermatozoa hit the egg at
26. The figure given below shows the sectional same time, all can enter the egg. [1997]
view of ovary. Select the option which gives 28. Assertion : In morula stage, cells divide without
correct identification of marked structure (A to D) increase in size.
and its feature. [2017] Reason : Zona pellucida remains undivided till
A B cleavage is complete. [1997]
29. Assertion : Death is one of the important
C
regulatory process on earth.
Reason : It avoids over-crowding caused by
continuous reproduction. [2002]
30. Assertion : Old age is not an illness. It is a
[2
]10
7 continuation of life with decreasing capacity for
adaptation.
Reason : Cessation of mitosis is a normal
D
genetically programmed event. [2003]
(a) A: Primary follicle, it is also called gamete 31. Assertion : Senescence is the time when age
mother cell. associated defects are manifested. [2005]
(b) B: Corpus luteum, it cannot be formed and Reason : Certain genes may be undergoing
added after birth. sequential switching on and off during one's
life.

B-132
Directions for (Qs. 32-38) : Each of these questions
contains an Assertion followed by Reason. Read them
carefully and answer the question on the basis of
following options. You have to select the one that
best describes the two statements.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
32. Assertion : Corpus luteum degenerates in the
absence of fertilization. [2009]
Reason : Progesterone level decreases.
33. Assertion : Clitoris is not remnant of penis in
females. [2009]
Reason : It also has high blood supply and
erectile tissue.
34. Assertion : Mammalian ova produces
hyaluronidase. [2009]
EBD_7100
Topicwise AIIMS Solved Papers – BIOLOGY
Reason : The eggs of mammal are microlecithal
and telolecithal.
35. Assertion : Head of sperm consists of acrosome
and mitochondria.
Reason : Acrosome contains spiral row of
mitochondria. [2014]
36. Assertion : Females have less stature than males
after puberty.
Reason : This happens because of the presence
of hCG in the blood of females. [2014]
37. Assertion : Testicular lobules are the
compartments present in testis.
Reason : These lobules are involved in the
process of fertilization. [2016]
38. Assertion : Interstitial cell is present in the region
outside the seminiferous tubule called interstitial
spaces.
Reason : Interstitial cells provide nutrition to
the sertoli cells. [2016, 2017]
Human Reproduction B-133

Type A : Multiple Choice Questions The period of menopause is between 45-55

years.
1. (b) The prostate gland is a chestnut shaped
7. (c) Corpus luteum is the fluid filled yellow
gland which lies at the base of bladder and
body in the ovary and macula lutea is the
surrounds the first part of the urethra. This
yellow spot present in the eyes.
gland secretes a slightly alkaline fluid
8. (c)
which forms the important component of
9. (b) In menstrual cycle, menstrual phase lasts
semen. This fluid constitutes the major
for 4 days, proliferating/ovulating phase
portion of seminal fluid which carries sperm
for about 10 days and secretory phase for
and sperms move freely in this fluid.
14 days.
Prostate gland secretion contains lipids,
10. (a) Repeated cleavage in the zygote brings
small amount of citric acid, HCO 3 ions about the distribution of the cytoplasm of
and a few enzymes. They activate and the zygote among blastomere and
provides nutrition to sperms and neutralise increases mobility of the protoplasm which
the acidity of urine which may kill the facilitates morphogenetic movements for
sperms. They form about 30% part of cell differentiation.
semen. 11. (d) Woman who took the drug thalidomide in
2. (d) Immediately after ovulation, mammalian early pregnancy gave birth to children with
eggs are covered by vitelline membrane. severe birth defects such as missing or
3. (a) Trophoblast in mammalian embryo shortened limbs.
produces extra embryonic membranes 12. (c) A cross section at the midpoint of the
which provide protection and nourishment middle piece of human sperm will show
to foetus. These are of 4 types – chorion, mitochondria and 9+2 arrangement of
amnion, allantois & yolk sac embryonic microtubules.
membranes. 13. (b) The proliferative phase lasts for about 14
4. (b) Acrosome of sperm is formed from Golgi days in which the endometrium becomes
bodies and contains hydrolysing enzymes thicker by rapid cell multiplication.
for sperm penetration.
5. (b) Cumulus covers the ovum. The ovum at
Cycle begins 5 6 7
the matured conditions has a massy cloud 4 8
here 9
formed with a flat base and rounded 3
2 10
outlines piled up like a mountain. A Menstrual
1 Phase 11
granulosa cell is a somatic cell found
closely associated with the developing 28 12
Proliferative
female gamete (oocyte or egg) in the ovary 27 Phase 13
of mammals. Granulosa cells form a single Secretory 14
26
flattened layer around the oocyte in the Phase
25 15
primordial ovarian follicle and later in follicle 16
24
development they advance to form a multi 23 17
22 18
layered cumulus surrounding the oocyte. 21 20 19
Corpus luteum
6. (a) Menopause is the period when ovulation Ovulation
degenerates
and menstrual cycle stop in human females.

B-134
14. (b) Sperm is the male gamete that fuses with
female gamete and produce a diploid cell
called zygote. During fertilization,
acrosome of the sperm releases some
enzymes, particularly hyaluronidase, that
facilitates the penetration of the sperm into
ovum. These enzymes dissolve th e
membrane enveloping the ovum and help
the sperm head to enter the ovum.
15. (c) Both are characterized by a yellow colour.
The corpus luteum is a temporary
endocrine structure in mammals, involved
in production of progesterone, which is
needed to maintain pregnancy. The macula
or macula lutea is an oval yellow spot near
the center of the retina of the human eye.
16. (d) Four viable sperm cells are produced from
one primary sex cell, whereby only one
viable egg cell is produced, due to the
unequal division of cytoplasm and the
formation of polar bodies, which wither and
die.
17. (b) Corpus luteum is a yellow coloured mass
of cells found in ovary. Corpus luteum
secretes progesterone hormone, which is
essential for maintaining pregnancy and
therefore also called as “pregnancy
hormone.”
18. (b) Leydig cells are the characteristic of
mammalian testis. They produce hormone,
testosterone meant for developement of
secondary sexual characters in males.
19. (c) Zygote divides partially in meroblastic
cleavage.
20. (a) In human beings, after one month of
pregnancy, the embryo's heart is formed.
By the end of second month of pregnancy
limbs and digits are developed. By the end
of 12 weeks (first trimester) most of the
major organ systems are formed.
21. (c)
22. (b) The high levels of estrogen and
progesterone in the maternal circulation
EBD_7100
Topicwise AIIMS Solved Papers – BIOLOGY
during pregnancy inhibit the cyclic release
of pituitary gonadotropins and prevent the
menstrual cycles. Pregnancy hormones
include hCG, which maintains the corpus
luteum of pregnancy and forms the basis
for pregnancy diagnosis urine tests.
Ovarian and placental estrogen and
progesterone, human placental lactogen,
and pituitary prolactin stimulate
development of the ducts and alveoli in
the mammary glands.
23. (c)
24. (c) Ejaculation of human male contains about
200 – 300 million sperms, of which for
normal fertility 60 % sperms must have
normal shape and size and at least 40 %
must show energetic motility.
25. (c) A–Umbilical cord with its vessels, B–
Placental villi, C–Yolk sac, D–Plug of
mucus in cervix
26. (c) Oogonia are called as gamete mother cell.
Corpus luteum is formed as a temporary
endocrine structure after the ovulation. It
is involved in the production of relatively
high levels of progesterone and moderate
levels of estradiol and inhibin A to maintain
pregnancy. A large number of primary
follicles degenerate during the phase from
birth to puberty.
Type B : Assertion Reason Questions
27. (c) Fertilization is the fusion of male and female
gametes to form zygote. During fertilization
only head of the sperm enters egg. After
that polyspermy is avoided by fertilization
membrane.
28. (a) Morula involves cleavage of cells till 32
cell stage is formed. It is still surrounded
by Zona pellucida.
29. (a) Death is th e ultimate goal of every
organism. This is caused by the wear and
tear of organs which constitute the body
of a living being.
Human Reproduction
30. (c) Old age is the progressive deterioration in
the structure and functioning of cells,
tissues and organs and cessation of
immune system.
31. (a) According to programmed senescence
theory of ageing, ageing is a result of
switching on and off of certain genes. B
and T- lymphocytes undergo programmed
cell death called apoptosis.
32. (b) In female, Graafian follicle forms corpus
luteum after ovulation. The cells of corpus
luteum are called luteal cells. The cytoplasm
of luteal cells have yellow granules called
lutein which secrete the hormone
progesterone to maintain pregnancy if
fertilization takes place. In the absence of
fertilization, corpus luteum degenerates and
forms corpus albicans and there is decrease
in progesterone level as well.
33. (c) Clitoris is a female reproductive organ. It is
homologous to penis of males. It is not
remnant of penis. It is devoid of erectile
tissue and high blood supply as in penis,
penis is the copulatory organ of males.
34. (d) Hyaluronidase, a hydrolytic enzyme is an
acrosomal content in mammalian sperm. It
helps at the time of fertilization during the
penetration of the sperm into the ovum.
Based on the amount of yolk mammalian
eggs are alecithal means egg without yolk.
Microlecithal eggs contain very little yolk
e.g., sea urchin, starfish. On the basis of
distribution of yolk telolecithal eggs are
those eggs in which the yolk is
concentrated towards the vegetal pole and
cytoplasm and nucleus lie near the animal
pole, e.g., birds and reptiles.
B-135
35. (c) Head of a sperm has acrosome but the
spiral row of mitochondria are present in
the mid (connecting) piece of the sperm.
36. (c) Males have more stature than females
because of the action of male sex hormone-
testosterone which is secreted by testis in
males. Body starts secreting testosterone
from the age of puberty. Its secretion is
under the influence of Luteinizing Hormone
(LH) of the anterior lobe of pituitary gland.
Testosterone controls the development of
secondary sexual characters in males like
hoarseness of voice, development of facial
hairs, bone growth, calcium retention,
closing of epiphysial cartilage. The total
quantity of bone matrix increases. The
pelvic outlet is narrowed and lengthened.
The strength of the pelvic bones increases
to carry more loads. That is why, males have
more stature than females after puberty
when this hormone is present in the blood.
hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) is
the hormone secreted by human placenta
during pregnancy. hCG enlarges the corpus
luteum in the mother's ovary and stimulates
it to secrete progesterone.
37. (d) Testicular lobules are the compartments
present in the testes, are not involved in
the process of fertilization as whole.
Fusion of male and female gametes is
called fertilization.
38. (c) Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells,
are found adjacent to the seminiferous
tubules in the testicle. They produce
testosterone in the presence of luteinizing
hormone (LH).